Mat Lab

Control of DFIG Wind Power Generators in Unbalanced Microgrids
Based on Instantaneous Power Theory
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Introduction
CURRENTLY, a huge amount of doubly-fed induction generators (DFIGs) in high-
power wind turbine generators (WTGs) are operational as distributed generators (DGs) units in
microgrids. Recent grid codes require a WTG remains operational during transient and steady-
state unbalanced grid voltages [1], [2]. A voltage unbalance can steadily exist in a microgrid due
to unequal impedance of distribution lines; nonlinear loads such as arc furnaces; and unequal
distributions of single-phase loads.
Shahnia et al. in [3] propose a distributed intelligent residential load transfer scheme to
dynamically reduce voltage unbalance along low voltage distribution feeders. However, due to
using widely distributed and variable loads such as single-phase motors and nonlinear loads in a
microgrid, the voltage unbalance condition cannot be completely mitigated. On the other hand,
even a small amount of voltage unbalance can cause notable current unbalance in a DFIG. This
current unbalance causes torque pulsations and overheating of the machine windings which
eventually reduce the lifetime of a DFIG-based WTG in a microgrid [4]–[6].
Modeling and vector control of DFIG-based wind turbine under unbalanced conditions in
microgrids are widely addressed in literature [7]–[11]. The existing unbalanced vector control
schemes for DGs conventionally use two pairs of individual controllers for the positive and
negative sequence components of unbalanced currents [12]–[15]. Tuning of these controllers due
to the delays of the decomposing positive/negative sequences filters often requires complex
algorithms in unbalanced vector control schemes [14], [15].
Alternative methods have been introduced which directly process the unbalanced rotor
current without decomposition into positive/negative sequences [7], [8] and [16], [17]. However,
in these methods, the calculation of current references based on the power pulsations also
requires the positive and negative sequence components of the machine stator voltage, current,
and flux. Direct power control (DPC) methods have been also suggested for unbalanced voltage
condition which relatively reduce the complexity of the control method compared to the vector
control scheme [11], [18]–[20].
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However, the DPC methods similar to the unbalanced vector control methods still need
decomposition of positive/negative sequences and compensation for the filters delays.
This paper presents a control method for a DFIG connected to an unbalanced grid
voltage, which uses the instantaneous real/reactive powers as the state variables. The proposed
control approach offers a robust structure since its state variables are independent of the
positive/negative sequences of the DFIG current components.
The suggested control scheme also reduces the DFIG torque/power pulsations by using
the real/reactive power commands of the rotor-side converters in a DFIG wind energy system.
Furthermore, at low wind speed and high unbalanced grid voltage conditions, the excess capacity
of grid-side converter can be used for partial compensation of unbalanced stator voltage.
Two current/power limiting algorithms are also introduced for both rotor- and grid-side
converters to avoid over rating of the converters. The performance of the proposed method under
unbalanced grid voltage condition is investigated via time-domain simulation of a MW-scale
DFIG wind turbine-generator study system in which a single-phase load is used to impose a
steady voltage unbalance to the microgrid.
1.2 Literature Survey
1. M. Mohseni and S. M. Islam, were proposed this paper presents a comprehensive study
on the latest grid code regulations enforced by transmission system operators on large wind
power plants (WPPs). First, the most common requirements included in the majority of
international grid codes are compared; namely, low and high voltage ride-through
capabilities, active and reactive power responses during and after faults, extended range of
voltage–frequency variations, active power (frequency) control facility, and reactive power
(voltage) regulation support. It also enables wind turbine manufacturers and wind farm
developers to obtain a more precise understanding from the latest international requirements
imposed on modern wind farms.
2. C. Jauch, J. Matevosyan, T. Ackermann, and S. Bolik, were proposed Power production
from wind turbines has increased considerably during the last decade. Therefore today's wind
turbines, which are typically set up in wind farms, have a significant influence on the operation
of power systems.
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The efficient and secure operation of power systems is supported by grid codes, which
are sets of requirements for all network users (suppliers, customers, etc.). In Europe, several
transmission network operators have introduced special grid connection requirements for wind
farms. These requirements are mainly based on existing grid codes, initially written for
conventional power plants usually equipped with synchronous generators.
3. F. Shahnia, P. J. Wolfs, and A. Ghosh, to dynamically reduce voltage unbalance (VU)
along low voltage distribution feeders, a distributed intelligent residential load transfer scheme is
proposed. In this scheme, residential loads are transferred from one phase to another to minimize
VU along the feeder. The central controller, installed at the distribution transformer, observes the
power consumption in each house and determines the house(s) to be transferred from an initially
connected phase to another. The transfer is carried out by the help of a static transfer switch, with
a three-phase input and a single-phase output connection, through which each house is supplied.
The steady-state and dynamic performances of the proposed load transfer scheme are
investigated by MATLAB analyses and PSCAD/EMTDC simulations.
4. R. Piwko et al proposed, this paper addresses some of the most significant challenges for
wind generation facilities, including voltage control, reactive power management, dynamic
power-swing stability, and behavior following disturbances in the power grid. This advanced
hierarchical control of both real and reactive power output can provide dynamic performance
that is, superior to that achievable with modern conventional synchronous generation. This paper
describes wind farm control functions, including performance for controlling grid voltage in
quasi-steady-state and dynamic conditions. Low-voltage ride-through characteristics, including
performance following severe system disturbances. Dynamic power control functions within
wind turbine-generators, including transient and dynamic performance for power swings.
5. E. Rezaei, A. Tabesh, and M. Ebrahimi, are proposed this paper presents a power
transfer matrix model and multivariable control method for a doubly-fed induction generator
(DFIG) wind energy system. The power transfer matrix model uses instantaneous real/reactive
power components as the system state variables. It is shown that using the power transfer matrix
model improves the robustness of controllers as the power waveforms are independent of
a dq frame of reference.
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The sequential loop closing technique is used to design the controllers based on the
linearized model of the wind energy system. The designed controller includes six compensators
for capturing the maximum wind power and supplying the required reactive power to the DFIG.
A power/current limiting scheme is also presented to protect power converters during a fault.
The validity and performance of the proposed modeling and control approaches are investigated
using a study system consisting of a grid-connected DFIG wind energy conversion system. This
investigation uses the time-domain simulation of the study system to: 1) validate the presented
model and its assumptions, 2) show the tracking and disturbance rejection capabilities of the
designed control system, and 3) test the robustness of the designed controller to the uncertainties
of the model parameters.
1.3 Problem formulation:
Grid codes require a WTG remains operational during transient and steady-state
unbalanced grid voltages. A voltage unbalance can steadily exist in a micro grid due to unequal
impedance of distribution lines; nonlinear loads such as arc furnaces; and unequal distributions
of single-phase loads. Propose a distributed intelligent residential load transfer scheme to
dynamically reduce voltage unbalance along low voltage distribution feeders.
1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE THESIS
The main objective of thesis is controlling on both rotor side and grid side during
different fault balanced and unbalanced conditions. A control method for a DFIG connected to
an unbalanced grid voltage, which uses the instantaneous real/reactive powers as the state
variables. The proposed control approach offers a robust structure since its state variables are
independent of the positive/negative sequences of the DFIG current components.
1.5 ORGANISATION OF THESIS
The work reported in this thesis is organized in six chapters. The layout of these chapters
is as follows:
Chapter-1 presents the introduction of Control of DFIG Wind Power Generators in Unbalanced
Microgrids Based on Instantaneous Power Theory, literature survey, and objective of the thesis.
Chapter-2 presents about the wind energy conversion system and DFIG operation.
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Chapter-3 presents the controlling of conventional vector control scheme for DFIG system under
unbalanced condition.
Chapter-4 presents about System Modeling Of current/power limiting algorithms for the grid and
rotor side converters.
Chapter-5 describes the simulation results obtained by MATLAB/SIMULINK software.
Chapter-6 describes the conclusion and future scope of the present work.
1.6 SUMMARY
This chapter represents about the Control of DFIG Wind Power Generators in
Unbalanced Microgrids Based on Instantaneous Power Theory is presented.
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2. WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM
2.1 Introduction
Wind is a form of solar energy. Winds are caused by the uneven heating of the
atmosphere by the sun, the irregularities of the earth's surface, and rotation of the earth. Wind
flow patterns are modified by the earth's terrain, bodies of water, and vegetative cover. This wind
flow, or motion energy, when "harvested" by modern wind turbines, can be used to generate
electricity.
2.2 How Wind Power Is Generated
The terms "wind energy" or "wind power" describe the process by which the wind is
used to generate mechanical power or electricity. Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the
wind into mechanical power. This mechanical power can be used for specific tasks (such as
grinding grain or pumping water) or a generator can convert this mechanical power into
electricity to power homes, businesses, schools, and the like.
2.3 Wind Turbines
Wind turbines, like aircraft propeller blades, turn in the moving air and power an electric
generator that supplies an electric current. Simply stated, a wind turbine is the opposite of a fan.
Instead of using electricity to make wind, like a fan, wind turbines use wind to make electricity.
The wind turns the blades, which spin a shaft, which connects to a generator and makes
electricity.
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2.4 Wind Turbine Types
Modern wind turbines fall into two basic groups; the horizontal-axis variety, like the traditional
farm windmills used for pumping water, and the vertical-axis design, like the eggbeater-style SDarrieus
model, named after its French inventor. Most large modern wind turbines are horizontal-axis turbines.
2.4.1 Turbine Components
Horizontal turbine components include:
 blade or rotor, which converts the energy in the wind to rotational shaft energy;
 a drive train, usually including a gearbox and a generator;
 a tower that supports the rotor and drive train; and
 Other equipment, including controls, electrical cables, ground support equipment, and
interconnection equipment.
Fig.2.4.Wind Turbine.
2.5 Turbine Configurations
Wind turbines are often grouped together into a single wind power plant, also known as a
wind farm, and generate bulk electrical power. Electricity from these turbines is fed into a utility
grid and distributed to customers, just as with conventional power plants.
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2.6 Wind Turbine Size and Power Ratings
Wind turbines are available in a variety of sizes, and therefore power ratings. The largest
machine has blades that span more than the length of a football field, stands 20 building stories
high, and produces enough electricity to power 1,400 homes. A small home-sized wind machine
has rotors between 8 and 25 feet in diameter and stands upwards of 30 feet and can supply the
power needs of an all-electric home or small business. Utility-scale turbines range in size from
50 to 750 kilowatts. Single small turbines, below 50 kilowatts, are used for homes,
telecommunications dishes, or water pumping.
Wind energy is very abundant in many parts of the United States. Wind resources are
characterized by wind-power density classes, ranging from class 1 (the lowest) to class 7 (the
highest). Good wind resources (e.g., class 3 and above, which have an average annual wind
speed of at least 13 miles per hour) are found in many locations (see United States Wind Energy
Resource Map). Wind speed is a critical feature of wind resources, because the energy in wind is
proportional to the cube of the wind speed. In other words, a stronger wind means a lot more
power.
2.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Wind-Generated Electricity
2.7.1 A Renewable Non-Polluting Resource
Wind energy is a free, renewable resource, so no matter how much is used today, there
will still be the same supply in the future. Wind energy is also a source of clean, non-polluting,
electricity. Unlike conventional power plants, wind plants emit no air pollutants or greenhouse
gases. According to the U.S. Department of Energy, in 1990, California's wind power plants
offset the emission of more than 2.5 billion pounds of carbon dioxide, and 15 million pounds of
other pollutants that would have otherwise been produced. It would take a forest of 90 million to
175 million trees to provide the same air quality.
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2.7.2 Cost Issues
Even though the cost of wind power has decreased dramatically in the past 10 years, the
technology requires a higher initial investment than fossil-fueled generators. Roughly 80% of the
cost is the machinery, with the balance being site preparation and installation. If wind generating
systems are compared with fossil-fueled systems on a "life-cycle" cost basis (counting fuel and
operating expenses for the life of the generator), however, wind costs are much more competitive
with other generating technologies because there is no fuel to purchase and minimal operating
expenses.
2.7.3 Environmental Concerns
Although wind power plants have relatively little impact on the environment compared to
fossil fuel power plants, there is some concern over the noise produced by the rotor blades,
aesthetic (visual) impacts, and birds and bats having been killed (avian/bat mortality) by flying
into the rotors. Most of these problems have been resolved or greatly reduced through
technological development or by properly citing wind plants.
2.7.4 Supply and Transport Issues
The major challenge to using wind as a source of power is that it is intermittent and does
not always blow when electricity is needed. Wind cannot be stored (although wind-generated
electricity can be stored, if batteries are used), and not all winds can be harnessed to meet the
timing of electricity demands. Further, good wind sites are often located in remote locations far
from areas of electric power demand (such as cities). Finally, wind resource development may
compete with other uses for the land, and those alternative uses may be more highly valued than
electricity generation. However, wind turbines can be located on land that is also used for
grazing or even farming.
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2.7.5 Generator characteristics and stability
Induction generators, which were often used for wind power projects in the 1980s and
1990s, require reactive power for excitation so substations used in wind-power collection
systems include substantial capacitor banks for power factor correction. Different types of wind
turbine generators behave differently during transmission grid disturbances, so extensive
modeling of the dynamic electromechanical characteristics of a new wind farm is required by
transmission system operators to ensure predictable stable behavior during system faults. In
particular, induction generators cannot support the system voltage during faults, unlike steam or
hydro turbine-driven synchronous generators.
Today these generators aren't used any more in modern turbines. Instead today most
turbines use variable speed generators combined with partial- or full-scale power converter
between the turbine generator and the collector system, which generally have more desirable
properties for grid interconnection and have Low voltage ride through-capabilities. Modern
concepts use either doubly fed machines with partial-scale converters or squirrel-cage induction
generators or synchronous generators (both permanently and electrically excited) with full scale
converters.
Transmission systems operators will supply a wind farm developer with a grid code to
specify the requirements for interconnection to the transmission grid. This will include power
factor, constancy of frequency and dynamic behaviour of the wind farm turbines during a system
fault.
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2.8 Offshore wind power
Fig.2.8.Offshore wind power.

