Traversing: Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48

TRAVERSING
Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
Traverse
• is a succession of straight lines along or through
the area to be surveyed
• the directions and lengths of these lines are
determined by measurements taken in the field
PURPOSE
• for establishing a series or network of
monuments with known positions
• such monuments are the horizontal control

points or the horizontal controls for the project
Definition:
• Traversing - the process of measuring the
lengths and directions of the lines of a traverse for
the purpose of locating the position of certain points.
• Traverse station - any temporary or permanent
point of reference over which the instrument is set-
up. It is usually marked by a peg or a hub driven on
the ground and identified by consecutive letters or
numbers as the survey progresses.
Traverse stations
Definition:
• Traverse lines - are lines connecting traverse

station and whose lengths and direction are to be
determined
Traverse lines
2 BASIC operations in traversing
• measurement of angles at the traverse station

• measurement of lengths of the traverse lines
Types of traverse
1. Open traverse
2. Closed traverse
Geometrically Open Traverse
• does not create a closed shape because it ends
at some point other than the initially occupied
point or the initial backsight.
• this type of traverse is sometimes expedient for
the survey of a strip project such as pipeline or
highway
Mathematically Open Traverse or
simply an Open Traverse
• begins at a point of known position and ends at
a point of previously unknown position
Previously
known unknown
position position
• there is no method to verify that the

measurements of the angles and distances are
free from error ,hence, this is not a desirable
survey method Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
Mathematically Open Traverse or
simply an Open Traverse
Previously
known unknown
position position
• usually run for preliminary or exploratory route surveys

like pipeline or highway
• use extra care when measuring the angles and
lengths
• where possible the terminal points of an open traverse
should be tied to nearby monuments or benchmarks
Geometrically Closed Traverse
• creates a closed geometrical shape

• traverse ends on one of two points, either on same point
from which it began or on the initial backsight
start &
end
Mathematically Closed Traverse or
simply a Closed Traverse
• begins at a point of known position and ends at a point of
known position
• calculations can be made to check for errors, hence, this
method is preferred because the numbers can be
confirmed
start & end

(known
position)
Types of Traverse (based on angle measured)
• interior angle traverse

• deflection angle traverse
• angle to the right traverse
• azimuth traverse
deflection angle
traverse
interior angle
traverse
azimuth
Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48 traverse angle to the
traverse
Uses:
• interior angle traverse - principally used in
land surveying
• deflection angle traverse - location survey
of roads, railways, pipelines, canals, etc.
• angle to the right traverse - commonly used
in city, tunnel and mine surveys
• azimuth traverse - used in topographic and
other surveys where many details are to be
located by angular measurements
Procedure for running a traverse
• Set up and level the transit or theodolite directly over a
known point (monument on the ground representing
that point)
• Establish the direction by known pt
sighting with the instrument a Assumed to have true
direction or previously B
second known point (or any established direction
definite object) to establish a

A
direction - backsight C
monument on the ground D

radio tower
water tank on a distant hill
anything w/ known direction
Procedure for running a traverse
• Point the telescope toward the backsight, then measure
an angle and a distance to the first unknown point -
foresight
• Move the instrument ahead to
the former foresight and backsight
duplicate the entire process. The B
former occupied point becomes
foresight
the backsight and a new A
unknown point becomes the C
foresight.
• This procedure is repeated at D
each point until measurements
have been taken to all the
needed points.
For Azimuth traverse
Table 1. Tabulation of Observed Data
STA DISTANCE (m) observed magnetic interior adjusted adjusted calculated
occ ob rdng mean azimuth (fr N) bearing angle interior angle azimuth bearing
E 1122.0 92° 37'

A
B 575.3 9° 30' N 9° 30' E
575.4
A 575.5 189° 30'
B
C 495.3
110° 48' S 69° 15' E
495.3
B 495.3 290° 48'
C
D 558.7 58° 41' N 58° 30' E
558.7
C 558.7 238° 41'
D
E 738.6 173° 17' S 7° 30' E
738.7
D 738.8 353° 17'
E
A 1122.0 1122.1 272° 34' N 87° 0' W
sum 3490.2
E 1122.0 92° 37'

