Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
INDEX
Card 6.1 Future forms
Card 6.2 Future forms
Card 6.3 Future forms
Card 6.4 Vocabulary: Money
Card 6.5 Time clauses with unless / in case / as soon as
Card 6.6 Time clauses with unless / in case / as soon as
Card 6.7 Time clauses with unless / in case / as soon as
Card 6.8 Vocabulary: Quitting your job
Card 6.9 Vocabulary: Quitting your job
Card 6.10 Vocabulary: Presentation language
Card 6.11 Vocabulary: Presentation language
Card 6.12 Other uses of modals
Card 6.13 Other uses of modals
Card 6.14 Other uses of modals
Card 6.15 Vocabulary: The future of work
Card 6.16 Vocabulary: The future of work
Card 6.17 Vocabulary: Stance markers
Card 7.1 Phrasal verbs
Card 7.2 Phrasal verbs
Card 7.3 Phrasal verbs
Card 7.4 Rules and regulations (collocations with "under")
Card 7.5 Rules and regulations (collocations with "under")
Card 7.6 Nouns + gerunds or infinitives
Card 7.7 Nouns + gerunds or infinitives
Card 7.8 Vocabulary: baby boomers
Card 7.9 Vocabulary: baby boomers
Card 7.10 Vocabulary: making yourself clear
Card 7.11 Vocabulary: describing relationships
Card 7.12 Vocabulary: describing relationships
Card 7.13 Referents
Card 8.1 Passive voice
Card 8.2 Passive voice
Card 8.3 Passive voice
Card 8.4 Cause and result verb patterns
Card 8.5 Cause and result verb patterns
Card 8.6 Cause and result verb patterns
Card 8.7 Vocabulary: Handling tough questions
Card 8.8 Giving examples
Card 8.9 Describing trends and statistics
Card 8.10 Describing trends and statistics
Card 8.11 Describing trends: vocabulary
Card 8.12 Describing trends: past simple x present perfect
Choose the correct form of the verb in each of the sentences below.
1. When robots [will be able to do / are able to do] most kinds of work, many humans may lose
their jobs.
2. If we [won’t stop / don’t stop] polluting the air with greenhouse gases, we will soon be living in
a very inhospitable planet.
3. Some say that as soon as we make contact with an alien civilization, we [might forget / might
be forgetting] our differences and unite as a planet.
4. If we [will discover / discover] a drug to stop aging, humankind is going to have serious
problems with overpopulation.
5. According to stem cell research, we [will soon cure / soon cure] diseases like Parkinson’s and
depression.
6. If flying cars become a reality, getting a driver’s license is going to [become / be becoming]
much more complicated.
7. Unless we [will invest / invest] heavily in public transportation, traffic might stop completely
within a decade.
8. Before obesity [will turn / turns] into a global epidemic, we should start promoting good eating
habits.
ANSWER KEY
1. are able to do
2. don’t stop
3. might forget
4. discover
6. become
7. invest
8. turns
Choose the simple or continuous form in each of the sentences below. Both alternatives may be
possible.
1. Around 2028, India will [become / be becoming] the most populous nation on Earth.
2. In a few decades, people may [stop / be stopping] watching regular television completely.
3. It’s very possible that 100 years from now, wars are still going to [happen / be happening].
4. Teenagers will [smoke / be smoking] cigarettes less and less frequently in the coming years.
5. The space probe that was launched this morning will take eleven months to reach Mars. Six
months from now, it will [fly / be flying] in empty space.
6. It’s going to [take / be taking] another two years for it to finish its experiments.
8. “My printer isn’t working.” “Well, you may [use / be using] it wrong.”
9. With the recent storms, you might [receive / be receiving] the package a few days late.
10. The company is not going to [change / be changing] any policies without careful consideration.
11. The next generation might [study / be studying] in a classroom with no teacher.
12. “Getting married to a person you’ve only known for six months is crazy! You might [make / be
making] a huge mistake.
ANSWER KEY
1. become
2. stop (be stopping is also possible to mean they’ll be watching less and less)
3. happen / be happening
4. smoke / be smoking
5. be flying
6. take
7. be working
8. be using
9. receive
12. be making
Complete the sentences below with a form of the future. If possible, use the continuous form.
In 1964, science fiction author Isaac Asimov was asked by the New York Times to predict what the
world would be like in 50 years. Here are a few of his assessments:
1. Instead of ordinary light bulbs, the ceiling and walls themselves _______ rooms in a house.
(light up)
2. Many people _________ in underground houses, with easily controlled temperature. (live)
3. People ___________ (prepare) food automatically with gadgets in the kitchen. The
“automeals” ________ (be) “ordered” the night before to be ready at a specified time in the
morning.
4. Companies _____________ (may / manufacture) robots, but they ______________ (still be)
primitive and clumsy.
5. General Electric ______________ (might / show) 3D movies of its Robot of the Future.
6. There _________ (be) a three-hour wait in line to see the film, for some things never change.
7. Nuclear power plants ______________ (going to supply) over half of the planet’s energy needs.
8. A few experimental fusion power plants _______________ (already exist) in 2014.
9. Buses ______________ (travel) in special central lanes in highways.
10. People _________________ (certainly / travel) by airplanes.
11. However, land transportation ________________ (might / fly) a few centimeters off the
ground.
12. Cars _______________ (be able to) hover over the surface and over water, making bridges
unnecessary.
13. Communications __________ (become) sight-sound and you will see as well as hear the person
you telephone. The same screen can also be used for studying documents and photographs,
and reading passages from books.
14. Satellites in space ___________ (make) it possible for you to direct-dial any place on earth.
15. A few people _____________ (may / live) in colonies on the moon.
16. Humankind ______________ (plan) a colony on Mars.
17. The Earth ______________ (suffer) from overpopulation.
18. We ______________ (look) for other places to inhabit, and other sources of food and water.
19. Humankind _____________ (suffer) from boredom, and psychiatry ___________ (might /
become) the most important medical specialty of the 21st century.
ANSWER KEY
Where both the simple and continuous forms are possible, only the continuous form is indicated.
1. will be lighting up
2. will be living
3. will be preparing / will be
4. may be manufacturing / will still be
5. might be showing
6. will be
7. are going to be supplying
8. will already exist
9. will be traveling
10. will certainly be traveling
11. might be flying
12. will be able to
13. will become
14. will make
15. may be living
16. will be planning
17. will be suffering
18. will be looking
19. will be suffering / might become
Cristiane is giving João Carlos some advice on how to get out of debt. Choose the correct alternative
for each blank.
Cristiane: All right, so let’s take a look at your credit card statement.
João Carlos: Uh... ok, here it is.
Cristiane: Oh, wow. That’s a lot of money. Take a look here: you’re paying almost half of this
just (1) ____ interest.
João Carlos: Well, yes. I just paid the minimum amount last month.
Cristiane: Are you crazy?! Credit card rates are ridiculously high. You should (2) _______ your
balance every month. No exceptions.
João Carlos: But what if I don’t have enough money? I already owe money to the bank...
Cristiane: You can talk to your manager and try to make a deal. You’ll still be (3) ________, but
at least your debt will stop snowballing. You’ll get a better (4) _____________ than
what you’re paying on that card!
João Carlos: Right, I’ll do that.
Cristiane: Talk to more than one bank. Shop around. You might get a better deal than what
your manager offers you. And then you should stick to your payments and you
shouldn’t overspend
anymore.
João Carlos: Ugh, that’s my problem. I’m so impulsive! I have no control over what I buy.
Cristiane: Well, you should make a budget. Decide how much you’re going to spend every
week and every month. And stick with it.
João Carlos: Right. Will you help me?
Cristiane: Sure! And then, at the beginning of each week, withdraw exactly the money you’re
going to use. Don’t (5) _______ a lot of cash _________, or you’ll just waste it all. And
whatever you do, keep most of your money in the bank where you can’t spend
it. You should never (6) ____________ your account, unless it’s an emergency.
1) a. on b. of c. in d. by
2) a. pay out b. pay off c. clear out d. clear up
3) a. debted b. on debt c. in debt d. owing
4) a. interest rate b. interest tax c. interest fee d. interest margin
5) a. bring / around b. carry / about c. carry / around d. bring / about
6) a. empty out b. empty off c. clear up d. empty up
ANSWER KEY
1) c
2) b
3) c
4) a
5) c
6) a
Complete the sentences below with the expressions in the box. Each expression may be used more
than once.