The world's second full-scale floating wind turbine (and first to be installed without the
use of heavy-lift vessels), Wind Float, operating at rated capacity (2 MW) approximately 5 km
offshore of Póvoa de Varzim, Portugal
Main articles: Offshore wind power and List of offshore wind farms
Offshore wind power refers to the construction of wind farms in large bodies of water to
generate electricity. These installations can utilize the more frequent and powerful winds that are
available in these locations and have less aesthetic impact on the landscape than land based
projects. However, the construction and the maintenance costs are considerably higher. Siemens
and Vestas are the leading turbine suppliers for offshore wind power. DONG Energy, Vattenfall
and E.ON are the leading offshore operators. As of October 2010, 3.16 GW of offshore wind
power capacity was operational, mainly in Northern Europe.
2.9 CONTROL OF LOW POWER WIND ENERGY SYSTEMS

A typical wind turbine power curve is shown in Figure 1. The wind system starts to
generate when wind speed reaches the threshold vcut-in. This threshold is dependent of many
factors of the wind energy system. For higher wind speed values, the generated power of the
wind turbine rises until rated wind speed vN and rated power PN. vN depends on system design
parameters and it is frequently chosen between 11 and 15 m/s as most of the wind potential is
located under these speeds.
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For higher wind speeds, the system is regulated at PN until vcut-off is reached. Then, the
wind energy system is automatically put out of production for security reasons.
The most frequent methods to control a wind turbine are: a) blade pitch control, b) passive stall
control, c) active stall control and d) yaw control.
From this equation, is the air density, A is the blade sweeping area, CP is the power
coefficient, and v is the instantaneous wind speed. When controlling the WT, the power
coefficient is useful as it is the only variable and controllable parameter –wind speed is variable
but not controllable–. The CP value is dependent of the wind speed and the turbine rotation
speed; it has a non linear behavior in terms of the tip-speed ratio and it is a characteristic of
each type of wind turbine. The tip-speed ratio is an aerodynamic variable of the WT defined
on (2), where the WT is rotor speed and R is the WT rotor radius (blade length). Figure 2
shows the evolution of CP vs. for different types of wind turbines.
Figure 2.9. Typical curve of a wind turbine