A 83° 07'
B 575.3 9° 30' N 9° 30' E
575.4
A 575.5 189° 30'
B 78° 42'
C 495.3
110° 48' S 69° 15' E
495.3
B 495.3 290° 48'
C 232° 07'
D 558.7 58° 41' N 58° 30' E
558.7
C 558.7 238° 41'
D 65° 24'
E 738.6 173° 17' S 7° 30' E
738.7
D 738.8 353° 17'
E 80° 43'
A 1122.0 1122.1 272° 34' N 87° 0' W
sum 3490.2
PROCEDURE:
• Check if the observed angles fulfil the geometric

condition of the figure
Angular error = (n-2) 180° - Σ interior angles
Allowable error per angle, ea = ½ LC T
where: T - number of angles
Adjust the interior angles to make the Σ interior angles =

geometric sum
Based on the adjusted interior angles, adjust the azimuth
and bearing of all traverse lines
E 1122.0 92° 37'

A 83° 07'
B 575.3 9° 30' N 9° 30' E
575.4
A 575.5 189° 30'
B 78° 42'
C 495.3 110° 48' S 69° 15' E
495.3
B 495.3 290° 48'
C 232° 07'
D 558.7 58° 41' N 58° 30' E
558.7
C 558.7 238° 41'
D 65° 24'
E 738.6 173° 17' S 7° 30' E
738.7
D 738.8 353° 17'
E 80° 43'
A 1122.0 1122.1 272° 34' N 87° 0' W
sum 3490.2
540° 03 '
angular error = 3’
Correction per angle = 36’’Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
E 1122.0 92° 37' 83° 06' 24"

A 83° 07'
B 575.3 9° 30' N 9° 30' E
575.4
A 575.5 189° 30' 78° 41' 24"
B 78° 42'
C 495.3 110° 48' S 69° 15' E
495.3
B 495.3 290° 48' 232° 06' 24"
C 232° 07'
D 558.7 58° 41' N 58° 30' E
558.7
C 558.7 238° 41' 65° 23' 24"
D 65° 24'
E 738.6 173° 17' S 7° 30' E
738.7
D 738.8 353° 17' 80° 42' 24"
E 80° 43'
A 1122.0 1122.1 272° 34' N 87° 0' W
sum 3490.2
540° 03 ' 540° 00' 00"
E 1122.0 92° 37' 83° 06' 24"

A 83° 07'
B 575.3 9° 30' N 9° 30' E 9° 30' N 9° 30' E
575.4
A 575.5 189° 30' 78° 41' 24"
B 78° 42'
C 495.3 110° 48' S 69° 15' E
495.3
B 495.3 290° 48' 232° 06' 24"
C 232° 07'
D 558.7 58° 41' N 58° 30' E
558.7
C 558.7 238° 41' 65° 23' 24"
D 65° 24'
E 738.6 173° 17' S 7° 30' E
738.7
D 738.8 353° 17' 80° 42' 24"
E 80° 43'
A 1122.0 1122.1 272° 34' N 87° 0' W
sum 3490.2
540° 03 ' 540° 00' 00"
E 1122.0 92° 37' 83° 06' 24"

A 83° 07'
B 575.3 9° 30' N 9° 30' E 9° 30' N 9° 30' E
575.4
A 575.5 189° 30' 189° 30'
78° 41' 24"
B 78° 42'
C 495.3 110° 48' S 69° 15' E 110° 48' 36" S 69° 11' 24" E
495.3
B 495.3 290° 48' 232° 06' 24"
C 232° 07'
D 558.7 58° 41' N 58° 30' E
558.7
C 558.7 238° 41' 65° 23' 24"
D 65° 24'
E 738.6 173° 17' S 7° 30' E
738.7
D 738.8 353° 17' 80° 42' 24"
E 80° 43'
A 1122.0 1122.1 272° 34' N 87° 0' W
sum 3490.2
540° 03 ' 540° 00' 00"
E 1122.0 92° 37' 83° 06' 24"

A 83° 07'
B 575.3 9° 30' N 9° 30' E 9° 30' N 9° 30' E
575.4
A 575.5 189° 30' 189° 30'
78° 41' 24"
B 78° 42'
C 495.3 110° 48' S 69° 15' E 110° 48' 36" S 69° 11' 24" E
495.3
B 495.3 290° 48' 290° 48' 36"
232° 06' 24"
C 232° 07'
D 558.7 58° 41' N 58° 30' E 58° 42' 12" N 58° 42' 12" E
558.7
C 558.7 238° 41' 65° 23' 24"
D 65° 24'
E 738.6 173° 17' S 7° 30' E
738.7
D 738.8 353° 17' 80° 42' 24"
E 80° 43'
A 1122.0 1122.1 272° 34' N 87° 0' W
sum 3490.2
540° 03 ' 540° 00' 00"
E 1122.0 92° 37' 83° 06' 24"