2) You might want to avoid deep-fried food _________ you feel better again.
3) Credit cards are perfectly safe to use ___________ you pay off your balance every month.
4) ________ you come on board, it’s important that you understand what we expect from new
employees.
6) The truth is, you should always keep some money in the bank ________ you have an
emergency.
8) They won’t stop sending you emails ________ you click “unsubscribe”.
9) Make sure you turn off all your appliances _______ you leave for the airport.
10) You can leave class early __________ you have signed permission from a parent.
12) _____________ the airplane landed, the passengers began clapping their hands effusively.
13) ____________ the regional manager returns from vacation, we’ll tell her the good news.
14) Josh is going to work with his mother _______ he decides what he wants to study at the
university.
ANSWER KEY
1) unless
2) until
3) as long as
4) before
5) as soon as
6) in case
7) when
8) unless
9) before
10) as long as
11) in case
12) as soon as
13) when
14) until
We’ll talk to her, as long as you come with us. (If you don’t come, we won’t talk to her.)
You can only publish the book as long as you have permission from the author.
Use in case when you will do something anyway, because something else might happen:
Take an umbrella with you in case it rains. (You’ll take the umbrella anyway, raining or not)
Invite Mike to the party, in case he wants to come. (You’ll invite Mike anyway, regardless of whether he
wants to come)
Correct the mistakes in the sentences below. Some sentences are correct.
3) When he will turn 18, his parents will give him a car.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
7) Before you went to the gym, can you go to the supermarket and get some milk?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
9) The opposition party will fight against the new tax as soon as it is proposed.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
ANSWER KEY
(other solutions are possible)
1) I’ll buy a new bed in June unless I don’t have enough money.
6) Correct
7) Before you go to the gym, can you go to the supermarket and get some milk?
9) Correct
A) Each sentence from 1-4 can be completed with two options from a-h. Match each beginning to
the two possible endings.
1) Taxis can drive on bus lanes in São Paulo [as long as / until] they have passengers.
2) Brazilians over 18 are allowed to drive [unless / if] they don’t have a driver’s license.
3) You should stop your car [in case / as soon as] a police officer instructs you to.
4) [When / Until] the police officer authorizes you to leave, do not start your car.
ANSWER KEY
A)
1) d, e
2) a, h
3) c, g
4) b, f
B)
1) as long as
2) unless
3) as soon as
4) Until
Deanna has decided to resign her position as software developer and is communicating her decision
to her boss. Choose the best alternative to complete each blank in the dialogue.
Deanna: Well, Linda, thank you for seeing me. I have some bad news—I’m here to give you my
month’s notice.
Linda: Well, that is terrible news. Are you unhappy with your current position?
Deanna: Not at all. It’s been an honor (1) ____________ you. I can say I’ve learned a lot here and
have become a much better programmer than I was when I (2) ___________ board.
Linda: Why, yes. In less than three years you’ve become one of our best.
Deanna: Thank you. But, the (3) ________, I feel that there’s no more (4) ____________, and I’ve
been feeling that way for some time. So I started sending out résumés, and—
Linda: And?
Deanna: I was offered a position as senior developer at Übersoft. It’s an opportunity I (5)
___________.
Linda: Fair enough. If your mind (6) _____________, I won’t try to convince you to stay.
Linda: Thank you. And best of luck with your new position.
ANSWER KEY
1. c
2. c
3. b
4. b
5. a
6. b
7. c
In each pair of sentences below, complete the second sentence so it means the same thing as the
first. Use the word in brackets [] without changing it.
2) I think we agree that this will bring good things in the future.
I think we agree that this ___________________. [BEST]
4) Well, if nothing will change your mind, then I won’t try to convince you to stay.
Well, if _____________________, then I won’t try to convince you to stay. [MADE]
ANSWER KEY
1) I can’t pass up
3) is room to grow
5) the truth is
Use the cues below to create sentences for a presentation. Check Add-On p. 12 if you need help.
2) Let / started.
ANSWER KEY
6) I’d like to begin by asking which apps you use most frequently.
7) As you will see on the slide, driving apps are at an all-time high.
These sentences were taken from a recent presentation that was criticized for being “too informal”.
Can you revise these sentences with more professional vocabulary? Use the expressions on Add-On
p. 12 to help you.
3) “First, I want to ask you: What do you think the most profitable products in upscale
supermarkets are?”
I’d _______________________ asking: What do you think the most profitable products in
upscale supermarkets are?
4) “Please wait until the end of the presentation to ask questions or make comments.”
I’ll _______________________________________ at the end.
6) “And next, let’s look at new products that have been moderately successful.”
Let’s ________________ and look at new products that have been moderately successful.
9) “It’s Michael’s turn now. His presentation is about large supermarket chains.”
I’ll _______________________ to Michael, who’s going to talk about large supermarket chains.
ANSWER KEY
3) like to begin by
6) move on
9) turn it over
1. (Could / May / Can) you please turn off your cell phones?
2. I can't meet you tonight. I (might / have to / ought to) stay home and finish the report.
3. It's getting late—we (could / should / had better) go back.
4. Is your computer broken? I (‘ll / can / should) fix it for you.
5. “Why is Bob late?” “He (might / ought to / would) be stuck in traffic.
6. David (should / must / ought to) arrive before 7—he lives near here.
7. Nobody knows what Diane does for a living. She works long hours, so she (might / must /
could) be a doctor.
8. The computer (won't / mustn't) connect to the internet. What’s wrong?
9. Joanne’s just lost her mother. We (would / should / ought to) visit her.
10. Those documents are important, so you (could / might) want to make a copy of them in a
separate hard drive.
11. (May / Would / Can / Could) I use your phone?
ANSWER KEY
(incorrect answers)
1. May
2. might
3. could
4. should
5. would
8. mustn’t
9. would
10. could
11. Would
2) The car won’t start—it’s very likely that the battery is dead.
The car won’t start—the battery...
ANSWER KEY
7) I’ll go buy coffee for everyone. (and leaves without waiting for a response)
I can / I could go buy coffee for everyone. (and waits for confirmation before going)
Complete the sentences below with the modals from the box. You may only use each modal once.
1. Ask Marie if she wants some water. She _______ be thirsty after walking in the sun.
2. We __________ tell Lisa that her husband is in the hospital—she’s on her way to the airport
right now.
6. It’s really warm today and the clouds look heavy, so it ________ rain this afternoon or
tomorrow morning.
8. You _____________ drink more water. It usually helps when you have the flu.
ANSWER KEY
1. must
2. had better
3. won’t
4. will
5. Would
6. should
7. May
8. might want to
NOTE: 2 and 8 could in theory be reversed. However, had better is more usual when there’s a
negative consequence attached (Lisa traveling to another city), while might want to is used for
polite suggestions (such as drinking water to fight viroses).
Horizontal:
3) To make money from a job (3 words)
6) A division between two numbers (1 word)
7) Affecting only the near future (4 words)
8) Not understand the important aspects of something (3 words)
Vertical:
1) To rise again after falling (1 word)
2) Higher than ever before (4 words; third word is hyphenated)
4) Some, a few (3 words)
5) Regarding (eg. XXXXXX trucks, Sweden has a large industry) (4 words)
Last update: May 25, 2015
Copyright © 2008- 2015 - Associação Alumni
Grammar Clinic Cards Master 2
ANSWER KEY
R
A E
T B
A O
N U
E A R N A L I V I N G
L D
L A
W T F
H I A
E M I
I N T H E S H O R T T E R M
I H A
T I M
C G R A T I O
O H U
M N
E T
S
T
M I S S T H E P O I N T
In each pair of sentences below, complete the second sentences to mean the same as the first. Use
the word between brackets [] and do not change it.
1) There are 5 male students in this program for every female student.
_____________________________ female students in this program is 5:1. [RATIO]
2) There are people who make enough money to survive by posting YouTube videos.
There are people who _______________________ by posting YouTube videos. [EARN]
5) If you think violence can be solved with longer prison sentences, you haven’t understood what
the main problem is.
If you think violence can be solved with longer prison sentences, you’re
______________________. [POINT]
8) The price of petroleum rose again after falling to almost USD 12.