2.10. Doubly fed induction generator
2.10.1 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
The block diagram of the doubly fed generator, operating in the super synchronous mode
is shown in Figure 6.1 (Leonhard 1996 and Liexu et al 2006).
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The stator is directly connected to the grid. The rotor is also connected to the grid but by
means of two back-to-back pulse width modulation converters. The rotor side converter is
current controlled to inject the desired currents into the rotor (Fernando Valenciage 2007).
When the machine is operating in the generating mode, the mechanical power Pm gets
converted into electrical power in the stator (Pstator) and in the rotor (Protor). The rotor power is
processed by the PWM converters and the grid side converter can be controlled to feed this
power as both real and reactive powers (Pr and Qr) (Rajib Datta et al, 2002).
Figure .2.10.1. Structure of the DFIG.
Thus, the induction generator system is capable of generating a limited amount of

reactive power, unlike the pitch control or rotor resistance controlled wind energy systems. 115
The system can usually be made to operate at a unity power factor with a ± 10 % control range
on the power factor for the entire system. Figure .1 Structure of the doubly fed induction
generator
2.10.2 DFIG STEADY STATE THEORY
An analytical method for the determination of the steady-state control laws of the doubly
fed induction generators (DFIG) used in wind turbines is presented. The analytical model is used
to derive the converter control laws of the generator in terms of rotor voltage and control angle
(real and reactive power) overall operation speed range.
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The DFIG design it needs suitable compromises between the wind turbine performance
and the respective characteristics of the DFIG, the gearbox, the static converters and the
associated control strategy. The optimal solution in terms of performance and cost must be
derived from global design approach (Mustafa Kayikci et al 2008).
Such an analytical formulation is also very efficient in terms of execution time and
robustness of the global optimization process. The application of the proposed methodology is
illustrated by the study of the optimal reactive power allocation between the converters, which is
an important design challenge of DFIG system.
Most induction generators in the world are cage-type machines. Special classes of
induction generators with a three-phase wound rotor, called doubly fed induction generators
(DFIG), have become very popular for use as wind generators as shown in Figure .2. These
machines usually have a three phase inverter connected to the rotor windings, which allows
direct control of the rotor currents. Control of the rotor currents allows for variable speed and
reactive power control.
Figure .2.10.2 Doub5ly fed induction generator
A cage-type induction generator draws a fixed amount of reactive power, which will
cause the power factor to be lagging over all operating conditions. In addition, a cage-type
induction machine has a very small speed range, typically only a few percent variations from the
synchronous speed. However, direct control of the rotor currents, as allowed by the DFIG, allow
for reactive power control and variable speed operation.
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A DFIG can operate at lagging, unity, or leading power factor and can vary its speed by a
much larger margin (usually around 20 to 25 percent above or below the synchronous speed).
These characteristics make the DFIG ideal for use as a wind generator. Reactive power control
allows a DFIG to help provide voltage support for the grid, and variable speed operation allows
the DFIG to operate at a higher efficiency over a wide range of wind speeds.
The main component of the DFIG system and the conversion chain is a wind turbine, a
gearbox, a DFIG and a four-quadrant power converter. The DFIG is usually designed with a low
pair pole number (two or three) to obtain acceptable performance in terms of reactive power
consumption. A gearbox is then necessary to adapt the low rotating speed of the wind turbine (in
a range of ~ 10-20 rpm for high-power wind turbines) to the medium-rotating speed of the DFIG.
The power converter is connected between the grid and the DFIG rotor winding terminals by
using slip rings.
The grid side converter (GSC) is usually controlled to operate at unity power factor and
to regulate the DC link voltage. The rotor side converter (RSC) controls the electrical frequency
in the rotor windings and the real and reactive power flows. The rotor variable frequency supply
allows the variable rotating speed operation of the wind turbine. Its rotating speed is imposed by
the real power flow controlled by the RSC that is used to provide a suitable torque control loop.
The reactive power managed by the RSC controls the power factor of the whole system, seen by
the grid (GPF) (Aguglia et al 2007).
This analysis highlights two of the DFIG’s main advantages. First, a small amount of
reactive power from the rotor becomes a large amount of reactive power in the stator. Second,
the rotor power rating is required to be only a fraction of the entire generator rating.
A DFIG is a special type of induction generator with a wound rotor. By proper control of
the rotor converter, a DFIG’s can achieve reactive power control and a wider speed range than
for a cage-type induction generator. Variable speed operation allows the DFIG to capture a
greater amount of power in the wind for a given wind speed.
There are three main advantages of a DFIG. First, variable speed operation. Second, a
small amount of rotor reactive power becomes a large amount of stator reactive power. Third, the
rotor converter only needs to be rated for a fraction of the total generator rating.
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2.10.3 Micro grid
Microgrid and Main grid
Microgrid is considered as a small self-contained power system operating at the

consumer voltage (440v) where generators and loads are grouped together, where some diesel
generators and renewable energy sources are used. microgrids are currently attracting attention
due to their various benefits which are:
 Increased reliability i.e. they can provide continuous and backup power supply.
 Higher power security for sensitive applications such as government and military
installations.
 Local control and ownership, so that the local operator can decide on levels of power
quality.
 Reduced cost for remote locations where the cost of transporting diesel fuel is high.
The grid is classified into three types. Strong grid. weak grid and micro grid. The term
‘weak grid’ means, the voltage level is not as constant. Put this way the definition of a weak grid
is a grid ,where it is necessary to take voltage level and fluctuations into account because there is
a probability that the values might exceed the requirements in the standards when load and
production cases are considered. Weak grids are usually found in more remote places where the
feeders are long and operated at a medium voltage level. The grids in these places are usually
designed for relatively small loads. When the design load is exceeded the voltage level will be
below the allowed minimum and/or the thermal capacity of the grid will be exceeded.
2.10.4 Functions of the Microgrid units
The components of the microgrid system are recognized in accordance with their
function. There are
 Grid forming units
 Grid supporting units
 Grid parallel units
The grid forming units are able to control the voltage and frequency of the grid by
balancing the power of the load and generators.
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The grid forming units are diesel generators and battery inverters .Loads and
uncontrollable generators such as wind energy converters and photovoltaic systems form the
group of the grid parallel units. The main aim of these generators is to produce as much power as
possible
Fig .2.10.4.1: Microgrid architecture
The grid supporting units are simple control units. Their active and reactive power simply
depends on the voltage and frequency characteristics of the systems. During the parallel
operation (Grid parallel units) microgrid unit is connected to the main grid (weak grid), in other
words when the microgrid operates on a grid-connected mode the power from the micro sources
directly flows to the non-sensitive loads. If the power demands in the weak grid, micro grid
power is fed to weak grid and maintains the voltage level as constant. But in case of faults or
voltage sags in the main grid the microgrid has to transfer to island mode, that is to say it is
required to disconnect the microgrid from the utility grid. So during the microgrid’s operation in
standalone mode the frequency and voltage may not be the same at the PCC (weak grid)
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Fig .2.10.4.2: Detailed diagram of a Microgrid structure
A microgrid contains two basic components; micro source and static switching power
supply. The typical microgrid architecture with micro sources is shown in Figs .1 and .2. The
system contains a group of feeders which are also called distribution generations (DG) .The DG
unit includes both a micro-source and a DC/AC converter. A microgrid also comprises a few
groups of sensitive and non-sensitive loads which represent a part of a distribution system.
The part of the system which comprises the sensitive load requires to be connected to the
utility grid by means of using the static switch. It is needed to isolate the sensitive load from the
faults and other disturbances of the main grid. The single point of connection of the microgrid
and the main grid is called point of common coupling (PCC). In island mode the PCC will
weaken because there will be no power transfer between the microgrid and the PCC. The other
issue at hand is that the synchronization between the weak grid and the microgrid is difficult.
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2.10.5 Types of microgrids
Fig. 2.10.5.A typical scheme of microgrid with renewable energy resources in grid-connected
mode.
Campus Environment/Institutional Microgrids
The focus of campus microgrids is aggregating existing on-site generation with multiple
loads that located in tight geography in which owner easily manage them.
Remote “Off-grid” Microgrids
These microgrids never connect to the Macrogrid and instead operate in an island mode
at all times because of economical issue or geography position. Typically, an "off-grid"
microgrid is built in areas that are far distant from any transmission and distribution
infrastructure and, therefore, have no connection to the utility grid.
Military Base Microgrids
These microgrids are being actively deployed with focus on both physical and cyber
security for military facilities in order to assure reliable power without relying on the Macrogrid.
Commercial and Industrial (C&I) Microgrids
These types of microgrids are maturing quickly in North America and Asia Pacific;
however, the lack of well –known standards for these types of microgrids limits them globally.
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Main reasons for the installation of an industrial microgrid are power supply security and
its reliability. There are many manufacturing processes in which an interruption of the power
supply may cause high revenue losses and long start-up time.
2.10.6. Basic components in microgrids
Fig.2.10.6.The Solar Settlement.
Local generation
It presents various types of generation source that feed electricity to user. These sources
are divided into two major groups – conventional energy sources (ex. Diesel generators) and
renewable generation sources (e.g. wind turbines, solar).
Consumption
It simply refers to elements that consume electricity which range from single devices to
lighting, heating system of buildings, commercial centers, etc. In the case of controllable loads,
the electricity consumption can be modified in demand of the network.
2.10.7 Energy Storage
In microgrid, energy storage is able to perform multiple functions, such as ensuring