A 83° 07'
B 575.3 9° 30' N 9° 30' E 9° 30' N 9° 30' E
575.4
A 575.5 189° 30' 189° 30'
78° 41' 24"
B 78° 42'
C 495.3 110° 48' S 69° 15' E 110° 48' 36" S 69° 11' 24" E
495.3
B 495.3 290° 48' 290° 48' 36"
232° 06' 24"
C 232° 07'
D 558.7 58° 41' N 58° 30' E 58° 42' 12" N 58° 42' 12" E
558.7
C 558.7 238° 41' 238° 42' 12"
65° 23' 24"
D 65° 24'
E 738.6 173° 17' S 7° 30' E 173° 18' 48" S 6° 41' 12" E
738.7
D 738.8 353° 17' 353° 18' 48"
80° 42' 24"
E 80° 43'
A 1122.0 1122.1 272° 34' N 87° 0' W 272° 36' 24" N 87° 23' 36" W
sum 3490.2
540° 03 ' 540° 00' 00"
TRAVERSE COMPUTATION
PROCEDURE
1. Compute the latitude and departure of all
the traverse lines
2. Determine the error of closure
3. Determine the relative precision
4. Balance the survey or Adjust the survey
PROCEDURE:
1. Compute the latitude and departure of all the
traverse lines
Lat = d cos θ example: LatAB = dAB cos θAB

Dep = d sin θ example: DepAB = dAB sin θAB
N
B
LatitudeAB = AB cosθ θ
E
A
DepartureAB = AB sinθ
N
W E
Determine the latitude and departure of the line
N
0° N 30° E
30° 30°
90 90
W ° ° E
0°
S
Determine the latitude and departure of the line
N
0
°
90 90
W° 20° ° E
250°
S 70° W
0
S
°
E 1122.0 92° 37' 83° 06' 24"

A 83° 07'
B 575.3 9° 30' N 9° 30' E 9° 30' N 9° 30' E
575.4
A 575.5 189° 30' 189° 30'
78° 41' 24"
B 78° 42'
C 495.3 110° 48' S 69° 15' E 110° 48' 36" S 69° 11' 24" E
495.3
B 495.3 290° 48' 290° 48' 36"
232° 06' 24"
C 232° 07'
D 558.7 58° 41' N 58° 30' E 58° 42' 12" N 58° 42' 12" E
558.7
C 558.7 238° 41' 238° 42' 12"
65° 23' 24"
D 65° 24'
E 738.6 173° 17' S 7° 30' E 173° 18' 48" S 6° 41' 12" E
738.7
D 738.8 353° 17' 353° 18' 48"
80° 42' 24"
E 80° 43'
A 1122.0 1122.1 272° 34' N 87° 0' W 272° 36' 24" N 87° 23' 36" W
sum 3490.2
540° 03 ' 540° 00' 00"
Table 2. Determination of Latitude and Departure.
STA mean Calculated LATITUDE DEPARTURE
occ obs distance (m) bearing +N -S +E -W
A B 575.4 N 9° 30' E 567.509 94.968
B C 495.3 S 69° 11' 24" E 175.965 462.988
C D 558.7 N 58° 42' 12" E 290.227 477.403
D E 738.7 S 6° 41' 12" E 733.675 86.014
E A 1122.1 N 87° 23' 36" W 51.032 1120.938
sum 3490.2 908.768 909.640 1121.373 1120.938
Lat = d cos α
Dep = d sin α
PROCEDURE:
2. Determine the error of closure
Linear error of closure or linear closure - gives us an
idea of how much error there was in the field
measurements and suggests how well the measuring
was done
• the amount by which a closed traverse fails to satisfy the
requirements of a true mathematical figure, as the length
of line joining the true and computed position of the
same point.
– A small error is most likely due to the limitations on how
precisely the angles and distances can be measured with the
specific equipment.
– A large error would indicate that there is a blunder in the
measurements. Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48
Bearing of the side of error
tan θ = (-CD) / (-CL)
A B 575.4 N 9° 30' E 567.509 94.968
B C 495.3 S 69° 11' 24" E 175.965 462.988
C D 558.7 N 58° 42' 12" E 290.227 477.403
D E 738.7 S 6° 41' 12" E 733.675 86.014
E A 1122.1 N 87° 23' 36" W 51.032 1120.938

sum 3490.2 908.768 909.640 1121.373 1120.938
Other way of writing the latitudes and departures

STA mean Calculated
occ obs distance (m) bearing LATITUDE DEPARTURE
A B 575.4 N 9° 30' E 567.509 94.968
B C 495.3 S 69° 11' 24" E -175.965 462.988