The price of petroleum _________ after falling to almost USD 12. (no tip!)
ANSWER KEY
2) earn a living
4) at an all-time high
6) When it comes to
7) A fair amount of
8) rebounded
Read the sentences below and choose the best adverb for each sentence.
3. If you study hard, you (might well play the piano / might play the piano well) in a few years.
6. If things continue the way they are, the forest (might well become / might become well) a
desert.
7. He goes to Rio de Janeiro (eventually / from time to time), once every two months.
8. The report said the population of birds will (inevitably / probably) decrease over the next
decade, but it was inconclusive.
ANSWER KEY
1. Lately
2. eventually
4. likely1
5. currently
8. probably
1
Inevitably is not wrong in this context, but it’s more commonly used when talking about negative
outcomes.
A) Complete the sentences below with the correct form of the phrasal verbs in the box.
1. Getting married means you have to ______________ your spouse’s character flaws, and they
have to tolerate yours.
2. Something’s wrong. Whenever their wedding ____________ in conversation, they change the
subject.
3. We’re really ________________ our honeymoon. I can’t wait to visit Tokyo!
4. There’s no way Tara is ______ her job __ to be a mother. Her career is very important to her.
5. They were going to write their own wedding vows, but Jake just couldn’t _______________
anything.
6. Jake may be shy and introverted, but he loves _________ friends _____ for dinner or board
games.
7. Their house isn’t yet finished, but they’ve ______________ money. What are they going to do?
8. They decided to ____ the wedding ____ until May.
9. According to Tara, they need to ________ their finances and find a way to finish the house and
have the wedding without going into too much debt.
Phrasal verb group Verbs from “A” Example with a different verb
Intransitive (always We go to the gym three times a week to
inseparable) work out.
Transitive (separable) Please pick up that chair. / Please pick that
chair up.
Fixed word order His work ethic really sets him apart from
(separated or not) his colleagues.
Phrasal verbs with an put up with She doesn’t get along with her little
additional preposition brother.
(always inseparable)
ANSWER KEY
A)
1) put up with
2) comes up
3) looking forward to
4) giving / up (or “giving up her job”)
5) come up with
6) having / over
7) run out of
8) put / off (or “put off the wedding”)
9) go over
B)
Phrasal verb group Verbs from “A” Example with a different verb
Intransitive (always come up We go to the gym three times a week to
inseparable) work out.
Transitive (separable) put off Please pick up that chair. / Please pick that
give up chair up.
Fixed word order have over His work ethic really sets him apart from
(separated or not) go over his colleagues.
Phrasal verbs with an put up with She doesn’t get along with her little
additional preposition look forward to brother.
(always inseparable) come up with
run out of
TIP:
Separable phrasal verbs give you the option of placing the object between the verb and the particle,
or after them:
I’ll write my ideas down.
I’ll write down my ideas.
However, if the object of the verb is a pronoun (me, you, him, it, something, everybody, etc.), then it
must go between the verb and the particle:
I’ll write them down (not “I’ll write down them”).
Pick it up, please (not “Pick up it”).
Note that this rule is only valid for separable phrasal verbs. Inseparable phrasal verbs are always
inseparable:
I’m looking forward to your visit.
I’m looking forward to it. (no change)
Each sentence below (except one) is rewritten twice. In the first rewritten sentence, replace the
expression in italics with a phrasal verb. In the second, replace the expression in underline with a
pronoun (it, them, etc.). Pay attention to word order.
Example: He lived alone with his younger sister, and had to take care of his younger sister at a very
early age.
He lived alone with his younger sister, and had to look after his younger sister at a very early age.
He lived alone with his younger sister, and had to look after her at a very early age.
1. After consistently ignoring the procedures for opening new accounts, the employees were ultimately asked
to review the procedures for opening new accounts.
a. After consistently ignoring the procedures for opening new accounts, the employees were ultimately
asked to ________ the procedures for opening new accounts.
b. After consistently ignoring the procedures for opening new accounts, the employees were ultimately
asked to _______________.
2. Revolutionary ideas often come from great difficulty. People tend to think of revolutionary ideas under
adverse circumstances.
a. People tend to ___________ revolutionary ideas under adverse circumstances.
b. People tend to _______________ under adverse circumstances.
3. Organizing your finances is important. Unless you stop delaying organizing your financial life, you will
inevitably fall into debt.
a. Unless you stop __________ organizing your financial life, you will inevitably fall into debt.
b. Unless you stop __________, you will inevitably fall into debt.
4. Where is your girlfriend? We can’t wait to meet your new girlfriend, Charles!
a. We are ___________ meeting your new girlfriend, Charles!
b. We are ______________, Charles!
5. There is little water left. The city reservoirs will eventually have no more water unless it starts raining again.
a. The city reservoirs will eventually ___________ water unless it starts raining again.
b. The city reservoirs will eventually _______________ unless it starts raining again.
6. We brainstormed the whole afternoon, but no new ideas arose.
a. We brainstormed the whole afternoon, but no new ideas ______.
7. Casey and Mark are at Jeremy’s house. I find it odd that Jeremy invited his friends from college to his house,
considering he told us he wanted to be alone.
a. I find it odd that Jeremy ______ his friends from college _____, considering he told us he wanted to be
alone.
b. I find it odd that Jeremy ___________________, considering he told us he wanted to be alone.
8. No parent should smack their children for bad behavior, but they shouldn’t tolerate bad behavior, either.
a. No parent should smack their children for bad behavior, but they shouldn’t ____________ bad behavior,
either.
b. No parent should smack their children for bad behavior, but they shouldn’t ___________________,
either.
c. “What happened to your project of training to run a marathon?”
9. “Oh, I abandoned that project.”
a. “Oh, I __________ that project.”
b. “Oh, I ______________.”
ANSWER KEY
1) a. go over
b. go over them
2) a. come up with
b. come up with them
3) a. putting off
b. putting it off
4) a. looking forward to
b. looking forward to it
5) a. run out of
b. run out of it
6) a. came up
8) a. put up with
b. put up with it
Correct the mistakes in the sentences below. All of them have mistakes.
3) Have you come out with a name for the band yet?
__________________________________________________________________________
4) We’re having over some people for dinner. Do you want to join us?
__________________________________________________________________________
5) I didn’t know Jill had lost her job! I talked to her last night but didn’t come up the subject.
__________________________________________________________________________
6) I like to take notes during classes, so I can go them over before a test.
__________________________________________________________________________
8) The problem with having dinner with David is putting on with his terrible table manners.
__________________________________________________________________________
ANSWER KEY
4) We’re having some people over for dinner. Do you want to join us?
5) I didn’t know Jill had lost her job! I talked to her last night but the subject didn’t come up.
6) I like to take notes during classes, so I can go over them before a test.
8) The problem with having dinner with David is putting up with his terrible table manners.
Complete the sentences below with the expressions from the box. There is one extra word.
1) The proposal to ban smoking in public places has been under ________ from business owners
who fear losing customers.
3) Your suggestion is under ____________ by our technical department. You will receive a reply
within a week.
4) Our refund policy covers only products in perfect state or with factory defects. We are under
no _____________ to refund products damaged by misuse.
5) Under the _____________ of our lease, you are to stay in the apartment until March. If you
leave before that, you will have to pay a fine.
6) She developed a heart condition due to working under _________ for so many years.
7) It’s amazing how much he accomplished, having had to study under so many adverse
________________.
8) The film was not as good as it could have been, because the studio was under _____________
to finish it two months before the original deadline.
10) A new freeway is under ________________ and will connect the two neighborhoods directly.
11) Under current ____, citizens under 21 are not allowed to open their own bank accounts.
ANSWER KEY
1) attack
2) development
3) consideration
4) obligation
5) terms
6) stress
7) circumstances
8) pressure
9) discussion
10) construction
11) law
Inexact collocations
The sentences below can be understood, but the collocations with under are not correct. Find better
substitutes for the words in italics.
1) A new law banning advertisements for children’s products is currently under conversation.
___________________________________________________________________________
2) Nanosoftware has announced a new operating system is under progress and will be released
fall next year.
___________________________________________________________________________
3) The sales department is under tension to get 100,000 new subscriptions by the end of the
month.
___________________________________________________________________________
4) Under Brazilian rules, visa requirements for foreign visitors must be the same as those Brazilian
citizens receive abroad.