power quality, including frequency and voltage regulation, smoothing the output of renewable
energy sources, providing backup power for the system and playing crucial role in cost
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2.10.8 Point of common coupling (PCC)
It is the point in the electric circuit where a microgrid is connected to a main

grid. Microgrids that do not have a PCC are called isolated microgrids which are usually
presented in the case of remote sites (e.g., remote communities or remote industrial sites) where
an interconnection with the main grid is not feasible due to either technical and/or economic
constraints.
2.11. Advantages and challenges of microgrids
2.11.1 Advantages
Fig: 2.11.1. Microgrid paves a way to integrate Wind, solar,etc. to the grid.
First of all, a microgrid is capable of operating in grid-connected and stand-alone modes,

and handling the transitions between these two modes. So that it provides good solution to
supply power in case of an emergency and power shortage during power interruption in the main
grid.
In islanding mode, there are intentional (scheduled) or unintentional in which intentional

islanding can occur in situations such as scheduled maintenance, or when degraded power
quality of the host grid can endanger microgrid operation or because of economical reason.
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On the other hand, unintentional islanding can occur due to faults and other unscheduled
events that are unknown to the microgrid. Both of those situations can be dealt actively by using
microgrid.
All of above mentioned points and by means of modifying energy flow through
microgrid components, microgrid allows and facilitates integration of renewable
energy generation such as photovoltaic, wind and fuel cell generations without requiring re-
design of the distribution system.
2.11.2 Challenges:
Microgrids and integration of DER units in general, introduce a number of operational

challenges that need to be addressed in the design of control and protection systems in order to
ensure that the present levels of reliability are not significantly affected and the potential benefits
of Distributed Generation (DG) units are fully harnessed. Some of these challenges arise from
invalid assumptions typically applied to conventional distribution systems, while others are the
result of stability issues formerly observed only at a transmission system level. The most relevant
challenges in microgrid protection and control include:
• Bidirectional power flows: The presence of DG units in the network at low voltage levels can
cause reverse power flows that may lead to complications in protection coordination, undesirable
power flow patterns, fault current distribution, and voltage control.
Stability issues: Integration of control system of DG units may create local oscillations,
requiring a thorough small-disturbance stability analysis. Moreover, transition activities between
the grid-connected and stand-alone modes of operation in a microgrid can create transient
stability. Recent studies have shown that direct-current (DC) microgrid interface can result in
significantly simpler control structure, more energy efficient distribution and higher current
carrying capacity for the same line ratings.
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• Modeling: Many characteristic in traditional scheme such as prevalence of three-phase

balanced conditions, primarily inductive transmission lines, and constant-power loads are not
necessarily hold valid for microgrids, and consequently models need to be revised.
• Low inertia: The microgrid shows low-inertia characteristic that are different to bulk power
systems where high number of synchronous generators ensures a relatively large inertia.
Especially if there is a significant share of power electronic-interfaced DG units, this
phenomenon is more clear. The low inertia in the system can lead to severe frequency deviations
in stand-alone operation if a proper control mechanism is not implemented.
• Uncertainty: The operation of microgrid contains very much of uncertainty in which the
economical and reliable operation of microgrids rely on that. Load profile and weather forecast
are two of them that make this coordination become more challenging in isolated microgrids,
where the critical demand-supply balance and typically higher component failure rates require
solving a strongly coupled problem over an extended horizon. This uncertainty is higher than
those in bulk power systems, due to the reduced number of loads and highly correlated variations
of available energy resources (limited averaging effect).
2.12. Micro grid control:
Regarding to architecture of microgrid control or any control problem there are two
different approaches can be identified: centralized and decentralized. A fully centralized control
relies on a big amount of information transmittance between involving units and then the
decision is made at a single point.
Hence, it will present big problem in implementation since interconnected power systems
usually cover extended geographic and involves enormous number of units. The fully
centralized control is currently considered as infeasible solution. On another hand, in a
fully decentralized control each unit is controlled by its local controller without knowing
the situation of others. The fully decentralized control is also irrelevant in this context
due to strong coupling between the operations of various units in the system.
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A compromise between those two extreme control schemes can be achieved by means of
a hierarchical control scheme consisting of three control levels: primary, secondary, and
tertiary
Primary control:
The primary control is designed to satisfy the following requirements:
• To stabilize the voltage and frequency.
• To offer plug and play capability for DERs and properly share the active and reactive power
among them, preferably, without any communication links.
• To mitigate circulating currents that can cause over-current phenomenon in the power
electronic devices
The primary control provides the set points for a lower controller which are the voltage
and current control loops of DERs. These inner control loops are commonly referred to as zero-
level control.
Secondary control:
Secondary control has typically seconds to minutes sampling time (i.e. slower than the
previous one) which justifies the decoupled dynamics of the primary and the secondary control
loops and facilitates their individual designs. Set point of primary control is given by secondary
control in which as a centralized controller, it restores the microgrid voltage and frequency and
compensate for the deviations caused by the primary control. The secondary control can also be
designed to satisfy the power quality requirements, e.g., voltage balancing at critical buses.[14]
Tertiary control:
Tertiary control is the last (and the slowest) control level which consider economical
concerns in the optimal operation of the microgrid (sampling time is from minutes to hours), and
manages the power flow between microgrid and main grid.
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2.13 Introduction to Unbalance

2.13.1 Introduction
This text deals with the unbalance of voltages and currents. As unbalanced currents are
an important cause of non-symmetrical voltages and since voltage unbalance is a recognized
power quality parameter, this text, as its title indicates, mainly refers to the unbalance of
sinusoidal voltages.
First of all, the phenomenon is defined. Then, some basic parameters required for its
quantification are given. The less mathematically interested reader can omit the equations and
move on to the more descriptive material dealing with limits, causes and effects. Finally, some
mitigation techniques are summarized.
2.13.2 What is unbalance?
Definition
A three-phase power system is called balanced or symmetrical if the three-phase voltages
and currents have the same amplitude and are phase shifted by 120° with respect to each other. If
either or both of these conditions are not met, the system is called unbalanced or asymmetrical.
In this text, it is implicitly assumed that the waveforms are sinusoidal and thus do not
contain harmonics.
Quantification:
To quantify an unbalance in voltage or current of a three-phase system, the so-called
Fortescue components or symmetrical components are used.
The three-phase system is decomposed into a so-called direct or positive-sequence,
inverse or negative-sequence and homopolar or zero-sequence system, indicated by subscripts d,
i, h (in some texts the subscripts 1, 2, 0 are used).
They are calculated using matrix transformations of the three-phase voltage or current
phasors. The subscripts u, v, w indicate the different phases.
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(Sometimes the subscripts a, b and c are used.) The expressions here are formulated for
the voltage U, but this variable can be replaced by the current I without any problem:
(1)
where the rotation operator a is given by:
These transformations are energy-invariant, so any power quantity calculated with the
original or transformed values will result in the same value.
The inverse transformation is:
(2)
The direct system is associated with a positively rotating field whereas the inverse system
yields a negative rotating field (Figure 1). In the case of AC electrical machines, this is a
physically correct interpretation for the rotating magnetic field.
2.13.3 How is unbalance caused?
The system operator tries to provide a balanced system voltage at the PCC between the
distribution grid and the customer’s internal network. Under normal conditions, these voltages
are determined by the:
 terminal voltages of the generators
 impedance of electricity system
 Currents drawn by the loads throughout the transmission and distribution grid.
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The system voltages at a generation site are generally highly symmetrical due to the
construction and operation of synchronous generators used in large centralized power plants.
Therefore, the central generation does not in general contribute to unbalance. Even with
induction (asynchronous) generators, as used for instance in some types of wind turbines, a
balanced three-phase set of voltages is obtained.
However, where small-scale distributed or embedded generation, installed at the
customer’s site, has become more popular and taken up a significant share of the electricity
production, the situation is different. Many of these relatively small units, such as photovoltaic
installations, are connected to the grid at LV by means of single-phase power electronic inverter
units.
The impedance of electricity system components is not exactly the same for each phase.
The geometrical configuration of overhead lines, asymmetric with respect to the ground for
instance, causes a difference in the electrical parameters of the line. Generally, these differences
are very small and their effect can be neglected when sufficient precautions, such as the
transposition of lines, are taken.
In most practical cases, the asymmetry of the loads is the main cause of unbalance. At
high and medium voltage level, the loads are usually three-phase and balanced, although large
single- or dual-phase loads can be connected, such as AC rail traction (e.g. high-speed railways,
Figure 3) or induction furnaces (large metal melting systems employing highly irregular
powerful arcs to generate heat).
2.13.4 What are the consequences?
The sensitivity of electrical equipment to unbalance differs from one appliance to
another. A short overview of the most common problems is given below:
Induction machines
These are AC asynchronous machines with internally induced rotating magnetic fields.
The magnitude is proportional to the amplitude of the direct and/or inverse components. The
rotational sense of the field of the inverse component is opposite to the field of the direct
component. Hence, in the case of an unbalanced supply, the total rotating magnetic field
becomes ‘elliptical’ instead of circular.
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Induction machines face three kinds of problems due to unbalance. First, the machine
cannot produce its full torque as the inversely rotating magnetic field of the negative-sequence
system causes a negative braking torque that has to be subtracted from the base torque linked to
the normal rotating magnetic field. Figure 4 shows the different torque-speed characteristics of
an induction machine under unbalanced supply. The actual steady-state curve is the weighted
sum of these curves with the squared unbalance ratios as weights as the torque scales with the
square of the load. It can be seen that in the normal operating region, being the almost straight
line section of Td (the part starting at the top of the curve, eventually crossing the horizontal axis
at synchronous speed), Ti and Th are both negative. These characteristics can be measured with
the motor connected as shown in Figure 5.
Figure: 2.13.4.1: Torque-speed (slip) characteristics of an induction machine under unbalanced