C D 558.7 N 58° 42' 12" E 290.227 477.403
D E 738.7 S 6° 41' 12" E -733.675 86.014
E A 1122.1 N 87° 23' 36" W 51.032 -1120.938

sum 3490.2
A B 575.4 N 9° 30' E 567.509 94.968
B C 495.3 S 69° 11' 24" E 175.965 462.988
C D 558.7 N 58° 42' 12" E 290.227 477.403
D E 738.7 S 6° 41' 12" E 733.675 86.014
E A 1122.1 N 87° 23' 36" W 51.032 1120.938

sum 3490.2 908.768 909.640 1121.373 1120.938
Standards of accuracy evaluation:
Survey RP
1. For a survey in a waste land 1 / 500
2. For a survey in ordinary farm land 1 / 1000
3. For a survey in a small community 1 / 2000

(TERTIARY)
4. For a survey in small cities (SECONDARY) 1 / 5000
5. For a survey in big cities (PRIMARY) 1 / 10000

TRAVERSE ADJUSTMENT
or
BALANCING THE SURVEY
There is no mathematically perfect survey even
using instruments and methods of high precision
Balancing the traverse is a procedure that

distributes and apportions field measurement
errors. Adjustments are made to give the traverse
an exact closure.
In a closed-loop traverse the Northings and the

Southings must be equal to each other and the
Eastings must be equal to the Westings.
Methods in traverse adjustment/
balancing the traverse
• graphical
• arbitrary
• compass rule (Bowditch rule)
• transit rule
• least squares
• Crandall
• rectangular coordinates
• coordinate
Compass Rule
• used when the accuracy of angular measurement is

about equal to the accuracy of distance measurement
• it distributes the traverse error in proportion to the length
of the individual legs. Although this method was
designed for some early, low precision equipment, this
method works well for an EDM-theodolite traverse.
compass rule may be stated as:
“The correction to be applied to the latitude (or departure) of any course is equal to
the total closure in latitude (or departure) multiplied by the ratio of the length of the
course to the total length or perimeter of the traverse.”
Compass Rule
A B 575.4 N 9° 30' E 567.509 94.968
B C 495.3 S 69° 11' 24" E 175.965 462.988
C D 558.7 N 58° 42' 12" E 290.227 477.403
D E 738.7 S 6° 41' 12" E 733.675 86.014
E A 1122.1 N 87° 23' 36" W 51.032 1120.938

sum 3490.2 908.768 909.640 1121.373 1120.938
Compute for the closure in latitude and departure
Table 3. Adjustment of latitude and departure using COMPASS RULE.
STA CORRECTION ADJUSTED LATITUDE ADJUSTED DEPARTURE
occ obs LAT DEP +N -S +E -W
A B 0.144 0.072
B C 0.124 0.062
C D 0.140 0.070
D E 0.185 0.092
E A 0.280 0.140
Kl 0.00025
Kd 0.00012
Compass Rule
A B 575.4 N 9° 30' E 567.509 94.968

B C 495.3 S 69° 11' 24" E 175.965 462.988
C D 558.7 N 58° 42' 12" E 290.227 477.403

D E 738.7 S 6° 41' 12" E 733.675 86.014
E A 1122.1 N 87° 23' 36" W 51.032 1120.938
sum 3490.2 908.768 909.640 1121.373 1120.938
A B 0.144 0.072 567.653 94.897
B C 0.124 0.062 175.841 462.967
C D 0.140 0.070 290.367 477.333
D E 0.185 0.092 733.491 85.922
E A 0.280 0.140 51.312 1121.078
909.332 909.332 1121.07-89 1121.078
Kl 0.00025
Kd 0.00012
Compass Rule
A B 0.144 0.072 567.653 94.897
B C 0.124 0.062 175.841 462.967
C D 0.140 0.070 290.367 477.333
D E 0.185 0.092 733.491 85.922
E A 0.280 0.140 51.312 1121.078
909.332 909.332 1121.07-89 1121.078
Transit Rule
• used when angular measurement is much better than
distance measurement
• this procedure was developed for chain and transit
surveys where angles could be measured rather
precisely. The distances, on the other hand, were
subject to all of the possible errors of break and slope
chaining over rough terrain.
• it distributes the traverse error in latitude proportionally to
the latitude of the individual legs. Traverse legs with the
largest change in latitude absorb the most error in
latitude.
• the traverse error in departure is distributed in proportion
to the departure of the individual legs.
Transit Rule
Transit Rule
Other Methods in traverse adjustment
• graphical
• arbitrary
• transit rule
• compass rule (Bowditch rule)
• least squares
• Crandall
• rectangular coordinates
• coordinate
Graphical
A
E
B
D C
Graphical
parallel
Length of LEC
Arbitrary
• The latitudes and departures are adjusted in a

discretionary manner according to the surveyor’s
assessment of the conditions surrounding the survey
• This method does not conform to established rules or

mathematical equations since the surveyor simply relies
on his own estimation and personal judgement
Other methods (READING ASSIGMENT)
Crandall Method is also used when angular measurement
is much better than distance measurement. It also
distributes the error in a comparable way.
Least Squares Method