___________________________________________________________________________
5) The new bridge is under development and should be inaugurated by the end of June.
___________________________________________________________________________
6) The Prime Minister came under assault by the opposition after a scandal involving his political
party.
___________________________________________________________________________
7) The judge determined that the phone company was under duty to maintain the original
contract with its customers.
___________________________________________________________________________
10) Under the stipulations of my scholarship agreement, I am to work for the company for a year
after I graduate from college.
___________________________________________________________________________
ANSWER KEY
2) under development
3) under pressure
5) under construction
6) under attack
7) under obligation
8) under no circumstances
Complete the sentences below with the infinitive or gerund (+ing form) of the verbs in parentheses:
3. I had no problem ________ (keep) up with school, but my brother really struggled.
4. It’s really exciting ________ (go) on a roller coaster for the first time. You should try it!
5. I was not very happy ________ (live) in such a big city. Fortunately, I moved.
6. If you’re familiar with spreadsheets, you should have no trouble ________ (learn) how to use
this new program.
7. It’s not impossible ________ (learn) Chinese, but it takes a lot of hard work.
8. It’s not worth ________ (stay) 11 hours in traffic to go to the beach. At least that’s my opinion.
10. What a fantastic house! The roof has a balcony ________ (look) at the stars!
11. Why are you using a kitchen knife ________ (open) a can? That’s really dangerous!
12. We were confused ________ (try) to understand the message. Was it in code?
13. Jordan is the best person ________ (talk) to about these things.
14. If you want to really learn a subject, find someone ________ (teach) it to.
ANSWER KEY
1. to eat
2. swimming
3. keeping
4. to go
5. living
6. learning
7. to learn
8. staying
9. to do
10. to look
11. to open
12. trying
13. to talk
14. to teach
In each pair of sentences below, complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first.
7) You’ll have to wait 6 hours for your second flight, so make sure you take a book that you can
read.
...so make sure you take a book _____________.
8) Tobias was not happy when he worked as a psychiatrist, and decided to become an actor.
Tobias was not happy _________ as a psychiatrist, and decided to become an actor.
9) You should be grateful that you are able to live on your own.
You should be grateful ___________ on your own.
10) Don’t mention that to her. Discussing this subject with her is a waste of time.
Don’t mention that to her. It’s just not worth ______________ this subject with her.
12) We’ll have to go back if we don’t find any water that we can drink.
We’ll have to go back if we don’t find any water ___________.
13) Was it fun when you went out with your friends?
Did you have fun ___________ with your friends?
ANSWER KEY
2) to visit
4) trying to
6) to buy groceries
7) to read
8) working
9) to live
10) discussing
12) to drink
Complete the sentences below with the correct form of the vocabulary items from the box.
1. My father says that he was never rude to my grandfather. If he were, he’d be immediately
_________.
2. His obligations were to go to school, help around the house, and do homework. Children
weren’t so ______________ as they are today.
3. Even though he is against physical punishment, he finds it _____ that parents have so much
difficulty raising children nowadays.
4. In his opinion, children should be reprimanded the very minute they start ____________.
5. Consistent rules and ________ communication between parents and children are the keys to
discipline, according to him.
6. He admits, nonetheless, that children have _____ more opportunities to learn and have
fulfilling careers than they did before.
7. I’m sure that if he had had better math teachers and access to internet resources, he would
have ________ his tests at school, rather than flunking them.
ANSWER KEY
1. smacked
2. overscheduled
3. odd
4. acting up / to act up
5. steady
6. way
7. nailed
In the pairs of sentences 1-3, complete the second sentence so it means the same as the first. Use the
word between brackets [] without changing its form.
1) I need to take the car to the mechanic. It’s behaving strangely again.
I need to take the car to the mechanic. It’s _______________ again. [UP]
3) Well, of course living in the countryside is much cheaper, but it also has its disadvantages.
Well, of course living in the countryside is ____________, but it also has its disadvantages.
[WAY]
In the pairs of sentences 4-7, complete the second sentence so it means the same as the first. The
first letter of each word is given.
4) Dr. Connors has too many appointments; he’ll only be able to see you next month.
Dr. Connors is o_________________; he’ll only be able to see you next month.
5) Sweden has a law that forbids parents from physically punishing their children.
Sweden has a law that forbids parents from s__________ their children.
6) The price of gold has decreased at the same rate over the last few years.
The price of gold has decreased s_________ly over the last few years.
ANSWER KEY
1) acting up
2) find it odd
3) way cheaper
4) overscheduled
5) smacking
6) steadily
7) nailed
A)
Mark: What do you think of this new suit?
Allie: Well, to ___ honest, the sleeves are too long and the shoulders are too tight. I’m ____
saying you should return it, but maybe you should get it fixed.
Mark: Quite ________, I was thinking the same think.
B)
Jeremy: I _____ to _____, the new company website looks terrific!
Ada: Thanks, Jerry! To ____ you the ____, I was worried it wouldn’t be up to the company’s
standards.
Jeremy: Well, there are a few minor changes we’re going to ask you to make, but overall it
looks great.
C)
Dorothy: Michael, we need to talk about your grades. Your performance in Biology really needs
improvement!
Michael: But Mom, I hate Biology!
Dorothy: Well, just because something it’s hard doesn’t mean it doesn’t deserve your attention.
__ other _____, you should study harder the subjects you find most difficult.
Michael: I just can’t memorize all of this information! I’m _____ saying, Biology is too
complicated and maybe it’s not for me.
Dorothy: I think you simply haven’t given it a chance yet. What I _____ __, once you start
studying the subject seriously, maybe you’ll find something in there that you like.
ANSWER KEY
A) be / not / frankly
A) In the sentences below, the expressions in bold are out of place! Put each expression in bold in its
proper sentence. It may be necessary to change the verb tense.
1. Don’t tell my little sister we’re going, or she’ll want to let down.
2. You really drove Mom away when you didn’t show up for Christmas dinner.
3. The store clerk was so insistent that I get a store card that it seemed impossible to get him
around.
4. I haven’t shortened on to fixing the ceiling fan yet. Can you recommend anyone?
5. Julie can’t come to the movies with us—she’s tag along cash.
6. His constant arrogance was what got his friends off my back.
3. That restaurant keeps the TV on at full volume! It’s no wonder they’re __________ their
customers _______.
5. We’re going to the mall. You can _____________, but only if you behave.
ANSWER KEY:
A)
1. Don’t tell my little sister we’re going, or she’ll want to tag along.
2. You really let Mom down when you didn’t show up for Christmas dinner.
3. The store clerk was so insistent that I get a store card that it seemed impossible to get him off
my back.
4. I haven’t gotten around to fixing the ceiling fan yet. Can you recommend anyone?
B)
1. getting around
2. short on
3. driving / away
5. tag along
6. let / down
In each pair of sentences below, complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first
sentence. Use the word between brackets []. Do not change the word.
1. Teenagers don’t like it when their younger siblings follow them when they go out.
Teenagers don’t like it when their younger siblings ____________ when they go out. [TAG]
3. Jill will never stop bothering me until I get a haircut with that hairdresser she recommended.
Jill will never _________________ until I get a haircut with that hairdresser she recommended.
[GET]
ANSWER KEY
1. Teenagers don’t like it when their younger siblings tag along when they go out.
2. Everybody is counting on me to finish this on time. I don’t want to let them down.
3. Jill will never get off my back until I get a haircut with that hairdresser she recommended.
Find the expressions in the article. What do the underlined words refer to? Do they refer to ideas
that come before or after them in the article? Complete the chart.
Having trouble sleeping? The long-term effects of sleep deprivation can leave you physically and
emotionally drained as much as waking life can. Sleep is vital and having restful sleep helps your
body to re-energize and heal itself while you dream. Here's a definitive guide to getting the best
night's sleep possible.
waking up at 10 instead of 7, when Monday rolls around you won't feel so well rested. Again --
this is just until this pattern is established. It’ll be more flexible later.
3) Nap smart.
So going to bed at 11 and getting up at 7 might happen in a perfect world, but your life is full of
noise, friends, kids, and other things that are keeping you from having the schedule you'd like.
So if you need it to complete your 8 hours of sleep, feel free to take a nap. But don't overdo it!