supply conditions
Figure 2.13.4.2: Supply schemes to feed an induction motor with a certain unbalances.
Secondly, the bearings may suffer mechanical damage because of induced torque
components at double system frequency. Finally, the stator and, especially, the rotor are heated
excessively, possibly leading to faster thermal ageing.
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This heat is caused by induction of significant currents by the fast rotating (in the relative
sense) inverse magnetic field, as seen by the rotor. To be able to deal with this extra heating, the
motor must be derated, which may require a machine of a larger power rating to be installed.
Synchronous generators
Synchronous generators are AC machines as well, for instance used in local generation
such as CHP units. They exhibit phenomena similar to those described for induction machines,
but mainly suffer from excess heating. Special care must be devoted to the design of stabilising
damper windings on the rotor, where the currents are induced by the indirect and homopolar
components.
Capacity of transformers, cables and lines
The capacity of transformers, cables and lines is reduced due to negative sequence
components. The operational limit is in fact determined by the RMS rating of the total current,
being partially made up of ‘useless’ non-direct sequence currents as well. This has to be
considered when setting trigger points of protection devices, operating on the total current. The
maximum capacity can be expressed by a derating factor, to be supplied by the manufacturer,
which can be used to select a larger system, capable of handling the load.
Transformers
Transformers subject to negative sequence voltages transform them in the same way as
positive-sequence voltages. The behaviour with respect to homopolar voltages depends on the
primary and secondary connections and, more particularly, the presence of a neutral conductor.
If, for instance, one side has a Supply with a direct-sequence voltage Supply with an inverse-
sequence voltage Supply with a homopolar-voltage three-phase four-wire connection, neutral
currents can flow. If at the other side the winding is deltaconnected, the homopolar current is
transformed into a circulating (and heat-causing) current in the delta. The associated homopolar
magnetic flux passes through constructional parts of the transformer causing parasitic losses in
parts such as the tank, sometimes requiring an additional derating.
although, in general, the total harmonic distortion remains more or less constant. The
design of passive filter banks dealing with these harmonics must take this phenomenon into
account. This subject is covered in another Section of this Guide.
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How can unbalance be mitigated?

To decrease the effects of unbalance, several actions can be taken, with different degrees
of technical complexity.
The first and most basic solution is to rearrange or redistribute the loads in such a way
that the system becomes more balanced. For certain applications, there is a possibility of
reducing unbalance by changing the operating parameters.
In order to reduce the influence of negative sequence currents, causing negative sequence
voltage drops, on the supply voltage, low internal system impedance is required. This may be
achieved by connecting the unbalanced loads at points with higher short circuit level, or by other
system measures to reduce the internal impedance.
Another type of mitigation technique is the use of special transformers, such as Scott- and
Steinmetz transformers:
 The ‘Scott-transformer’ consists of two single-phase transformers, with special winding
ratios, hooked up to a three-phase system. They are connected in such a way that at the
output, a two-phase orthogonal voltage system is generated allowing the connection of
two single-phase systems. This set-up presents a balanced three-phase power to the grid.
 A ‘Steinmetz-transformer’ is in fact a three-phase transformer with an extra power
balancing load, consisting of a capacitor and an inductor rated proportional to the single-
phase load (Figure 6). When the reactive power rating of the inductor and the capacitor
equals the active power rating of the load, divided by √3, the three-phase grid sees a
balanced load. The three-phase rated power of the transformer equals the single-phase
load’s active power. Note that balancing is only perfect for loads with an active power
equal to the value used to design the system.
Finally, special fast-acting power electronic circuits, such as ‘Static Var Compensators’
can be configured to limit the unbalance. These behave as if they were rapidly changing
complementary impedances, compensating for changes in impedance of the loads on each phase.
Also, they are capable of compensating unwanted reactive power.
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However, these are expensive devices, and are only used for large loads (e.g. arc
furnaces) when other solutions are insufficient. Other types of power conditioners that can deal
with unbalanced systems as well as other power quality problems are in development but are not
yet ready for general application.
2.14 SUMMARY
This chapter describes about the wind power generation and unbalance mitigations.
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3. CONVENTIONAL VECTOR CONTROL SCHEME FOR DFIG SYSTEM

UNDER UNBALANCED CONDITION
3.1 Introduction
Figure 1 shows the schematic diagram of a DFIG WTG including rotor-side (RSC) and
grid-side (GSC) converters. Under balanced voltage condition, the converter controllers can be
designed based on conventional vector control or other design techniques such as resonance
controller and direct power control using instantaneous power model of the DFIG [17], [21].
However, under unbalanced voltage condition, auxiliary control loops using negative sequences
quantities must be added to the conventional vector speed controllers which form an extended
unbalanced vector control scheme [7], [17].
Fig. 3. Schematic diagram of DFIG-based Wind Generation System.
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Fig.3a. Schematic diagram of the conventional unbalanced vector control scheme for DFIG.
Figure 2 shows details of the unbalanced vector control scheme for the rotor-side
converter [12], [13]. This control strategy mitigates the torque pulsations and the grid unbalanced
effects on the generator via independent control of the stator real/reactive power components, p∗
s and q∗ s .The sequential decomposition unit in Fig. 3a calculates the positive/negative
sequence components in positive/negative sequence qd reference frame. The output of this unit is
denoted by f +/− +/− where f represents the voltage or current quantities; superscripts identify +/-
sequence reference frame; and subscripts represent +/- sequence components. In Fig. 3a, the +/-
reference frame transformations are realized by e j(θs−θr) and ej(−θs−θr).
As shown in Fig. 3a, the unbalanced vector control method is established based on
decomposition of the positive and negative sequences of the rotor current. Practically, this
Decomposition can be realized by transferring the current to the synchronous reference frame
and using digital filters, or signal delay cancelation technique. These methods introduce time
delays and obvious errors in amplitude and phase which adversely affect on the dynamic
performance of the control system [20].
Recently, alternative methods such as the Proportional Integral Resonant (PIR) controller
[7], [8] and the main and auxiliary controllers [16] have been introduced which directly process
the unbalanced rotor current without decomposition into positive/negative sequences.
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In these methods, the current references are calculated according to the power pulsations
in a feed-forward manner so the stator voltage, current, and flux have to be decomposed into the
positive and negative sequences for calculating the rotor current references [20].
3.2. PROPOSED INSTANTANEOUS POWER CONTROL FOR UNBALANCED
VOLTAGE CONDITIONS
In the proposed method, the rotor-side converter in Fig. 3 can be used for the mitigation
of the torque and stator reactive power pulsations. Also, the grid-side converter can be used for
reduction of unbalanced stator voltage. In the proposed control method, the feedback loops are
developed based on instantaneous real/reactive power components which can be directly
calculated in abc frame and used in any other reference frame. In the following, first the
instantaneous power model of a DFIG is explained and then the details of the proposed control
strategy are explained within the following sections.
3.2.1. Instantaneous Power Model of a DFIG
The model of the induction machine in terms of the stator real/reactive power
components, ps and qs, is [21]:
(1)
where details of urd,rq and g1 to g7 are given in Appendix. The grid-side converter and
filter model in terms of instantaneous real and reactive power of grid-side converter, pg and qg,
is [22]:
(2)
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Where
(3)
and
(4)
The dynamic model of DC link is
(5)
Where real power is delivered to rotor, pr is
(6)
Equations (1)-(6) summarize the model of a DFIG wind power system including the
machine and converters.
3.2.2. Compensation of Unbalanced Voltage Using GSC
The excess capacity of grid-side converter at low wind speed can be used for a partial
compensation of unbalanced stator voltage. This can be achieved through the control of the
real/reactive power in GSC corresponding to the negative sequence of the grid voltage. This
section develops the mathematical relationship between the power pulsation and the negative
sequence voltage which is required in the design procedure of the control system.
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The current/voltage vectors can be expressed in terms of their sequence components in

