PIA Training Centre Module 2 – PHYSICS

Category “B2” Basic

MODULE 2
Sub Module 2.1 Matter
Sub Module 2.2 Mechamics
Sub Module 2.2.1 Statics
Sub Module 2.1 Kinetics
Sub Module 2.1 Dynamics
Sub Module 2.1 Fluid Dynamics
Sub Module 2.3 Thermodynamics
Sub Module 2.4 Optics (Light)
Sub Module 2.5 Wave, Motion and Sound

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Category “B2” Basic

MODULE 2
Sub Module 2.1

MATTER

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 PIA Training Centre Module 2 – PHYSICS
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List of Amendments

Sub-Module &
Amendment No. Issue Date: Date Inserted: Inserted By: Date Removed: Removed By:
Pages:

Issue 01, Rev-00 All 31 March 2014

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Contents

2.1.1 – INTRODUCTION------------------------ 1
2.1.2 – THE NATURE OF MATTER --------- 5
2.1.3 – PHYSICAL STATES OF MATTER - 9
2.1.4 - CHANGES BETWEEN STATES -- 11

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2.1.1 – INTRODUCTION
Why Study Physics
We should find a good answer to why study physics if we reflect
on the things which have produced the most changes in the
world during the current and last two centuries. We would
probably think of the things like jet propulsion, radio and radar,
television and satellite-stations, hydroelectric power stations,
internal combustion (IC) engines, and so forth. All these
products of modern technology are applications of the principles
of physic.
Physics deals chiefly with the interaction of matter and energy:
the different states of matter, the different forms of energy, how
these are produced and used. The study reveals mathematical
patterns and relationships between them, with very exact
measurements and units.
Finally it can be said that physics explores the tiniest to the
largest things in the Universe, from subatomic particles to
remote galaxies in space. It has developed instruments to
reveal what eyes never hoped to see – wonders in molecules
and in the stars.
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Measurement
It is the information about a body or an event; e.g. size of a
body, speed of a car, time to reach a specific point, etc.
It is true of science, particularly of physics, that its essence is
measurement. No fact in science is accepted, no law
established, unless it is quantified and exactly measured.
Unit – The quantitative information used to express physical
quantities is called ‘Unit’; e.g. meter is the unit of length, Newton
is the unit of force, etc.
Fundamental and Derived Units – Units used to express the
fundamental quantities are called fundamental or basic units.
The fundamental quantities include length, mass, time, current,
etc.
The units, which are derived by multiplication and/or division of
one or more basic unit(s), are called derived units. The units of
area and volume are the derived from the unit of length.
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Notes:

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SI System of Units – This system of measurement is based on

seven independent basic units as shown in the table T–2.1.
Some of the derived units are also shown in table T–2.2.

Unit Prefixes – To make numbers more meaningful, we often

add prefixes to units. The table T–2.3 shows the common unit
prefixes.

Human ear can hear sounds having frequency from 20 Hz to

20,000 Hz. It is more convenient to say and easy to learn this
range as 20 to 20 kHz.

Unit Conversion – In the engineering field, in general, and in

the aircraft industry, in particular, the unit measurement is often
stated in FPS system. Thus, it is very important to know the
conversion in between SI and FPS units. Some of the basic
conversions between the two are in the table T–2.4.

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Physical Quantity Symbol Unit Symbol

Length l metre M Prefix Name Symbol Factor

Mass m kilogram Kg Micro µ × 10-6
Time t second S Milli m × 10-3
Electric Current I ampere A Kilo k × 103
Temperature T Kelvin K Mega M × 106
Luminous Intensity Iv candela Cd Giga G × 109
Amount of
n mole Mol T–2.3
Substance
T–2.1
Physical
FPS Unit SI Unit Reciprocal
Quantity
Physical Quantity Symbol Unit Symbol
Length 1 ft = 0.3048 m 3.281
Area A square metre m2
Area 1 yard2 = 0.836 m2 1.196
3
Volume V cubic metre m
Volume 1 imp. gal = 0. 004546 m3 219.97
Density ρ second S
Mass 1 lb = 0.4536 kg 2.205
Speed u, v metre per second ms-1
Force 1 lbf = 4.448 N 0.2248
Force F newton N
Pressure 1 psi = 6894.76 Pa 1.45 × 10-4
Work W Joule J
Energy 1 ft-lb = 1.3558 J 0.7376
T–2.2 Power 1 hp = 745.7 W 1.34 × 10-3