You'll be up all night. You should get 15-30 minutes to feel well rested. Any more than that, and
you could wake up during your REM (or rapid eye movement) sleep, which is when you're in
your deepest sleep. If you wake at this time, you will feel very tired when you wake up and not
want to get out of bed! So only get 15 minutes, 30 minutes at most!
4) Find your natural sleep schedule.
Some people can go to bed and wake up at whatever time they want to without any
consequences (like upsetting your boss, for example). If you are one of them, experiment with
your body's natural sleep rhythms. Don't set the alarm for two weeks and go to bed when you
get tired (but at approximately the same part of the day). What times do you gravitate to?
When does your body tell you to sleep and to be awakes? Everyone will be a little bit different.
After a week or two, you may find that you naturally awaken at 8 AM (or 9, or 10). If you have
the ability to do so, keep your schedule as close to your natural one as possible. It's what's best
for you!
5) Establish a pre-sleep routine.
Another way to cue your body for sleep is to do activities every night that wind you down and
get you in the sleep zone. Experiment with a few of these -- what's the most relaxing for you?
• Try taking a warm bath. Use calming scents, not invigorating ones.
• Listen to calming music. This has the added benefit of drowning out the unwanted sounds
of the city, too!
• Read by soft light. Light is a huge no-no before bed, but if you keep it soft, that’s fine.
Reading can adequately send you into hibernation mode (with the right book, of course).
• Stretch. Loosening up your body feels good any time of day, but it especially feels good
before bed. Do it slowly and only do what's comfortable for your level of flexibility.
• Do a simple hobby. A simple one, that is. Anything that involves you going on autopilot and
sitting in a comfy chair probably qualifies.
ANSWER KEY
Convert these sentences from the active to the passive voice. Only mention the agent when
necessary. Do not change the verb tense (eg. present perfect).
4) They were developing a new computer chip that is twice as fast as any other in the market.
5) They have enacted new laws, but nothing has changed so far.
6) The airline had told us that the flight would be at 8 o’clock, but it was delayed for over 4 hours.
10) They were going to release it this week, but there were delays.
11) Michael should have finished the report, but he needed to leave early.
12) They might not have completed the mission—let’s wait for an update.
ANSWER KEY
4) A new computer chip was being developed that is twice as fast as any other in the market.
5) New laws have been enacted, but nothing has changed so far.
6) We had been told by the airline that the flight would be at 8 o’clock, but it was delayed for over
4 hours.
10) It was going to be released this week, but there were delays.
11) The report should have been finished by Michael, but he needed to leave early.1
12) The mission might not have been completed—let’s wait for an update.
1
Notice how the use of the passive voice here emphasizes the fact that Michael, and not another person,
should have finished the report.
Convert these sentences from the active to the passive voice. Only mention the agent when
necessary. Do not change the verb tense (eg. present perfect).
3) The police told us that there had been a lot of burglaries recently.
_____________________________________________________________________________
7) They will save a lot of time with the new automatic vacuum cleaner.
_____________________________________________________________________________
ANSWER KEY
3) We were told by the police that there had been a lot of burglaries recently.
7) A lot of time will be saved with the new automatic vacuum cleaner.
8) Swaziland has been ruled by kings and queens for nearly a millennium.
Correct the mistakes in these passive voice sentences. All sentences contain mistakes.
3) The painting was stolen by someone from the National Art Gallery two months ago.
_____________________________________________________________________________
6) The guests were took to the dining room, where a banquet was being served.
_____________________________________________________________________________
7) The book is been written right now, and should be released within a year.
_____________________________________________________________________________
8) David Maloney, CEO of DMD Industries, have been invited to speak at the National Steel
Industry Conference next summer.
_____________________________________________________________________________
9) Since last year, students have allowed to turn in their reports two days later than usual.
_____________________________________________________________________________
10) We have been communicated with the Consulate, and they said they will give you a new
passport.
_____________________________________________________________________________
11) Philippe being asked to replace Antoine as head of the Production Department.
_____________________________________________________________________________
ANSWER KEY
3) The painting was stolen from the National Art Gallery two months ago. (unnecessary agent)
6) The guests were taken to the dining room, where a banquet was being served.
7) The book is being written right now, and should be released within a year.
8) David Maloney, CEO of DMD Industries, has been invited to speak at the National Steel
Industry Conference next summer.
9) Since last year, students have been allowed to turn in their reports two days later than usual.
10) We have communicated with the Consulate, and they said they will give you a new passport.
(unnecessary passive voice)
11) Philippe is being asked to replace Antoine as head of the Production Department.
FURTHER PRACTICE
Complete each sentence below with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses. Add from if
necessary.
1) We do need to recognize that the law is not preventing people ____________ (download)
copyrighted material.
2) The aim of this course is to help teenagers _____________ (make) responsible career choices.
3) Do you let your bank manager _____________ (offer) bad credit options, or do you shop
around for better interest rates?
4) The government has tripled speeding fines, in an effort to stop drivers ___________ (go) over
the limit.
5) A little olive oil can protect leafy greens like lettuce and rucula _________ (spoil).
7) The new e-reader enables users ______________ (choose) from thousands of books to
download.
8) Geoffrey’s wedding made me ___________ (realize) how much he’s grown since we first met.
9) The unprecedented flood caused thousands of people __________ (leave) their homes last
month.
10) The modern piano was developed in the 19th century. Its main innovation was allowing players
_________ (control) how loud or soft they played each individual note.
ANSWER KEY
1) from downloading
2) (to) make
3) offer
4) from going
5) from spoiling
6) from overspending
7) to choose
8) realize
9) to leave
10) to control
Complete each sentence below with the correct form of the verbs in the box. Add from if necessary.
4. Speed traps take pictures of cars driving above the speed limit, and are designed to make
drivers _______________ the law.
5. The internet has allowed musicians _______________ their work to millions of listeners
worldwide.
6. A wireless mouse and keyboard will let you _______ the computer from anywhere in the room.
8. Turning off the lights and blocking out all sounds will help you ________ better.
10. Mr. Banks built a fence around his house to stop people ____________ his apples.
ANSWER KEY
1. to hold
2. from intruding
3. from building up
4. obey
5. to publish
6. use
8. (to) sleep
9. to feel
1) Some parents make their children to take off their shoes before going inside.
_____________________________________________________________________________
3) It is advisable to keep medicine in high places to keep children from ingesting it by accident.
_____________________________________________________________________________
4) Parents should help children to study for school, but should also resist the temptation of doing
their homework for them.
_____________________________________________________________________________
5) Having children help with household chores will enable them create a sense of responsibility
and collaboration.
_____________________________________________________________________________
6) Many parents don’t let their children to take public transportation before they are 14.
_____________________________________________________________________________
7) Some experts say praising a child’s intelligence might stop them of working hard to achieve
their goals.
_____________________________________________________________________________
8) Praising their results and performance, on the other hand, may cause them to dedicate
themselves to their objectives.
_____________________________________________________________________________
9) Parents should also be careful about protecting their children to feel sad or frustrated.
_____________________________________________________________________________
10) They are advised to allow their children experience negative feelings, as they should be
prepared for this part of adult life.
_____________________________________________________________________________
ANSWER KEY
1) Some parents make their children take off their shoes before going inside.
3) Correct.
4) Correct.
5) Having children help with household chores will enable them to create a sense of responsibility
and collaboration.
6) Many parents don’t let their children take public transportation before they are 14.
7) Some experts say praising a child’s intelligence might stop them from working hard to achieve
their goals.
8) Correct.
9) Parents should also be careful about protecting their children from feeling sad or frustrated.
10) They are advised to allow their children to experience negative feelings, as they should be
prepared for this part of adult life.
B) Now complete the interview below with the expressions in A. You may need to change the
verb tense.
Reporter: Minister Willoughby, during your time as Minister of Education, the number of students failing to
complete High has School increased 4%. What can explain that rise?
Minister: Thank you, Veronica, that’s a very important question. In my second week as Minister, I created
the Council of High School Education, and we’ve been (a) _________________ in improving High
School performance as a whole. Since the Council began its tenure1, High School enrollment has
risen 16%, to a record 16.2 million students enrolled in all years of High School.
Reporter: Of course, Minister, the number is very impressive. But shouldn’t these students be completing
High School as well?
