BIOLOGY LAB

REVIEWER KREB CYCLE

EXERCISES 5-7

Act. 5 — CELLULAR RESPIRATION

CONCEPT

ATP – form of energy used by the cells.
Cellular respiration – conversion of food or chemical energy into ATP KREB CYCLE

Phosphate groups are joined by high-energy bond.

2 TYPES OF RESPIRATION:
1. Aerobic – presence of oxygen
2. Anaerobic – absence of oxygen

Anaerobiosis- any life form that is sustained in the absence or

inadequate amount of oxygen; e.g. fermentation

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

ENERGY SOURCE IN LIVING CELLS:
1. Fatty acids
2. Amino acids
3. Glucose – major source

Bromthymol blue solution – indicates the generation of carbon

dioxide dure to respiration

Highly acidic solution – can change the color of Bromthymol blue to

orange

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

1 NAD = 3 ATP
1 FADH2 = 2 ATP

BREAKDOWN:

1. Glycolysis – 2 ATP, 2 NADH

2. Kreb Cycle – 2 ATP, 8 NADH, 2 FADH2
3. Electron transport chain – 32 or 34 ATP

ACTIVITY

EXPERIMENT A:

FACTORS AFFECTING RESPIRATION

GLYCOLYSIS SYRINGE A – 20 ml yeast suspension

Yeast suspension: 2 teaspoons of grind fresh brewer’s

yeast with 100 ml H20.

SYRINGE B – 20 ml yeast-sugar suspension

Yeast-sugar suspension: add 1 tsp. sugar to the

remaining yeast suspension

SYRINGE C – 20 ml warm yeast-sugar suspension

Warm yeast-sugar suspension:water bath the yeast-

sugar suspension until lukewarm

SYRINGE D – 20 ml cool yeast-sugar suspension

 Cool yeast-sugar suspension: cool with ice the
remaining yeast-sugar suspension until 10oC or lower

CONCEPTS:
5. ANAPHASE
• Yeast (organism) eats sugar/sucrose (food) • Centromere splits lengthwise
• Produces CO2 and ethanol; CO2 rises while ethanol stays. and duplicates of the chromoso-
• More sugar=more products mes are separated and are moved
• Temperature affects fermentation 10-50 degrees = towards the opposite poles of the
increase fermentation rate – cell.

*anywhere less or anywhere more will decrease fermentation rate*

Act. 6 — CELLULAR DIVISION

MITOSIS 6. TELOPHASE
(Given specimen: Ascaris sp. Uterus - cross section)
A. Cleavage furrow - CONSTRICTION
between two new animal daughter cells.

B. Forming daughter cells -

1. INTERPHASE the TWO NEW CELLS in
• Resting stage the making.
• DNA molecules are replicated
• “S” (Synthesis) Stage • Terminal phase of Mitosis
• G1 (Pre-synthesis) Stage • Reverse of prophase
• G2 (Pot-Synthesis) • Chromosomes approach the
Pole and decondense
• Two nuclei are then formed
• Forms cleavage until two
Daughter cells are entirely distinct.

Cytokinesis - the division of

cytoplasm
2. PROPHASE
• Nuclear material has duplicated
• Spindle fibers form

7. DAUGHTER CELLS

3. PROMETAPHASE
• Chromosomes start moving
towards the cell’s equator
MEIOSIS

1. PROPHASE I
Substages:
• Leptotene - Chromosomes begin to shorten & thicken.
• Zygotene - Homologous chromosomes attract each
other (synapsis). Tetrad — group of 4 chromatids.
• Pachytene - The crossing-over. Shortening & coiling of
chromosomes. Exchange of genetic materials occurs.
• Diplotene - Visible separation occurs between
homologues except for specific regions (called
chiasmata) where actual physical crossing-over appear
4. METAPHASE to have taken place.
• Chromosomes are lined up at • Diakinesis - Coiling & contraction continuous until they
the midline or equator of the cell are thick, heavy-staining bodies. Nucleolus disappears
& nuclear membrane dissolves.

2. METAPHASE I
• The synapsed tetrads (chromosome pairs) move
together to the equator in a way that the homologues
of each can eventually move to the opposite poles.

3. ANAPHASE I
• Chromosomes separate.
4. TELOPHASE I & CYTOKINESIS
• Arrival of the chromosomes at the poles of the spindle. CRITERION MITOSIS MEIOSIS
Nuclei reforms. Cytokinesis complete formation of 2
unlike daughter cells.
Where it occurs Somatic cells Germ cells
5. INTERKINESIS
• Each daughter cell prepares for second division. Chromosome number 46 23
in daughters
6. PROPHASE II
• Ordinary mitotic division but the chromosome number Number of cytokinesis One two
has already been halved at the start. divisions

7. METAPHASE II
• Each double stranded chromosomes move into the
spindle independently. Act. 7.1 — GENETICS ACTIVITY

8. ANAPHASE II Genotype - Genes represented by symbols (usually letters)

• Centromere divides lengthwise, and the newly separated, Phenotype - The physical trait results from the expression of the
single stranded chromosomes migrate toward opposite genotype
poles. Alleles - Different forms of genes that code for the genotype

9. TELOPHASE II & CYTOKINESIS Homozygous - TT, tt

• Nuclear membrane re-appear and nuclei form. The new Heterozygous - Tt
single-stranded chromosomes contain only half of the
number of chromosomes in prophase I. Cytokinesis Gregor Mendel’s Laws:
separates each nucleus, forming 4 daughter cells. 1. Law of segregation - Where alleles separate during meiosis and
end up in different gametes.
2. Law of independent assortment - Different genes located on
homologous chromosomes will separate independently of each
other during meiosis.

[Study genetics activity pages 44-47]

(Kay lahi lahi tag results lolz???)

Act. 7.2 — VARIATIONS ACTIVITY

Variations - The differences within a species.

A. Fingerprint

Mean frequencies of fingerprint patterns

TYPE FEMALE MALE TOTAL
(Average)

Ulnar loops 63.6 59.6 61.5

Radial loops 4.1 5.5 4.8

Whorls 24.6 29.6 27.1

Circles 7.8 5.5 6.7

Section YB fingerprint patterns

TYPE FEMALE MALE TOTAL
(Average)

Ulnar loops 17 8 12.5

Radial loops 5 4 4.5

Whorls 15 10 12.5

Circles 8 0 4

Tented Archs 1 0 0.5

Double loop 4 2 3
whorl
B. Blood type

Blood type of class members

BLOOD FREQUENCY PERCENT TOTAL
TYPE (Average)

A 6 20.00% 61.5

B 4 3.33% 4.8

AB 1 13.33% 27.1

O 19 63.33% 6.7

Phil & US average

BLOOD Phil. US Average

TYPE Average
White Blacks

A 26 41 28

B 23 10 20

AB 5 4 5

O 46 45 47

FINGER PRINT PATTERNS

(t= Triradius; c= Core)