+/- synchronous reference frames as:
(7)
Based on (7), the instantaneous real/reactive power components can be obtained via
definition of complex power as:
(8)
where ˆ_x represents the complex conjugate of _x. Substituting for ˆ_i − gdq− = ˆ_i+
gdq−e−j2ωet and _v− sdq− = _v+ sdq−ej2ωet in the last term of (8), we can express complex
power in terms of its average and ac components as s = sg,ave + sg,ac where:
(9)
(10)
Based on (10), control of power pulsations (pg,ac and qg,ac) via grid-side converter can
indirectly compensate unbalanced voltage by reducing _v+ sdq−.
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To design power pulsation controllers, we start with the model of the grid-side converter
and network in the positive synchronous reference frame as:
(11)
(12)
(13)
To obtain the power model for the negative sequence model, the negative sequence
power components in the positive sequence reference frame are defined as:
(14)
(15)
By separating positive and negative sequences in (11)-(13) and using (14) and (15) to
substitute for_i+ sdq− and_i+ gdq− in (11)-(13) and re-arranging the equation, we deduce:
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Where the p+ s−, q+ s− are obtained from the negative sequence model of DFIG
extracted from (1) in the positive sequence reference frame and
(17)
(18)
Fig. 3.2.2. Schematic diagram of the GSC model for compensating the negative sequence
of the grid voltage.
Fig. 3.2.2a. Details of the proposed unbalanced controllers for the grid-side converter.
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Fig. 3.2.2 b. Details of the proposed unbalanced controllers for the rotor-side converter.
Let the output variables u+ sq− and u+ sd− are defined corresponding to the negative
sequence of the stator voltage as:
(19)
Then, by substituting for_i+ gdq− in terms of power components from (14) in (12), we
deduce:
(20)
Finally, to associate the negative sequence power components with the power pulsations,
the new disturbance terms sgc, pgc and qgc are defined as:
(21)
Thus, based on (10), (14), and (21), we deduce:
(22)
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Figure 3 shows the schematic diagram of the grid side converter model and DFIG in
terms of power components based on (1) and (16)-(22). In this model, power pulsation references
for GSC are used for adjusting the negative sequence grid voltage. Figure 4 depicts the proposed
control system for grid-side converter. In this control system, GPg, GQg and Gdc controllers\ are
designed based on balanced model as elaborated in [21]. Then, extra control loops including
Kvdg, Kvqg, KrpgGres and KrqgGres are employed to control power pulsations of converter
corresponding to pulsations of grid voltage at positive sequence reference frame. The resonant
compensator (Gres) tuned at the double frequency of the grid which is implemented in the
positive sequence reference frame. The notch filter Gnf is also used for suppressing the dc-link
voltage double-frequency (2ωe) ripple. The transfer functions of resonant compensator and notch
filter (Gnf ) which are tuned at ω0 = 2ωe frequency are:
(23)
Where Q is the band-width of the filters. In the proposed control scheme, the
instantaneous powers are controlled without decomposing the positive and negative sequences of
currents. However, compensating of the unbalanced voltage requires the negative sequence of
stator voltage at positive sequence reference frame.
3.2.3. Mitigation of Torque/Reactive Power Pulsations Using RSC
Although GSC to some extent can compensate the unbalanced grid voltage, the torque
and power pulsations still exist due to 2ωe ripple which superimposed on the dc-link voltage.
The torque pulsation in a generator increases stress on the rotating shaft of the DFIG which can
cause shaft fatigue or other mechanical damages to a WTG. Thus, a control provision is required
for the rotor-side converter to mitigate the torque/power pulsations of DFIG. Santos-Martin et al.
in [23] show that the simultaneous elimination of the torque and real power pulsations cannot be
performed under unbalanced grid voltage condition. Thus, the proposed control scheme herein is
designed to compensate the torque and reactive power pulsations as shown in Fig. 3.1.2b.
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This control scheme essentially consists of two controllers, GPs and GQs, which are
designed for a balanced condition as discussed [21]. Then, extra feedback control loops
including KrpsGres, KrqsGres and KrTeGres are added to compensate the double-frequency
torque and reactive power pulsations without decomposing the positive and negative sequences
of currents and voltages. The Krp , Krqs and KrTe are constant gains and Gres is a band pass
filter tuned at double frequency as given in (23). The electric torque can be estimated by stator
and rotor current components in the stationary reference frame as
(24)
Fig.3.2.3. The schematic of the power limiter for the grid-side converter.
3.3 SUMMARY
This chapter describes about the conventional vector control scheme for DFIG system
under unbalanced conditions.
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4. CURRENT/POWER LIMITING ALGORITHMS FOR THE GRID- AND

ROTOR-SIDE CONVERTERS
4.1 Introduction
Using power as a dynamic variable can cause over current of the power converter during
transients and faults in a grid. This section presents an algorithm for limiting power references
via sensing the converters currents.
4.2. Grid-Side Converter
In the control scheme for the grid-side converter (Fig. 3.1.2a), the power capacity of the
converter can be used for partially compensating the unbalanced stator voltage. However, it is
necessary that the converter maintain the dc-link voltage via control of average real power and
supplying the rotor real power has the highest priority. Thus, the maximum and minimum limits
of average real power will be set to the maximum and minimum complex power as:
(25)
where Smax g and Imax g are the maximum complex power and maximum current of
GSC, respectively. Then, the limits for average reactive power should be calculated with respect
to
instantaneous real power as given by:
(26)
The references for power pulsation components, Fig. 3.1.2a, are:
(27)
Based on (27), Fig. 6 presents a method for limiting the power pulsation references via
adjusting Kvdg and Kvqg. In this method Kvdg and Kvqg are initially set to pre-adjusted
quantities Kvdg0 and Kvqg0.
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The unbalanced grid voltage is compensated using these fixed gains until the peak current
of converter (Ipeak g ) passes its maximum limit. Then, in the first step, Kvqg is decreased to
reduce the q∗ g,ac and if q∗ g,ac reaches zero and still Ipeak g is beyond its limit, then Kvdg is
decreased to reduce p∗ g,ac. Therefore, the unbalanced grid voltage compensation can be
partially or completely deactivated during the over current of the grid-side converter.
4.2.1. Rotor-Side Converter
Under a normal operating condition, the reference for the stator real power is adjusted to
capture the maximum wind energy. This reference can be obtained via any maximum power
point tracking (MPPT) algorithm [24]. The stator reactive power reference is also adjusted to
satisfy the power factor requirements at the grid. Therefore, the maximum currents of the rotor
and stator windings determine the upper limits of the generator real and reactive powers. Similar
to the grid side converter, the limits for the generator real/reactives can be obtained as:
(28)
(29)
where Imax s and Smax s are the stator maximum current and complex power,
respectively. Since the stator power is mainly controlled via the rotor-side converter (RSC), the
limits of the rotor complex power should be adjusted based on the stator complex power. The
rotor complex power is
(30)
Assuming that the stator and rotor resistances in a high-power generator are small
quantities, the rotor voltage/current can be approximately expressed by:
(31)
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(32)
Substituting (31) and (32) in (30), we deduce:
Thus, the limits for the stator power components can be expressed as:
(34)
(35)
(36)
and the real/reactive power limits for the rotor-side converter can be defined as:
(37)
(38)
By using these limits during transients conditions, the capacity of RSC is partially used
for injecting reactive power to the grid while the capacity of GSC is used for maintaining the dc-
link voltage compensation.
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Fig. 4.2.1. Schematic diagram of the study system.
4.3 Performance Evaluation of the Power Control Scheme for Unbalanced

