HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY

DR. LORMIE R. BATAN

A (H1N1) in the
Philippines
•2009 – female
traveller from US
•3,207 lab-confirmed
cases
•30 deaths
Ebola
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome
(MERS)
• Viral respiratory disease

• Novel coronavirus (MERS-CoV)

 Where is MERS Occurring?
• First identified in Saudi Arabia
in 2012
• First known cases from Jordan
• Countries with reported MERS
cases:
• Middle East
• Europe
• Africa
• Asia
• Americas
• Cases reported outside of
Middle East are travel-related
MERS in the Philippines
MERS in the Philippines
Notifiable Diseases, Syndromes and Events

Category 1 Category 2
(Should be reported within 24 (Should be reported weekly)
hours)
1. Acute flaccid paralysis 1. Acute bloody diarrhea
2. Adverse event following 2. Acute encephalitis syndrome
immunization (AEFI) 3. Acute hemorrhagic fever
3. Anthrax syndrome
4. Human avian influenza 4. Acute viral hepatitis
5. Malaria 5. Bacterial meningitis
6. Measles 6. Cholera
7. Meningococcal disease 7. Dengue
8. Neonatal tetanus 8. Diphtheria
9. Paralytic shellfish poisoning 9. Hand, Foot, Mouth Disease
10. Rabies 10. Influenza-like illness
11. Severe acute respiratory 11. Japanese encephalitis
syndrome (SARS) 12. Leptospirosis
12. Any clustering of patients with 12. Non-neonatal tetanus
similar disease, symptoms or 13. Pertussis
syndromes 14. Rotavirus (Sentinel Sites)
13. Any disease outbreak 15. Typhoid and paratyphoid fever
 Complete Title
An Act Promulgating Policies and
Prescribing Measures for the
Prevention and Control of HIV/AIDS in
the Philippines, Instituting a Nationwide
HIV/AIDS Information and Educational
Program, Establishing a
Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Monitoring
System, Strengthening the Philippine
National AIDS Council, and for other
Purposes

Philippine National AIDS Council

What is Microbiology

Why study microbiology?

CLASSIFICATION &
IDENTIFICATION OF BACTERIA
BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY &
ULTRASRUCTURES
DR. LORMIE R. BATAN
Review of Taxonomy
Domain Kingdom
Archea Archaebacteria
Bacteria Eubacteria
Eukarya Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
 Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Characteristics Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
DNA within a nuclear membrane No Yes
Mitotic division No Yes
DNA associated with histones No Yes
Chromosome number One More than one
Membrane-bound organelles No Yes
Size of ribosome 70S 80S
(50S = 30S (60S+40S)
Cell wall containing peptidoglycan Yes No
Groups of Pathogenic Microorganisms
Kingdom Types of Type of cell
Microorganisms
Helminths
Plantae Eukaryotic
Protista
Fungi Eukaryotic
Eubacteria Pathogenic bacteria
Viruses
COMPARISON OF MEDICALLY IMPORTANT MICROORGANISMS
Characteristic Viruses Bacteria Fungi Protozoa and
Helminths
Cells No Yes Yes Yes
Approximate 0.02 – 0.2 1–5 3 – 10 (yeasts) 15 – 25
diameter (um) 1 (trophozoites)
Nucleic acid Either DNA Both DNA and Both DNA and Both DNA and
or RNA RNA RNA RNA
Type of nucleus None Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic
Ribosomes Absent 70S 80S 80S
Mitochondria Absent Absent Present Present
Nature of outer Protein Rigid wall Rigid wall Flexible
surface capsid and containing containing membrane
lipoprotein peptidoglycan chitin
envelope
Motility None Some None Most
Method of Not binary Binary fission Budding or Mitosis
replication fission mitosis
• VIROIDS
▫ Obligate intracellular but acellular
parasites of plants
▫ Naked RNA
▫ No human diseases
• TRANSPOSONS
▫ Mobile genetic elements
▫ DNA pieces that move readily from one site to another either
within or between the DNA of bacteria, plasmids, and
bacteriophages
▫ “ genes”
Replicative transposition
 DNA replication followed by insertion of new copy into another
site
Direct transposition
 DNA is excised from the site without replicating and then
inserted into the new site
▫ Code for drug-resistant enzymes, toxins, or metabolic
enzymes
▫ Cause mutations in genes into which they insert or alter the
expression of nearby genes
• PRIONS
▫ The cellular form of the protein PrPc is encoded by
the host’s chromosomal DNA
▫ PrPc is sensitive to protease and soluble in
detergents.
▫ Abnormal isoform (PrPSc) modify folding of
normal prion-like proteins found in the body
(coded by humans genes) and has high beta-
sheath content.
Spectrum of disease
• Progressive, neurodegenerative disease
▫ Loss of muscle control
▫ Shivering
▫ Myoclonic jerks and tremors
▫ Loss of coordination
▫ Rapidly progressive dementia
▫ Death
BACTERIAL SHAPE
• BASIC SHAPES:

• Spheres
• Rods
• Spirals
BACTERIAL SIZE
• Unit of microbial measurement
▫ 1. micrometers (um)
▫ 2. nanometers (nm)

• Pathogenic bacterial species vary from

approximately 0.4 to 2 um in size
• Smallest bacteria:
• Largest bacteria:
• Largest medically important bacteria:
COMPONENTS OF THE BACTERIAL CELL
A. Structures external to the cell wall
▫ 1. Glycocalyx
 a. Capsules
 b. Slime layer
▫ 2. Flagella
▫ 3. Axial filaments
▫ 4. pili or fimbriae