Minister: Well, yes, we (b) _____________________ that there are many historical deficiencies in our High
Schools that need to be remedied. With the aid of the Council, we realized that what (c)
_______________________ is providing schools with the infrastructure and the equipment that
they need. Last year alone, 40 new High Schools were opened across the country, and 73 more
were completely refurbished with Federal funds.
Reporter: Members of the opposition have said that this money should be better allocated to hiring and
training teachers.
Minister: The Ministry has been investing in teachers as well. The government (d) __________________
that students receive the best education that is available. Therefore, teachers across the country
are being awarded yearly bonuses based on their students’ performance in national exams.
Reporter: There seems to be (e) ________________________ giving teachers adequate training and
encouraging teachers to do their best. Critics have said your administration is investing in the
second, but not in the first.
Minister: It is the Ministry’s belief that all of society (f) ________________ its part in providing students
with the best education possible. The government is responsible for the teacher it employs, and
we take that responsibility very seriously, but it’s also up to parents to make sure their children
are keeping up with classes and doing their part as well.
1
Period of time in which someone is occupying a specific position (eg. a mandate).
ANSWER KEY
A)
B)
a) taking action
b) do need to recognize
c) we need to focus on
f) needs to play
Complete the mini-dialogues below with the words from the box. More than one alternative may be
possible.
1)
A) Why are you worried about inviting your mother’s family to the wedding?
B) Well, some of them can be really inconvenient. ______ Mark, ____________. He tends to drink
a lot and be loud the whole day.
2)
A) Do you agree that all children should practice team sports, ________ basketball?
B) Not necessarily. ____________, if the child really enjoys an individual sport, why push them
into something they don’t like?
3)
A) Can you believe Saudi Arabia is a monarchy? How is this possible in the 21st century?
B) Well, not all monarchies are authoritarian. ______ Scandinavia. Countries ____ Norway,
Sweden, and Denmark are all monarchies, but the kings or queens have a very limited role,
________ representing the country abroad.
4)
A) This article talks about digital convergence. What does that mean?
B) It means that different kinds of media are being produced and displayed on the same devices.
______ your smartphone, _________. You can use it to play videos, music, take pictures, send
messages, make phone calls. To do each of these tasks thirty years ago, you’d need several
different devices, ___________ a VCR, a Walkman, a camera, or a pager.
ANSWER KEY
Replace the expressions or definitions in parentheses with one of the words from the box.
1. The amount of crimes in cities like São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro have been (going up) in the past
ten years.
2. Reports of delivery delays caused the company’s shares to (suddenly fall) on the stock market.
3. The number of investors is expected to (go down) temporarily, while they wait to see which will be
the effects of recent events on world economy.
4. Mobile GPS services are (at a constant pace) improving, and now that many new phones are GPS -
enabled, they are easily within the reach of consumers. (Extracted from the NY Times)
5. A couple of years ago Cyber Monday was a marketing trick to attract shoppers on the first Monday
after Thanksgiving, but it has now become a real (tendency) among online retailers.
6. After months of ups and downs, gas prices should (stabilize) for a while.
7. Worries about the corporate sector sent stocks on Wall Street (abruptly) lower again, with the
Dow tumbling by more than 500 points. (Extracted from the NY Times)
9. The rate of infant deaths in the United States has (lowered) considerably in the past 60 years, but
it’s still above that of most industrialized countries.
ANSWER KEY:
1. increasing
2. plunge
3. fall
4. steadily
5. trend
6. level off
7. sharply
8. soar
9. dropped
Complete the sentences according to the information on the graph and in parentheses.
ANSWER KEY:
2. started off
3. became
4. soared
5. has dropped
7. took a plunge
8. managed
This graph shows the sales of T-1000 electric fans manufactured by WindX Corporation in 2014:
Complete the sentences below with the correct form of the words from the vocabulary box.
ANSWER KEY
1. slight dip
2. fell steadily
4. fall steadily
5. leveled off
6. picked up slightly
7. skyrocketed
8. marked increase
Complete the sentences below with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.
1. Sales ________________ (pick up) after falling steadily for three months.
3. Sales ________________ (take) a sharp fall recently due to the economic recession.
4. Over the past six months, sales ________________ (fall) steadily from USD 9.6 million to USD
8.15 million.
6. Sales peaked at 900,000 units sold in January, and ________________ (not reach) that number
since then.
8. From January to April, the number of armchairs sold in Mexico _________ (take) a slight dip.
ANSWER KEY
1. picked up
3. have taken
4. have fallen
5. took
6. haven’t reached
8. took
FURTHER PRACTICE
The expressions due to, owing to, and on account of are followed by noun phrases rather than
clauses. Compare:
1) Electric fan sales rose in November because a heat wave struck São Paulo.
2) Electric fan sales rose in November due to a heat wave that struck São Paulo.
In each pair of sentences below, complete the second sentence so that it means the same thing as
the first.
1. Chinese automaker Chery is firing managers because sales were poor last quarter.
Chinese automaker Chery is firing managers due to _____________________________.
2. Tesla’s sales forecast has been cut by 40% because fuel prices have decreased.
Tesla’s sales forecast has been cut by 40% owing to ________________________.
3. GM’s March sales report has been delayed because there was a computer glitch.
GM’s March sales report has been delayed on account of _________________________.
4. Apple is halting online sales in Russia because the value of the ruble is unstable.
Apple is halting online sales in Russia due to _________________________. (replace unstable
with instability)
5. HTC reports its first sales growth in over three years, because its mid-range products are
performing well.
HTC reports its first sales growth in over three years, owing to _________________________.
6. Cigarettes sales have steadily declined, in part, because e-cigarettes are popular.
Cigarettes sales have steadily declined, in part, on account of __________________________.
ANSWER KEY
(possible answers)
3. a computer glitch
5. the good performance of its mid-range products / its mid-range products’ good performance
In the sentences below, choose the correct preposition between brackets [], and fill in the blanks
with an expression that means the same as the one in parentheses ().
1. Unemployment has decreased [by/in] 0.5% in the last two years, with (almost) __________
5,000,000 new jobs generated.
2. Child mortality has declined [by/in] 90% in the last decades to a rate of (under) ____________
10 deaths per 1000 births.
3. There has been a decrease [of/by] 3% [in/on] teenage pregnancies in Brazil. However, (more
than) ______________ 20,000 babies are born of underage mothers each day.
4. The company has seen a rise [of/in] 21% [of/in] employee turnover, as (almost) __________
100 staff members resigned last year alone.
5. The school registered a decline [by/of] .35 points [of/in] the students’ average in the 12th
grade. Additionally, (about) _________ 5% of students flunked the senior year.
6. Tourism in the country has risen [by/for] 18% in the last decade, as a result of reduced crime
and successful advertising campaigns in (more than) _________ 40 countries worldwide.
7. The number of airplane crashes has enjoyed a fall [of/by] 4% in relation to last year’s figures.
8. Highway accidents during the Christmas holiday have fallen [by/in] 17% in relation to last year,
but still reached the alarming number of (more than) __________ 3,000 accidents and (almost)
_______ 200 deaths.
ANSWER KEY
1. by / nearly
2. by / less than
3. of / in / over
4. of / in / nearly
5. of / in / roughly, approximately
6. by / over
7. of
8. by / over / nearly
In each pair of sentences below, complete the second sentence so it means the same as the first.
3. The number of new followers of the company in social networks dipped slightly after the
incident.
There was ________________ number of new followers in social networks after the incident.
4. Fat-free milk sales have seen a steady drop in the past 3 years.
Fat-free milk sales ___________________ in the past 3 years.
5. The company’s stocks suffered a dramatic drop after the last CEO resigned.
The company’s stocks _________________ after the last CEO resigned.
6. There has been a marked increase in the number of childfree couples in the last decade.
The number of childfree couples _____________________ in the last decade.
8. The average temperature on land and sea has increased slightly, but constantly, each decade.
The average temperature on land and sea has seen _____________________________ each
decade.
ANSWER KEY
1. increased sharply
2. steep rise
5. dropped dramatically
7. steady rise
Complete the sentences below with the expressions from the box. There is one extra expression.
on with anywhere off the ground off your back in your way
under way down ahead in life to the top off to a good start
1. If you’re starting your own business, don’t let the initial difficulties get you ____________. It
takes time to get a good customer base.