Voltage Condition
4.3.1 Study System
Figure 7 shows the schematic of the study system for investigation of the performance
and validation of the proposed control approach. The system includes a 1.5 MW DFIG wind
turbine-generator connected to a weak grid including an unbalanced load. The electrical and
mechanical parameters of the turbine generator are adopted from [25] and summarized in Table
I. The control system of rotor-side converter presented in Fig. 3.1.2b is used for mitigation of
the torque and stator reactive power pulsations via adjusting the stator real/reactive power. The
stator real/reactive power references, p∗ s and q s ,are adjusted to capture the maximum wind
energy and to meet a desired power factor, respectively. The real power reference, p∗ s , can be
determined with respect to a feedback from the shaft rotor speed, ωr, based on any Maximum
Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm [24]. The controller of grid-side converter presented in
Fig. 3.1.2a is used to control real and reactive power and to mitigate unbalanced stator voltage.
The parameters for balance operating condition are designed based on detailed method described
in [21] as:
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And the rest of constant parameters in controllers are:
An 800 kW single phase inductive load with 0.8 power factor is connected to the phase a
at the point of common coupling as shown on Fig. 4.1.1. which creates a 0.03 pu negative
sequence voltage at generator stator.
TABLE I
STUDY SYSTEM PARAMETERS AND DATA
4.4 SUMMARY
This chapter describes about control schemes on both rotor and grid sides.
DEPT OF EEE ASRA 46

5.FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER
5.1 Introduction
Fuzzy Logic is about the relative significance of accuracy: How essential is it to be

precisely right when an unpleasant answer will do?
You can utilize Fuzzy Logic Toolbox programming with MATLAB specialized figuring
programming as an instrument for taking care of issues with fluffy rationale. Fluffy rationale is
an interesting region of examination in light of the fact that it benefits an occupation of
exchanging off in the middle of criticalness and accuracy something that people have been
overseeing for quite a while.
In this sense, fluffy rationale is both old and new on the grounds that, in spite of the fact
that the present day and efficient art of fluffy rationale is still youthful, the idea of fluffy
rationale depends on age-old aptitudes of human think in
Fig.5.1. fuzzy description
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Why use Fuzzy Logic
Fluffy rationale is an advantageous approach to outline data space to a yield space.

Mapping info to yield is the beginning stage for everything. Consider the accompanying
samples:
• With data about how great your administration was at an eatery, a fuzzy rationale
framework can let you know what the tip ought to be.
• With your particular of how hot you need the water, a fluffy rationale framework can
alter the spigot valve to the right setting.
• With data about how far away the subject of your photo is, a fluffy rationale framework
can center the lens for you.
• With data about how quick the auto is going and how hard the engine is functioning, a
fluffy rationale framework can change gears for you.
To decide the suitable measure of tip requires mapping inputs to the proper yields.
Between the info and the yield, the former figure demonstrates a discovery that can contain any
number of things: fluffy frameworks, direct frameworks, master frameworks, neural systems,
differential mathematical statements, introduced multidimensional lookup tables, or even a
profound consultant, just to give some examples of the conceivable alternatives. Obviously the
rundown could continue forever.
On the other hand, in the event that you set aside an ideal opportunity to get comfortable
with fuzzy rationale, you'll see it can be a capable apparatus for managing rapidly and
proficiently with imprecision and nonlinearity.
You can make and alter fluffy derivation frameworks with Fuzzy Logic Toolbox
programming. You can make these systems utilizing graphical devices or order line capacities, or
you can create them consequently utilizing either grouping or versatile neuro- fuzzy systems.
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In the event that you have entry to Simulink programming, you can without much of a
stretch test your fuzzy framework in a piece graph recreation environment.
The tool stash likewise gives you a chance to run your own particular stand-alone C
programs specifically. This is made conceivable by a stand-alone Fuzzy Inference Engine that
peruses the fuzzy frameworks spared from a matlab session. You can tweak the stand-alone
motor to incorporate fuzzy derivation with your own particular code. All gave code is ansi
consistent.
Due to the incorporated way of the matlab environment, you can make your own
particular devices to tweak the tool compartment or saddle it with another tool compartment, for
example, the Control System Toolbox, Neural Network Toolbox, or Optimization Toolbox
programming.
5.2 Fuzzy Logic Tool box
The Fuzzy Logic Toolbox expands the MATLAB specialized registering environment
with devices for outlining frameworks in view of fuzzy rationale. Graphical client interfaces
(GUIs) guide you through the progressions of fuzzy induction framework outline. Capacities are
accommodated numerous basic fuzzy rationale techniques, including fuzzy grouping and
versatile neuro fuzzy learning.
The tool compartment gives you a chance to model complex sytem practices utilizing
basic rationale standards and after that actualizes these tenets in a fuzzy deduction framework.
You can utilize the tool kit as a standalone fuzzy surmising motor. Then again, you can utilize
fuzzy deduction hinders in simulink and recreate the fluffy frameworks inside of a far reaching
model of the whole element framework.
The Fuzzy Logic Toolbox gives GUIs to give you a chance to perform traditional fuzzy
framework improvement and example acknowledgment. Utilizing the tool kit, you can create and
examine fuzzy induction frameworks, create versatile neuro fuzzy surmising frameworks, and
perform fuzzy grouping.
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Likewise, the tool stash gives a fluffy controller piece that you can use in Simulink to
display and mimic a fuzzy rationale control framework. From Simulink, you can create C code
for use in implanted applications that incorporate fuzzy rationale.
5.3 Building a Fuzzy Inference System:
Fuzzy surmising is a strategy that deciphers the qualities in the data vector and, taking
into account client characterized principles, allocates qualities to the yield vector. Utilizing the
GUI editors and viewers in the Fuzzy Logic Toolbox, you can fabricate the guidelines set,
characterize the participation capacities, and investigate the conduct of a fluffy derivation
framework (FIS). The accompanying editors and viewers
Fig.5.2.fuzzy interference system
Key features:
■ Specialized GUIs for building fuzzy inference systems and viewing and analyzing results
■ Membership functions for creating fuzzy inference systems
■ Support for AND, OR, and NOT logic in user-defined rules
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■ Standard Mamdani and Sugeno-type fuzzy inference systems
■ Automated membership function shaping through neuro adaptive and fuzzy clustering learning
techniques
■ Ability to embed a fuzzy inference system in a Simulink model
■Ability to generate embeddable C code or stand-alone executable fuzzy inference engines.
In this area we'll be building a straightforward tipping sample utilizing the graphical
client interface (GUI) apparatuses gave by the Fuzzy Logic Toolbox. In spite of the fact that it's
conceivable to utilize the Fuzzy Logic Toolbox by working entirely from the summon line, when
all is said in done it's much simpler to construct a framework graphically. There are five essential
GUI apparatuses for building, altering, and watching fluffy induction frameworks in the Fuzzy
Logic Toolbox. The Fuzzy Inference System or FIS Editor, the Membership Function Editor, the
Rule Editor, the Rule Viewer, and the Surface Viewer. These GUIs are progressively connected,
in that progressions you make to the FIS utilizing one of them can influence what you see on any
of the other open GUIs. You can have any or every one of them open for any given system.
These are shown in Fig.
fig.5.3.The Primary GUI Tools of the Fuzzy Logic Toolbox
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The FIS Editor handles the abnormal state issues for the framework: what number
information and yield variables? What are their names? The Fuzzy Logic Toolbox doesn't restrict
the quantity of inputs. On the other hand, the quantity of inputs may be restricted by the
accessible memory of your machine. In the event that the quantity of inputs is too huge, or the
quantity of enrollment capacities is too huge, then it might likewise be hard to investigate the FIS
utilizing the other GUI apparatuses.
The Membership Function Editor is utilized to characterize the states of all the
enrollment capacities connected with every variable. The Rule Editor is for altering the rundown
of principles that characterizes the conduct of the framework.
The Rule Viewer and the Surface Viewer are utilized for taking a gander at, rather than
altering, the FIS. They are entirely perused just devices. The Rule Viewer is a matlab-based
showcase of the fluffy induction graph appeared toward the end of the last segment. Utilized as a
symptomatic, it can appear (for instance) which standards are dynamic, or how singular
participation capacity shapes are affecting the outcomes. The Surface Viewer is utilized to show
the reliance of one of the yields on any maybe a couple of the inputs that is, it produces and plots
a yield surface guide for the framework.
The fis editor:
The FIS Editor handles the strange state issues for the system: what number data and
output variables? What are their names? The Fuzzy Logic Toolbox doesn't limit the amount of
inputs. Then again, the amount of inputs may be confined by the open memory of your machine.
If the amount of inputs is excessively colossal, or the amount of enlistment limits is excessively
tremendous, then it may moreover be difficult to research the FIS using the other GUI
contraptions.
The Membership Function Editor is used to portray the conditions of all the enlistment
limits joined with each variable. The Rule Editor is for adjusting the once-over of rule that
portrays the behavior of the structure.
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The Rule Viewer and the Surface Viewer are used for looking at, as opposed to adjusting,
the FIS. They are totally scrutinized just gadgets. The Rule Viewer is a matlab-based showcase
of the soft incitement diagram showed up toward the end of the last portion. Used as a
symptomatic, it can show up (for example) which benchmarks are powerful, or how particular
support limit shapes are influencing the results. The Surface Viewer is used to demonstrate the
dependence of one of the yields on any perhaps a few the inputs that is, it creates and plots a
yield surface aide for the structure.
The starting stage is to record the three splendid standards of tipping, in perspective of
years of individual inclusion in diners.
1. If the organization is poor or the support is spoiled, then tip is humble.
2. If the organization is awesome, then tip is ordinary.
3. If the organization is awesome or the sustenance is flavorful, then tip is liberal.
We'll acknowledge that a typical tip is 15%, a liberal tip is 25%, and a humble tip is 5%.
It's in like manner accommodating to have a misty considered what the tipping limit should take
after. A direct tipping limit is showed up as in Fig.2. Unmistakably the numbers and the
condition of the twist are at risk to neighborhood traditions, social slant, and whatnot, yet the
three models are truly broad.
Right away we know the gauges, and we have a considered what the yield should take
after. We ought to begin working with the GUI instruments to build up a cushioned conclusion
structure for this decision technique..
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Fig.5.4.The FIS Editor
We'd like to change the variable names to reflect that, though:
 Click once on the left-hand (yellow) box marked input1 (the box will be highlighted in
red).
 In the white edit field on the right, change input1 to service and press Return.
 Click once on the left-hand (yellow) box marked input2 (the box will be highlighted in
red).
 In the white edit field on the right, change input2 to food and press Return.
 Click once on the right-hand (blue) box marked output1.
 In the white edit field on the right, change output1 to tip.
 From the File menu select Save to workspace as..and a window appears as shown in fig.
 Enter the variable name tipper and click on ok.
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You will see the diagram updated to reflect the new names of the input and output
variables. There is now a new variable in the workspace called tipper that contains all the
information about this system.
fig.5.5.‘Save to workspace as...’ Window
By saving to the workspace with a new name, you also rename the entire system. Your
window will look like as shown in Fig.5.
Fig.5.6.The updated FIS Editor
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Leave the inference options in the lower left in their default positions for now. You've
entered all the information you need for this particular GUI. Next define the membership
functions associated with each of the variables. To do this, open the Membership Function
Editor. You can open the Membership Function Editor in one of three ways:
 Pull down the View menu item and select Edit Membership Functions....
 Double-click on the icon for the output variable, tip.
 Type mfedit at the command line.
5.4 Summary:
This chapter describes about Fuzzy Logic controller and its description.
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6. SIMULATION RESULTS
6.1. Simulation Block diagrams and results:
The above figure shows the schematic of the study system for investigation of the
performance and validation of the proposed control approach. The system includes a 1.5 MW
DFIG wind turbine-generator connected to a weak grid including an unbalanced load. The
control system of rotor-side converter is presented and it is used for mitigation of the torque and
stator reactive power pulsations via adjusting the stator real/reactive power. The stator
real/reactive power references, 𝑝𝑠 and 𝑞𝑠 , are adjusted to capture the maximum wind energy
and to meet a desired power factor, respectively.
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The real power reference,𝑝𝑠 , can be determined with respect to a feedback from the shaft
rotor speed, ωr, based on any Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm. The
controller of grid-side converter presented and it is used to control real and reactive power and to
mitigate unbalanced stator voltage.
Proposed method:
Fig.8. The DFIG performance under unbalanced voltage using balanced controller: (a)
stator real power; (b) stator reactive power
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(c) Torque:
(d) Stator and rotor currents.
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Fig.9. Unbalanced vector controller: (a) stator real power; (b) stator reactive power;
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(c) Torque;
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Fig.10. The proposed controller: (a) stator real power; (b) stator reactive power;
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(c) Torque;
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Fig.11. Robustness of the unbalanced vector controller: (a) stator real power; (b) stator reactive
power;
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(c) Torque.
Fig.12. Robustness of the proposed controller: (a) stator real power; (b) stator reactive power
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(c) Torque.
Fig.13. Partial compensation of unbalanced stator voltage:

(a) negative sequence of the stator voltage;
(b) stator real power;
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(c) torque
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(d) Negative sequence grid-side converter current.
(e) positive sequence grid-side converter current;
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(f) Amplitude of the grid-side converter current.
6.2. Summary:
This chapter deals about the description of simulation, its results and block diagrams.
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CONCLUSION
An unbalanced control scheme for a DFIG wind turbine generator has been presented in
this paper which does not require the sequential decomposition of the DFIG stator/rotor currents
and is less sensitive to the system parameters. This control scheme mitigates the stator reactive
power and torque pulsations which obviously appear in any balanced control scheme under an
unbalanced grid voltage condition. The control method uses the grid-side converter to partially
compensate the unbalance stator voltage when the wind speed is low and turbine works below
nominal power. Two current/ power limiting algorithms are also introduced for but rotor- and
grid-side converters to avoid over rating of the converters. It has been shown that proposed
control approach based on its simple and robust structure can offer a promising solution for
DFIG control under unbalanced grid voltage conditions.
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Future Scope
This project can be extended not only by using fuzzy logic controller; we may get better
results by using some other controllers like ANFIS and ANN.
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REFERENCES
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[10] C. Liu, F. Blaabjerg, W. Chen, and D. Xu, “Stator current harmonic control with resonant
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2007.
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[20] H. Nian, Y. Song, P. Zhou, and Y. He, “Improved direct power control of a wind turbine
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Control of DFIG Wind Power Generators in Unbalanced Microgrids

Based on Instantaneous Power Theory

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2. WIND ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEM

2.2 How Wind Power Is Generated

2.3 Wind Turbines

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2.4 Wind Turbine Types

2.4.1 Turbine Components

Horizontal turbine components include:

2.5 Turbine Configurations

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2.6 Wind Turbine Size and Power Ratings

2.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Wind-Generated Electricity

2.7.1 A Renewable Non-Polluting Resource

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2.7.2 Cost Issues

2.7.3 Environmental Concerns

2.7.4 Supply and Transport Issues

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2.7.5 Generator characteristics and stability

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2.8 Offshore wind power

Fig.2.8.Offshore wind power.

2.9 CONTROL OF LOW POWER WIND ENERGY SYSTEMS

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shows the evolution of CP vs. for different types of wind turbines.

Figure 2.9. Typical curve of a wind turbine

2.10.1 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

Figure .2.10.1. Structure of the DFIG.

Thus, the induction generator system is capable of generating a limited amount of

2.10.2 DFIG STEADY STATE THEORY

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Figure .2.10.2 Doub5ly fed induction generator

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2.10.3 Micro grid

Microgrid and Main grid

Microgrid is considered as a small self-contained power system operating at the

Fig .2.10.4.1: Microgrid architecture

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Fig .2.10.4.2: Detailed diagram of a Microgrid structure

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2.10.5 Types of microgrids

Campus Environment/Institutional Microgrids

Remote “Off-grid” Microgrids

Military Base Microgrids

Commercial and Industrial (C&I) Microgrids

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2.10.6. Basic components in microgrids

Fig.2.10.6.The Solar Settlement.

2.10.7 Energy Storage

In microgrid, energy storage is able to perform multiple functions, such as ensuring

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2.10.8 Point of common coupling (PCC)

It is the point in the electric circuit where a microgrid is connected to a main

2.11. Advantages and challenges of microgrids

First of all, a microgrid is capable of operating in grid-connected and stand-alone modes,

In islanding mode, there are intentional (scheduled) or unintentional in which intentional

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