T–2.4
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2.1.2 – THE NATURE OF MATTER
Matter – Anything which occupies place and has mass is called
‘Matter’; e.g. Earth, water, air, etc.
Atom and Molecule – An atom is the smallest particle that has
the properties of an element; whereas a molecule is the
smallest particle of a compound.
Element and Compound – A substance consisting entirely of
atoms of same atomic number is called element; such as Gold,
Silver, Iron, Carbon etc.
A substance composed of two or more and same of different
elements, chemically united in proportions by weight, is called
compound; such as water, oxygen, nitrogen, etc.
Chemical Bond – The force of attraction between two atoms or
ions that hold them together in a unit is called chemical bond.
Actually chemical bond is the main factor that makes molecules
and compounds. By the interaction of outer electrons, great
forces of attraction are developed between two atoms. This
force of attraction is called chemical bond.Chemical bonding
may be ionic, covalent and metallic.
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Ionic Bond – Chemical bond formed between two atoms due to
transfer of electron(s) from one atom to the other atom is called
"Ionic Bond" or "Electrovalent Bond".
In ionic bond formation, one atom loses electron(s) of its
outermost shell and the other atom gains. These atoms after
losing and gaining electron(s) become ions. The atom that loses
the electron(s) acquires positive charge, called an anion, and
the other atom which gains the electron(s) becomes a
negatively charged, called a cation.
Due to opposite charge, an electrostatic force of attraction is
setup between them. This force holds these atoms together in a
unit.
Ionic compounds include acids, salts, and alkalis. The ionic
bond formation of Sodium Chloride (NaCl) molecule is shown in
figure 2.1.
Covalent Bond – Chemical bond formed between two atoms
by the mutual sharing of electrons is known as Covalent bond.
In covalent bond formation, each atom provides equal number
of electron(s) for sharing but no transfer of electrons takes
place.
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Fig. 2.1

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Covalent compounds include water, sugar, plastic, etc. The

covalent bond formation of the water molecule is shown in
figure 2.2.

Metallic Bond – Metallic bonding is the bonding between atoms

within metals. It involves the sharing of free electrons among a
lattice of metal atoms.

The electrons and the positive ions in the metal have a strong
attractive force between them. Therefore metals often have high
melting or boiling points. The principle is similar to that of ionic
bonds.

The metallic bond accounts for many physical characteristics of

metals, such as strength, malleability, ductility, conduction of
heat and electricity. Sample metallic bonding is shown in figure
2.3.

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Fig – 2.3

Fig – 2.2

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2.1.3 – PHYSICAL STATES OF MATTER
Physically, matter can be solid, liquid or gas, holding any one of
these states at a specific temperature and pressure.
All the atoms and molecules of any matter are always in motion.
The amount of this motion determines the physical state of the
matter.
Water can be in solid (in the form of ice), liquid (at normal room
temperature and pressure), and in gaseous form (steam).
Solid – If the amount of internal energy in a certain material is
low, the molecular movement is relatively weak and cohesive
force within the molecule holds the matter in a rigid form, which
has a definite volume and shape.
The molecules of solid vibrate continuously but as the attractive
intermolecular forces are very strong, the molecules are held
rigidly in place.
Liquid – When heat is supplied to the solid, the molecular
movement is speeded up until it becomes great enough to
overcome the cohesive force that held the solid in its rigid
shape. The volume of the material does not greatly change, but
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it will conform the shape of the container that holds it. When this
happens, it has become a liquid.
So, a liquid has a definite volume but an indefinite shape. The
molecules are in continuous motion and are able to vibrate as
well as move around. The cohesion of the molecules forms a
force known as surface tension over the top of the liquid, which
prevents it expanding and completely filling the container.
Gas – As we continue to add heat energy to the material, the
molecular movement if further increased, and it will reach a
point at which cohesive force is so weakened that the molecules
will overcome the surface tension and will fly out the liquid until
they completely fill the container. This material now becomes in
gaseous form.
Chemically the molecules are exactly same as they were in the
solid or liquid form of the material; they will assume the shape of
the container and will expand until they completely fill it. Water
in gaseous form is steam or water vapor, an invisible gas,
slightly more than half as heavy as air.
Melting and Boiling – In the above discussion, the process of
changing the solid state into liquid state is known as melting,
and the process of changing the liquid state into gaseous state
is known as boiling. The properties of molecules of each
physical state of matter, and the interchange among the states,
are shown in fig. 2.4.
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Fig – 2.4

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2.1.4 - CHANGES BETWEEN STATES

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