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Circulatory System
Functionally connect the organs of exchange with the body cells.
Radial canal
Mouth
5 cm
Heart relaxes → draws the hemolymph into the heart through pores
called ostia (have valves that close when heart contracts)
Hemolymph in sinuses
surrounding ograns
Tubular heart
(a) An open circulatory system
• ADVANTAGES :
• Lower hydrostatic pressures, make them less costly
(in terms of energy expenditure) than closed
circulatory system
Dorsal vessel
(main heart)
BUT,
• Disadvantage of this system is the system needs
more energy to build and maintain
CIRCULATORY AND TRANSPORT SYSTEM ANIMAL AND PLANT PHYSIOLOGY ENMM
• Humans and other vertebrates
have a closed circulatory
system
• Often called the
cardiovascular system
Structural differences
in arteries, veins, and
capillaries, correlate with
their different
functions.
Capillaries in major
organs (example: brain,
heart, kidney and liver)
usually carry a full load
of blood
but in many other sites,
the blood supplies
varies.
Two mechanisms
regulate the distribution of
blood in capillary beds.
Controlled by:
Hormones (example:
Angiotensin II hormone in
Renin-Angiotensin-
Aldosterone System to
regulate blood pressure)
2nd mechanism:
Precapillary sphincters
(rings of smooth muscle
located at the
entrance to capillary
beds) control the flow of
blood between
arterioles and venules.
Skeletal muscle
Valve (closed)
Critical Exchange of Substances
Capillaries
Venae cavae
Arteries
Venules
Arterioles
Aorta
Veins
0
• Blood pressure
• Is the hydrostatic pressure that blood exerts against the wall
of a vessel
• Systolic pressure
• During systole, heart muscles contract and the chambers pump
blood
• Is the pressure in the arteries during ventricular systole
• Is the highest pressure in the arteries
• Diastolic pressure
• During diastole, the heart muscle relaxes and the chambers fill
with blood
• Is the pressure in the arteries during diastole
• Is lower than systolic pressure
• Blood pressure can be easily measured in humans
Blood pressure
reading: 120/70
Sounds
stop
Sounds
audible in
stethoscope
Artery
Artery
closed
Leukocytes
Water
7,000-9,000
~90% per mm3 of blood
Plasma
Proteins 55%
And Platelets
Other ~250,000
solutes per mm3
~8% of blood
Plasma Constituent
Plasma 55%
Major functions
Erythrocytes
Number
per mm3 of blood
Functions
Transport
Elements
❑ Suspended in blood
(red blood cells) 5–6 million oxygen
and help
transport
Separated carbon plasma are two classes of
blood dioxide.
elements cells:
Leukocytes Defense and
(white blood cells) 5,000–10,000 immunity ➢ Red blood cells, which
transport oxygen.
➢ White blood cells,
Lymphocyte
Basophil which function in
Eosinophil defense.
Neutrophil
Monocyte ❑ A third cellular element,
Platelets 250,000-
400,000
Blood clotting platelets (fragments of
cells that are involved in
clotting).
Erythrocytes
~RED BLOOD CELLS~
Transport oxygen
throughout the body.
Structure: small disks
that are biconcave
(increase surface area,
enhancing rate of oxygen
diffusion).
• The blood contains five major types of white blood cells, or leukocytes
Function in
defense by
phagocytizing
bacteria and
debris or by
producing
Source: Blausen 0909 WhiteBloodCells.png antibodies.
Source:
https://www.wfh.org/en/page.aspx?pid=635
Transport System
• Functionally connect the organs of
exchange with the body cells
3.3 Single and double circulatory system
• Single circulation
• The blood passes through the
heart once in each complete
circuit
• Reptiles have two arteries leading from heart to the systemic circuit, arterial
valves allow them to divert most of their blood from pulmonary
Artery Pulmocutaneous
Right Pulmonary
Gill Pulmonary
circuit systemic circuit circuit
circulation
aorta
Heart:
ventricle (V) Left
A A A A A
A Systemic
Atrium (A) V V aorta
V V V
Right Left Right Left Right Left
Systemic Systemic Systemic
Vein circulation circuit circuit
✓ Bound to hemoglobin
(98.5% of all oxygen in the blood).
✓ Carbaminohemoglobin - 30%
o Formed when CO2 combines with hemoglobin
(hemoglobin molecules that have given up their oxygen).
5 6
HCO3– + H+ 9 Carbonic acid is converted back
Bicarbonate
4 However, most CO2 reacts with water into CO2 and water.
HCO3– 7
in red blood cells, forming carbonic To lungs
• Lymph vessel : like veins and has valves that prevent the backflow
of fluid toward the capillaries
• Rhythmic contraction of the vessel walls helps draw
fluid into lymphatic capillaries