• works well whatever the relative accuracy of angular or
distance measurements.
• Weighted values can be given for each measurement.
This causes more reliable measurements to be given
more influence in the adjustment.
• Can be applied to complex networks and traverses with
measurements between multiple points. This allows
more flexibility in establishing control and greater
opportunities for locating blunders.
• Error distribution is similar to the compass rule. The
calculations are much more complex and demand a
computer. Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48

Traversing: Engr.J.A.Gonzales ABE 48

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TRAVERSING

• such monuments are the horizontal control

• Traverse lines - are lines connecting traverse

• measurement of angles at the traverse station

• there is no method to verify that the

• usually run for preliminary or exploratory route surveys

• creates a closed geometrical shape

start & end

• interior angle traverse

definite object) to establish a

monument on the ground D

STA DISTANCE (m) observed magnetic interior adjusted adjusted calculated

E 1122.0 92° 37'

STA DISTANCE (m) observed magnetic interior adjusted adjusted calculated

E 1122.0 92° 37'

• Check if the observed angles fulfil the geometric

Adjust the interior angles to make the Σ interior angles =

STA DISTANCE (m) observed magnetic interior adjusted adjusted calculated

E 1122.0 92° 37'

STA DISTANCE (m) observed magnetic interior adjusted adjusted calculated

E 1122.0 92° 37' 83° 06' 24"

STA DISTANCE (m) observed magnetic interior adjusted adjusted calculated

E 1122.0 92° 37' 83° 06' 24"

STA DISTANCE (m) observed magnetic interior adjusted adjusted calculated

E 1122.0 92° 37' 83° 06' 24"

STA DISTANCE (m) observed magnetic interior adjusted adjusted calculated

E 1122.0 92° 37' 83° 06' 24"

STA DISTANCE (m) observed magnetic interior adjusted adjusted calculated

E 1122.0 92° 37' 83° 06' 24"

Lat = d cos θ example: LatAB = dAB cos θAB

STA DISTANCE (m) observed magnetic interior adjusted adjusted calculated

E 1122.0 92° 37' 83° 06' 24"

occ obs distance (m) bearing +N -S +E -W

A B 575.4 N 9° 30' E 567.509 94.968

B C 495.3 S 69° 11' 24" E 175.965 462.988

C D 558.7 N 58° 42' 12" E 290.227 477.403

D E 738.7 S 6° 41' 12" E 733.675 86.014

E A 1122.1 N 87° 23' 36" W 51.032 1120.938

sum 3490.2 908.768 909.640 1121.373 1120.938

occ obs distance (m) bearing +N -S +E -W

A B 575.4 N 9° 30' E 567.509 94.968

B C 495.3 S 69° 11' 24" E 175.965 462.988

C D 558.7 N 58° 42' 12" E 290.227 477.403

D E 738.7 S 6° 41' 12" E 733.675 86.014

E A 1122.1 N 87° 23' 36" W 51.032 1120.938

Table 2. Determination of Latitude and Departure.

A B 575.4 N 9° 30' E 567.509 94.968

B C 495.3 S 69° 11' 24" E -175.965 462.988

E A 1122.1 N 87° 23' 36" W 51.032 -1120.938

occ obs distance (m) bearing +N -S +E -W

A B 575.4 N 9° 30' E 567.509 94.968

B C 495.3 S 69° 11' 24" E 175.965 462.988

C D 558.7 N 58° 42' 12" E 290.227 477.403

D E 738.7 S 6° 41' 12" E 733.675 86.014

E A 1122.1 N 87° 23' 36" W 51.032 1120.938

2. For a survey in ordinary farm land 1 / 1000

3. For a survey in a small community 1 / 2000

5. For a survey in big cities (PRIMARY) 1 / 10000

Balancing the traverse is a procedure that

In a closed-loop traverse the Northings and the

• used when the accuracy of angular measurement is

compass rule may be stated as: