WIDEBAND CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE

ACCESS & THE CAPACITY IN CODE

DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS

Presented by
Maheshwarnath Behary
Assisted by
Vishwanee Raghoonundun &
Y. Koteswara Rao
MSc Computer Networks
Middlesex University
Introduction
Definition of WCDMA
Basics of the WCDMA
Features of the WCDMA
Advantages of using CDMA system
CDMA capacity
Single cell system
Multiple cell system
Techniques for improving channel capacity
Enhancements in WCDMA
Reference
Definition of WCDMA

• WCDMA: A high speed 3G mobile wireless technology with capacity to

offer higher data rate than CDMA.
WCDMA has the capacity to easily handle bandwidth-intensive
applications such as video, data, and image transmission necessary for
mobile internet services.
WCDMA was adopted as a standard by the International Mobile
Telecommunications-2000 (IMT 2000) with the intention to create a
global standard for real time multimedia services and international
roaming.
WCDMA is direct spread technology, which means that it will spread its
transmissions over a wide, 5MHz carrier.
WCDMA is the leading 3G wireless standard in the world today.
BASICS OF THE WCDMA
WCDMA users share same radio resources whereas TDMA or FDMA users
have their own radio resources allocated.
User signals are differentiated based on codes.
 FEATURES OF THE WCDMA
Bandwidth 5, 10, 20 MHz
Spreading codes Orthogonal variable spreading factor
(OVSF) SF: 4-256
Scrambling codes DL- Gold sequences. (len-18)
UL- Gold/Kasami sequences (len-41)
DL - QPSK
Data Modulation
UL - BPSK
Data rates 144 kbps, 384 kbps, 2 Mbps

Duplexing FDD
(1) The actual data rate achieved is inversely proportional to the coverage and mobility
of the user
(2) Larger bandwidth of 10 and 20 MHz is proposed for higher data rates.
(3) Spreading factor = tb / tc.
(4) Scrambling codes permit the handling of multiple users in the network(using the
same frequency).
(5) Frequency Division Duplex used as there are two different frequency bands, one for
the uplink and the second one for the downlink.
ADVANTAGES OF USING CDMA SYSTEM
A number of advantages are:
• Low power spectral density. As the signal is spread over a
large frequency-band, the Power Spectral Density is getting very
small, so other communications systems do not suffer from this
kind of communications.
• Interference limited operation. In all situations the whole
frequency-spectrum is used.
• Privacy due to unknown random codes. The applied codes are
unknown to a hostile user. This means that it is hardly possible
to detect the message of another user.
• Random access possibilities. Users can start their transmission
at any arbitrary time.
• Good anti-jam performance.
CDMA CAPACITY

Blocking probability is used to measure the

capacity of any multiple access system.
The capacity of CDMA systems mainly
depends on interference. Any reduction in
interference directly results in the increase in
the capacity of the system.
SINGLE CELL SYSTEM
In a single cell system each user occupies entire frequency spectrum
employing direct sequence spread spectrum waveform.
Power control is the basic requirement and affects the capacity of the
system greatly.
Forward link : A pilot signal is included which is for initial power
control by the mobile to adjust the power inversely to the total power
its receives.
Reverse link : Here non coherent reception without any pilot signal is
used.
In reverse link no pilot signal is required because of
 power efficiency considerations.
 an independent pilot would be needed for each reverse signal.
Since the forward link combines the signals synchronously, its
performance is much superior to reverse link.
MULTIPLE CELL SYSTEM
In multiple cell system power of each subscriber unit is
controlled by the base station of their own cell.
The maximum pilot power among cell sites decides which
cell site the subscriber will join.
The interference to a subscriber in another cell site is
proportional to the attenuation in the path to the
subscriber’s cell and inversely to the attenuation from the
interfering user to his own cell site.
Forward link : Power control is essential since signals in
adjacent cells fade independently and can cause
interference in the near cell boundaries.
Power control in the forward link is the allocation of
power to each subscriber according to each subscriber’s
MULTIPLE CELL SYSTEM(CTND)
REVERSE LINK:
The power control to a given mobile is exercised by the
cell whose pilot signal power is maximum to that mobile.
It follows that if the path loss is due to distance from cell
site, then the mobile would be power controlled by the
nearest cell site.
The path loss between the subscriber and the cell site is
proportional to r, the distance from the subscriber to cell
site.
 TECHNIQUES FOR IMPROVING
CHANNEL CAPACITY
SECTORIZATION
Use of directional antennas for transmission and reception.
The interference seen by directional antenna is one third of those seen
by omni directional antennas.
This interference suppression improves the capacity of the system.

VOICE ACTIVITY MONITORING

The digital vocoders monitor the voice activity of each user.
Each user is active only 35%-40% of the time and the transmission
can be suppressed during the quiet periods.
Voice activity monitoring reduces interference by a value
proportional to voice activity factor which is usually 3/8.
 ENHANCEMENTS IN WCDMA
Superior voice and data service quality.
Smooth evolution from GSM to WCDMA
Open standardisation process, global standard
Global markets and economies of scale
Service portability and roaming
 References
[1] fhttp://cas.et.tudelft.nl/~glas/ssc/techn/techniques.html
[2] www.ittc.ukans.edu
[3] http://www.umts-forum.org/servlet/dycon/ztumts/umts
[4]http://www.telecommagazine.com/default.asp?journalid
=2&func=articles&page=0208i10&year=2002&month=8
[5]
http://people.deas.harvard.edu/~jones/cscie129/nu_lectures/lecture7/cdma
[6] http://www.ittc.ukans.edu/~krishk/Documents/cdma.pdf
END OF PRESENTATION

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