3. Michelle was telling her children that they need to study hard if they want to get
____________.
4. It’s the first semester and I got an ‘A’ on all my tests, so you can say I’ve gotten ____________.
5. The State Government will get construction of the highway ____________ as soon as the final
budget is approved.
8. There are many good actors in the industry, but it takes true excellence to get ____________.
9. This discussion isn’t getting us ____________. We need to stop and rethink our priorities.
ANSWER KEY
1. down
2. on with
3. ahead in life
5. under way
6. in your way
8. to the top
9. anywhere
In each pair of sentences below, rewrite the second sentence so that it means the same as the first.
Use a phrasal verb with get.
2. We decided to end the meeting early because we weren’t making any progress.
We decided to end the meeting early because we weren’t ____________.
3. The board of executives wasn’t confident that our idea would work, but we didn’t let that stop
us.
The board of executives wasn’t confident that our idea would work, but we didn’t let that
_____________.
4. Time was running out, so he had to stop answering questions and continue with the
presentation.
Time was running out, so he had to stop answering questions and ___________ the
presentation.
5. The efforts to reduce the company’s carbon footprint wouldn’t have succeeded if it hadn’t
been for the negative publicity it had been getting.
The efforts to reduce the company’s carbon footprint wouldn’t have ___________________ if
it hadn’t been for the negative publicity it had been getting.
6. The film’s sad ending was unexpected and depressed a lot of people.
The film’s sad ending was unexpected and _______________________.
7. There are many excellent chess players in the world, but only a few reach the highest rankings.
There are many excellent chess players in the world, but only a few _____________________.
8. The training course will begin as soon as the instructors are hired.
The training course will __________ as soon as the instructors are hired.
9. The rock band didn’t start out very well, but eventually found moderate success.
The rock band didn’t _______________, but eventually found moderate success.
ANSWER KEY
2. getting anywhere
4. get on
2) ____ new employees must go through basic training in the first two weeks of work.
4) Soak ______ fish filet in lemon juice, and wrap them in aluminum foil.
5) ___________ the cities had excellent school systems. One excelled at grades 1 to 8, while the
other had better high schools.
6) __________ my close friends are married yet, but Julian and Christine seem to be getting
serious about it.
7) Frank and Juliet wanted to go to Harvard, but _________ application was accepted.
8) ___________ my parents has a taste for literature, even though my mother owns a bookstore.
9) Don’t let obstacles get you down. ________ your hard work will surely pay off eventually.
10) We got off to a good start: _________ the money we invested was lost.
11) Janine thinks children should do sports at an early age; Austin thinks they should learn
computer programming. I think ______ points are valid.
12) It seems like ____ young people are interested in reading anymore.
13) “There is ____ happiness like that of being loved by your fellow creatures, and feeling that your
presence is an addition to their comfort.” – Charlotte Brontë
ANSWER KEY
1) all (of)
2) all
3) every
4) each
6) none of
7) neither
8) neither of
9) all (of)
10) none of
11) both
12) no
13) no
2) (Neither / Neither of) the candidates nailed the speech—they were both average.
3) After I paid off my debts, I had almost (no / none) money left in the bank.
4) What I mean is, (each / both) person has a different goal in life.
6) I find it odd that (both of / each) decision was made in less than ten minutes.
7) You are under no obligation to dedicate (all / every) hour of your free time to your employer.
1) We went over all of tests until we found the one that was missing.
7) We were there for three hours, but none the time was spent on finishing the project.
8) Due to the new law, each streets have a bin where citizens should throw their recyclable
waste.
ANSWER KEY
A)
1) every
2) neither of
3) no
4) each
5) none of
6) each
7) every
8) every
9) all
B)
1) We went over all of the tests until we found the one that was missing.
7) We were there for three hours, but none of the time (or “no time”) was spent on finishing the
project.
8) Due to the new law, each street has a bin where citizens should throw their recyclable waste.
Read the sentences below. Underline of when it is optional. Cross out of when it is not supposed to
be there. Some sentences may be left unchanged.
Example:
Both of my friends play the guitar. (of is optional)
Neither of job paid well. (of is used incorrectly)
None of the athletes were women. (no change—of is mandatory)
7) All of our professors have at least a Master’s Degree; most of them have Ph. Ds. or further.
9) Both of sports arenas are open exclusively to students, faculty, and staff.
10) In your first year, none of the mandatory courses may be postponed to the following term.
11) All of our undergraduate programs award a Bachelor’s Degree upon completion.
13) Both of the scholarship programs require excellent performance in all courses and extensive
extracurricular activity.
14) All of students who are interested in the scholarship programs should apply until January 29.
15) None of the bus lines connecting the campus to the city operate after 9 PM.
16) Every of international student must take an English proficiency test upon admission, and take
supplemental English courses if necessary.
ANSWER KEY
7) All of our professors have at least a Master’s Degree; most of them have Ph. Ds. or further.
9) Both of sports arenas are open exclusively to students, faculty, and staff.
10) No change.
11) All of our undergraduate programs award a Bachelor’s Degree upon completion.
12) No change.
13) Both of the scholarship programs require excellent performance in all courses and extensive
extracurricular activity.
14) All of students who are interested in the scholarship programs should apply until January 29.
15) No change.
16) Every of international student must take an English proficiency test upon admission, and take
supplemental English courses if necessary.
Rewrite the anecdotes so that each sentence uses an –ing from the grammar chart on Viewpoint p.
97. You will need to cross out words, change verbs, or do both.
1) One of the craziest things I’ve ever done was when we stole a couple of math tests in High School.
I remember when we planned the whole thing. There were five of us, and my job was to be the
one who watched the door to see if anyone was coming. What we didn’t realize was that there
was a camera that was filming us the whole time! The moment when we watched the video next
to our parents was one of the most humiliating experiences in my life!
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
2) One of the most exciting moments of my life was when I saw Brazil win the 1994 World Cup. Brazil
was playing Italy, and after almost 3 hours in which they ran around, the players were exhausted.
Roberto Baggio missed the final penalty kick, and this gave us the win. The real hero, however,
was our goalkeeper Taffarel, who blocked the penalty shot by Massaro and saved the day.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
3) All the times we spent New Year’s Eve together is one of my favorite memories I have of my
family. We’d always wake up early to watch the São Silvestre race while we had leftover pizza for
breakfast. After lunch, we’d get the house ready for the party, so we had to move the big dinner
table outside and borrow chairs from our neighbor. I remember when we got really excited before
the countdown and when we watched the fireworks from the balcony and wished everybody a
Happy New Year.
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
SUGGESTED ANSWERS
1) One of the craziest things I’ve ever done was stealing a couple of math tests in High School. I
remember planning the whole thing. There were five of us, and my job was watching the door
to see if anyone was coming. What we didn’t realize was that there was a camera filming us
the whole time! Watching the video next to our parents was one of the most humiliating
experiences in my life!
2) One of the most exciting moments of my life was seeing Brazil win the 1994 World Cup. Brazil
was playing Italy, and after almost 3 hours running around, the players were exhausted.
Roberto Baggio missed the final penalty kick, giving us the win. The real hero, however, was
our goalkeeper Taffarel, who blocked the penalty shot by Massaro, saving the day.
3) Spending New Year’s Eve together is one of my favorite memories I have of my family. We’d
always wake up early to watch the São Silvestre race having leftover pizza for breakfast. After
lunch, we’d get the house ready for the party, moving the big dinner table outside and
borrowing chairs from our neighbor. I remember getting really excited before the countdown
and watching the fireworks from the balcony, wishing everybody a Happy New Year.
Complete the sentences below with the correct form of the verb in parentheses:
1. Before you leave, don’t forget ________ (turn off) the air conditioner.
2. I tried ________ (call) you three times, but you didn’t answer.
3. I know I should drink water as soon as I wake up, but I rarely remember _______ (do) that.
6. If your internet connection isn’t working, try _________ (reboot) the broadband modem.
7. I’ll never forget ____________ (dive) into the crystal clear ocean of Palau.
9. If you work at a computer, you should stop every half an hour __________ (stretch) your neck
and shoulders.
10. “Jeremy never answers the phone!” “Well, have you tried ________ (call) him at a different
time?”
11. If you don’t stop _______ (spend) so much money on restaurants, you’ll soon go into debt.
12. I can’t believe you forgot _________ (ask) me to marry you. It was the most romantic moment
of our lives!