B. Cell Wall
C. Structures internal to the cell wall
• 1. Plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane
• 2. Cytoplasm
• 3. Nuclear area
• 4. Ribosomes
• 5. Inclusions
▫ a. metachromatic granules or Babes Ernst granules
▫ b. Polysaccharide granules
▫ c. Lipid granules
▫ d. Sulfur granules
▫ e. Carboxysomes
▫ f. Gas vacuoles
• 6. Endospores
• 7. Mesosomes
BACTERIAL CELL WALL
• All bacteria have a cell wall composed of

• EXCEPT:
• Peptidoglycan = sugar backbone (glycan) +
peptide side chains (peptido) cross-linked by
transpeptidase
•- kill bacteria by cleaving the
glycan backbone (β1 4 linkage between GlcNAc
and MurNac) of peptidoglycan
BACTERIAL CELL WALL
•- proteins play a role in facilitating the
passage of small, hydrophilic molecules into the
cell. In the outer membrane of gram-negative
bacteria, they act as a channel to allow the entry
of essential substances such as sugars, amino
acids, vitamins, and metals as well as many
antimicrobial drugs such as penicillins.
GRAM-POSITIVE vs GRAM-NEGATIVE
GRAM-NEGATIVE CELL WALLS
• Outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria
contains endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide)
• Consists of lipid A and O antigen
• All gram-positive bacteria have NO endotoxin
EXCEPT:
Gram Staining
STEP PROCEDURE REAGENT
Bacterias not seen in G/S
NAME REASON ALTERNATIVE APPROACH
ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS OF BACTERIA
Cell Wall
Cytoplasmic Lipoprotein bilayer Site of oxidative and
membrane without sterols transport enzymes
Ribosome RNA and protein in 50S Protein synthesis
and 30S subunits
Nucleoid DNA Genetic material
Mesosome Invagination of plasma Participates in cell
membrane division and secretion
Periplasm Space between plasma Contains many
membrane and outer hydrolytic enzymes,
membrane including B-lactamases
NON-ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS OF
BACTERIA
Capsule Polysaccharide Protects against
phagocytosis
Pilus or fimbria Glycoprotein Attachment, conjugation
Glycocalyx Polysaccharide Mediates adherence to
surfaces
Flagellum Protein Motility
Spore Keratinlike coat, Resistance to heat, and
dipicolinic acid chemicals
Plasmid DNA Genes for antibiotic
resistance and toxins
Granule Glycogen, lipids, Site of nutrients in
polyphosphates cytoplasm
• All bacterial capsules are composed of
polysaccharide EXCEPT:
▫ It is composed of
Flagellum
SPORES
• Formed by gram-positive rods, especially
Bacillus and Clostridium spp.
• Metabolically dormant forms of bacteria
• Formed during what phase of the bacterial
growth curve?
WHAT DO YOU CALL
THIS PROCESS?
What structure is enhanced?
What stain is used?
What is the microorganism?
PLASMIDS
• Extrachromosomal, double-stranded, circular DNA
capabale of replicating independently of the bacterial
chromosome.
• Occur in both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria,
and several different types of plasmids can exist in one
cell:
• Transmissible=from cell to cell by conjugation; large,
contain about a dozen genes for synthesis of the sex pilus
and for the enzymes required for transfer.
• Nontransmissible=small, do not contain the transfer
genes; frequently present in many (10-60) copies per
cell.
PLASMIDS
Significance
• Antibiotic resistance
• Resistance to heavy metals
• Resistance to UV light
• Pili (fimbriae)
• Exotoxins and several enterotoxins
• Bacteriocins- toxic proteins rpoduced by certain bacteria
that are lethal for other bacteria.
• Nitrogen – fixing enzymes in Rhizobium in the root
nodules of legumes.
• Tumors caused by Agrobacterium in plants.
• Several antibiotics produced by Streptomyces.
• Degradative enzymes produced by Pseudomonas capable
of cleaning up environmental hazards such as oil spills
and toxic chemical waste sites =
BACTERIAL OXYGEN METABOLISM
• Oxygen metabolic generates toxic products such
as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide
• Needed to survive in AEROBIC environments:
▫-

▫-

-
BACTERIAL OXYGEN METABOLISM
AEROBIC METABOLISM
• Obligate aerobes
▫ Completely dependent on oxygen for ATP-
generation

• Microaerophiles
▫ Use fermentation but can tolerate low amounts of
oxygen because they have:
▫
BACTERIAL OXYGEN METABOLISM
ANAEROBIC METABOLISM

• Facultative anaerobes
▫ Utilize oxygen it is is present, but can use
fermentation in its absence

• Aerotolerant anaerobes
▫ Exclusively anaerobic but insensitive to the
presence of oxygen

• Obligate anaerobes
▫ Cannot grow in the presence of oxygen because
they lack 3 important enzymes
 BACTERIAL OXYGEN METABOLISM
GROUP EFFECT OF OXYGEN

Obligate aerobe

Microaerophile

Facultative anaerobe

Aerotolerant anaerobe

Obligate anaerobe
 CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA BASED
ON OXYGEN METABOLISM
GROUP EFFECT OF OXYGEN

Obligate aerobes Nocardia, Bacillus cereus, Neisseria, Pseudomonas,

Bordetella, Legionella, Brucella, Mycobacterium,
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Leptospira
Microaerophile Streptococcus, spirochetes (Borrelia, Treponema),
Campylobacter, Helicobacter

Facultative anaerobe Staphylococcus, Bacillus anthracis,

Corynebacterium, Listeria, Mycoplasma (non-
pneumoniae)
Aerotolerant anaerobe Propionebacterium, Lactobacillus

Obligate anaerobe Actinomyces, Bacteroides, Clostridium

ASSIGNMENT
• FACULTATIVE INTRACELLULAR
ORGANISMS