Study Guide - AVS 2102 Aerodynamics Exam 1, Aug-Dec 19

Topics Airspeed Measurement

1 Introduction Aerodynamic Forces
2 Properties of the Atmosphere Part 1 Lift equation and CL vs. AOA
3 Properties of the Atmosphere Part 2 Stall mathematics
4 Airfoil Terminology Stall aerodynamics
5 Subsonic Flow Characteristics High lift devices
6 Continuity Equation Drag Introduction
7 Bernoulli’s Equation Induced drag aerodynamics
Stall Patterns
Ground Effect
Wake Turbulence
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Properties of the Atmosphere

1. Static pressure at sea level on a standard day.

2. Static pressure lapse rate on a standard day.

3. Estimate the static pressure at ____ feet MSL on a standard day.

4. Celsius temperature at sea level on a standard day.

5. Celsius temperature lapse rate on a standard day.

6. Estimate the Celsius temperature at ______ MSL on a standard day.

7. Fahrenheit temperature at sea level on a standard day.

8. Fahrenheit temperature lapse rate on a standard day.

9. Estimate the Fahrenheit temperature (nearest degree) at ________ MSL on a standard

day.

10. The single most important property of the atmosphere in the study of airplane
performance.

11. An atmospheric temperature ________ normally causes density altitude to _____ and
causes aircraft performance to _____.

12. An altimeter setting ________ normally causes engine manifold pressure to _____ and
causes aircraft performance to _____.

13. A pressure altitude _________ normally causes density altitude to _____ and causes

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 aircraft performance to _____.

14. An atmospheric humidity ________ normally causes density altitude to _____ and
causes aircraft performance to _____.

15. Given/known ambient temperature is ?? C and given/known pressure altitude PA is ??

feet MSL, determine density altitude in feet MSL from figure 1.6 (sheet 2 of 2).

16. Estimate the density altitude in feet MSL for the same given/known conditions in the
question above using the density altitude estimation formula.

17. Speed of sound (knots) at sea level on a standard day.

18. Speed of sound (knots) in the stratosphere on a standard day.

19. The speed of sound in the stratosphere is slower than the speed of sound at sea level
because

20. Explain why the speed of sound at 40,000 feet is the same as the speed of sound at
80,000 feet on a standard day?

21. Calculate the KTAS (nearest knot) of an aircraft flying at Mach ?? at ?? feet on a
standard day.

Airfoil terminology.

22. Identify the ?? airfoil.

23. Draw a picture showing

Angle of attack
Center of pressure
Chord line.
Drag
Flight path
Lift
Relative wind
Total aerodynamic force

24. The angle between the wing chordline and the aircraft longitudinal axis

25. Know all wing terminology

Subsonic Flow Characteristics.

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26. Draw an airfoil in flight with streamlines and all important features revealed by the
streamlines.

27. Know flight regimes with Mach numbers and airplane/airflow velocities associated with
each regime and why this is important.

28. Continuity and Bernoulli Equations

Area A1 Area A2 Area A3 Area A4 Area A5 Area A6

Size

VKTAS

Ps

sigma

H or
P
T

29. Refer to the answers above. If the total wing surface area in the example was ?? sf and
the calculated pressure differential between A3 and A4 from above was ?? psf and
constant over the entire wing area, how much lift in pounds would the wing produce?

Airspeed measurement

30. Determine KCAS, KEAS, and KTAS using the ANA figure 1.6. Do not use any rules of thumb
or estimations.

Aerodynamic forces 8/2

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31. The Navier-Stokes equations account for three distinct contributors to lift

32. Depict pressure distributions on an object in airflow (ANA figure 1.7, 1.8, and 1.9),

Lift equation and CL vs. AOA 12/2

33. Using ANA 1.12 figure below, calculate the lift produced by a ?? sf NACA ?? wing at ??
KTAS (sea level) and ?? degrees angle of attack.

34. Effect of increasing camber on CLmax and AOAstall. (ANA fig. 1.15 top and 1.17 bottom.)

Stall mathematics 26/2

35. If an airplane stalls at ?? KIAS at ??G, calculate the stall speed in a ?? degree bank level
turn.

36. If the gross weight of an aircraft without cargo is ?? pounds and the stall speed at that
weight is ?? KCAS, what is the new stall speed KCAS when ?? pounds of cargo is added?

Stall aerodynamics 27/2

37. Describe how the boundary layer affects and separation and stall.

High lift devices 28/2

38. A good "Rule of Thumb" to remember about flaps is

39. CL vs. AOA graph and the general effects of boundary layer energy adders (ANA fig. 1.18).

Drag Introduction 6/1

40. Characteristics of the Dmin point on the drag vs. airspeed graph.

Induced drag aerodynamics 18/1

41. Explain how induced drag is produced.

Stall Patterns 10/2

42. Describe the nose pitching moments before and after stall produced by a wing that
stalls first at the wing root.

43. Aerodynamic design features that help insure root stall first.
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Ground Effect 17/1

44. Pitching moment descriptions as an aircraft enters or departs ground effect.

Wake Turbulence 10/1

45. Characteristics and consequences of wake turbulence encounters.

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 Formulas

V KIAS
 17.18 q

KTAS 
KIAS  Vi  Vm  Vc


V  V KEAS
KTAS


true airspeed V
M = ---------------------- = ---
speed of sound a

Lift equation and CL vs. AOA

CL (σVKTAS2) S
L= ----------------------------
295

Stall mathematics
GW
VS  17.2
KTAS c S
Lmax

V W 2
VS S KIAS 1
KIAS 2
W 1

VS V G 2
KIAS 2 S KIAS 1 G 1

1
VS V
KIAS 2 S KIAS 1 cos 

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