14. If you stop ___________ (buy) groceries, can you get me some black olives?
15. What are they doing here? I don’t remember __________ (invite) them.
16. I try ________ (save) a little money every month, but it can be difficult.
ANSWER KEY
1. to turn off
2. to call
3. to do
4. fighting
5. to invite
6. rebooting
7. diving
8. locking
9. to stretch
10. calling
11. spending
12. asking
13. to call
14. to buy
15. inviting
16. to save
FURTHER PRACTICE
Leader 2 Clinic Cards 13_01 to 14_01
Complete the mini-dialogues below with the correct form of the words from the box. There are two
words you do not need.
2) A) Well, violent crime has leveled off in the past few years—
B) That doesn’t mean we’re safe!
A) Let me __________ my point.
3) A) You haven’t taken any specific courses in the last year, have you?
B) Not really. ____________ point?
A) Well, you may be good at what you do, but there’s always room to grow.
B) Point ________. I’ll look into it right away.
6) A) The point ___, if the no-phone call policy has made our department more efficient, we
should extend it to social networks as well.
ANSWER KEY
2) finish
4) missing
5) make
6) is
Complete the sentences below with the correct form of the adjective in brackets [].
1. The soccer team was losing 2-0, so, during halftime, the coach gave them an ____________
speech. [encourage]
2. Raising children can be a very _______ experience, but also very rewarding. [tire]
3. Jordan had been ___________ for six months already, and it became clear he needed medical
attention. [depress]
4. After a full day at the beach, we were _______, but happy. [tire]
5. Thailand is a country with amazing sights and a ___________ culture. [fascinate]
6. Students who are _________ by a new grammar point should revisit it a few times a week until
it becomes clear. [puzzle]
7. The long winters in polar regions can have a __________ effect on people. [depress]
8. Mountain climbing is a ____________ sport. [challenge]
9. The doctorate committee was __________ with the results of the candidate’s research.
[impress]
10. Children perform best in school when they feel __________ by the subject matter, but not
excessively. [challenge]
11. After an ____________ day at work, all I wanted to do was sit back and watch an episode of my
favorite TV series. [exhaust]
12. The hotel was _____________! We still can’t believe how cheap it was. [amaze]
13. Employees are ___________ to stand up every hour and do a few neck stretches to avoid
injury. [encourage]
14. The penthouse apartment had an ___________ view of the city. [impress]
15. We were _______ at the museum’s collections. [amaze]
16. Many university students are __________ by the possibility of not finding a job after
graduation. [frighten]
17. Keeping the neck muscles __________ is essential to good singing. [relax]
18. Chad’s parents were not __________ by his mediocre report card. [surprise]
19. Technology has been progressing so fast we are no longer ____________ by its advances.
[fascinate]
20. Don’t tell Mark about Jill’s Labrador—he’s ___________ of big dogs. [terrify]
21. Due to the ______________ thunderstorm, we decided to stay home. [frighten]
22. Chamomile tea can have a _________ effect [relax].
23. Her negative attitude was ____________—we thought she would like the idea. [surprise]
24. “Is Micah sleeping already?” “Of course! He’s ____________!” [exhaust].
25. The rules of baseball can be very __________ for people who don’t play the game. [puzzle]
26. The lion gave a ____________ roar when it woke up. [terrify]
ANSWER KEY
1. encouraging
2. tiring
3. depressed
4. tired
5. fascinating
6. puzzled
7. depressing
8. challenging
9. impressed
10. challenged
11. exhausting
12. amazing
13. encouraged
14. impressive
15. amazed
16. frightened
17. relaxed
18. surprised
19. fascinated
20. terrified
21. frightening
22. relaxing
23. surprising
24. exhausted
25. puzzling
26. terrifying
Check if the sentences below are right or wrong, and correct the ones with mistakes.
Right Wrong
1. The view from the hotel room was fascinated. [ ] [ ]
6. At the end of a long day, I like to put on some soft jazz music to create [ ] [ ]
a relaxing mood.
11. We were not surprised when June and Sean decided to break up. [ ] [ ]
ANSWER KEY
Right Wrong
1. The view from the hotel room was fascinating. [ ] [X]
6. At the end of a long day, I like to put on some soft jazz music to create [X] [ ]
a relaxing mood.
7. Her words were very encouraging, but I decided to give up anyway. [ ] [X]
8. The children couldn’t help being frightened of the large dog. [X] [ ]
11. We were not surprised when June and Sean decided to break up. [X] [ ]
13. We were amazed at all the people from different cultures in [ ] [X]
Montréal.
Convert these sentences to indirect speech. Remember to backshift the verbs and replace personal
pronouns and references to time and place.
Example:
Mark told us, “I’ll be here at my house until tomorrow morning.”
Mark told us he would be there at his house until the following morning.
1) Ian said, “My mind is made up. This is an opportunity I can’t pass up.”
Ian said that ________________________
and that _________________________________________.
2) Ramona insisted, “Inevitably, our company must suffer now the consequences for not having
made this decision last year.”
Ramona insisted that _________________________________
__________________________________________________
3) Jeremy replied, “When it comes to my personal finance, I’m the only one who can go over the
expenses and see what can be cut.”
Jeremy replied that ____________________________________
____________________________________________________
4) Franklin shouted, “Unless you let me finish my point, I will end this meeting right here, right
now!”
Franklin shouted that ____________________________________
____________________________________________________
5) Martha confirmed, “You were a good candidate a year ago, but you’re an excellent candidate
this year.”
Martha confirmed that ___________________________________
_____________________________________________________
6) Morgan admitted, “We are sorry to let you down, but we have no interest in changing the
terms of your contract.”
Morgan admitted that ____________________________________
____________________________________________________
7) The consultant warned us, “You may drive all your customers away if you haven’t changed your
policies by next year.”
The consultant warned us that _____________________________
____________________________________________________
ANSWER KEY
1) Ian said that his mind was made up and that that was an opportunity he couldn’t pass up.
2) Ramona insisted that inevitably, their/our company had to suffer then the consequences for
not having made that decision the year before.
3) Jeremy replied that when it came to his personal finance, he was the only one who could go
over the expenses and see what could be cut.
4) Franklin shouted that unless they/we/I let him finish his point, he would end the meeting right
there and then.
5) Martha confirmed that I had been a good candidate a year before, but that I was an excellent
candidate that year.
6) Morgan admitted that they were sorry to let us/me down, but they had no interest in changing
the terms of our/my contract.
7) The consultant warned us that we might drive all our customers away if we hadn’t changed our
policies by the following year.
Important!
It’s not necessary to backshift the verb if the information is still true or affects the present:
The advertisement claimed, “Nagashima produces the safest cars in the world.”
The advertisement claimed that Nagashima produces the safest cars in the world.
The presence or absence of a backshift can also suggest that something is the truth or a lie:
Convert these questions to indirect speech. Remember to backshift the verbs replace personal
pronouns and references to time and place. Pay attention to word order. If there is more than one
question, connect them with and.
Example:
Sophie asked, “Are you going to Jeffrey’s party tonight?”
Sophie asked if/whether we were going to Jeffrey’s party that night.
4) The waiter asked, “Are you ready to order? Would you like to hear the specials for today?”
7) My older brother asked, “How many chocolate chip cookies did you bake?”
ANSWER KEY
4) The waiter asked if we were ready to order and if we would like to hear the specials for that
day.
7) My older brother asked how many chocolate chip cookies I had baked.
Note:
2) Juliet asked us when she will see us again. (if it happened very recently)
3) My coworker asked if I need to leave early today. (if it’s the same day)
4) The waiter asked if we’re ready to order... (if we still haven’t answered his question)
5) My girlfriend asked why I like that movie so much. (if I still like it)
Convert the sentences and questions below to reported speech. Always backshift the verbs and
change pronouns where necessary.
11. Olga demanded to know, “When are we going to have a meeting about this?”
12. Susan asked, “Did you go to the bank like I asked you to?”
ANSWER KEY
1. Michael told me (that) he had decided the previous day to take a few days off.
8. Paula said (that) she had never seen such a beautiful sunrise.
11. Olga demanded to know when we / they were going to have a meeting about that.
12. Susan asked if I / we had gone to the bank like she had asked me / us to.
FURTHER PRACTICE