Development and Eruption of
central incisors
the Teeth
Definition
 Development (of dentition) – refers to the
events or stages involves in the formation
of teeth
 Calcification (of teeth) – the organic
framework of a tooth becomes hard from
calcium and phosphorous salts bought in by
small blood vessels.
 Eruption- the act of the tooth moving
occlusally and becoming visible in the
mouth as it emerges through the gum tissue
(emergence)
The Deciduous Dentition
 Tooth crowns are said to have developed
from lobes or primary growth centers.
 Calcification of deciduous teeth begins at
4th month of fetal life
 End of 6th month (prenatal) – all deciduous
teeth have begun to develop.
 No two individuals are exactly alike in their
development.
General Rule in tooth eruption
 Individual mandibular teeth usually precede
the maxillary teeth in the process of
eruption
 Teeth in both jaws erupts in pairs, one right
and one left.
Development and Calcification
* at 5 months all deciduous teeth have begun to
develop
* at 2 or 2 ½ years all of the deciduous teeth are
expected to have erupted and to be in use.
* at 5 years old, there is resorption of roots of
deciduous incisors
I. The Deciduous Dentition
 When the child is 2 or 2 ½ years of age, all
of the deciduous teeth are expected to be
in use.
 Usual order of appearance of Deciduous
teeth
1.
2. lateral incisors
3. first molars
4. canines
5. second molars
 At 5 years old – there is jaw growth
manifested by some separation of the
deciduous teeth (spacing of deciduous
teeth)
 The premature lost of deciduous teeth,
their retention, congenital absence of teeth,
and insufficient spacing are important
factors in the development of an abnormal
occlusion. Their premature lost from dental
neglect is likely to cause a loss of arch
length with consequent tendency for
crowding of permanent teeth.
II. The Permanent Dentition
 The first permanent teeth to erupt are the
1st molars, erupting distal to deciduous 2nd
molars at approximately 6 years.
 First permanent molars are much larger and
cannot make their entry until the jaw
growth had progressed sufficiently to allow
a space for their eruption.
 Permanent 1st molars – referred to as 6-
year molar.
 At 6-7 years, permanent central incisors
erupts.
Before they can come into position,
deciduous central incisors must be
exfoliated brought about by the
phenomenon called resorption of the
deciduous roots.
The permanent tooth in its follicle
attempts to force its way into the position
held by its predecessor (deciduous)
The pressure brought to bear against
the deciduous roots evidently causes
resorption of the roots
Resorption of roots of deciduous teeth
continues until the crown has lost
 anchorage, becomes loose and is finally
exfoliated.
At this stage, the permanent tooth moves
occlusally (eruption) in proper position to
succeed its predecessor.
The follicles of the developing incisors
and canines are in a position lingual to the
deciduous roots.
The developing premolars are within the
bifurcation of deciduous molar roots.
 Permanent incisors ,canines and premolars
are called succedaneous teeth, since they
take the place of their deciduous
predecessors.
 Root resorption sometimes does not follow
the routine procedure.
 Failure of deciduous roots to resorb may
bring about prolonged retention of
deciduous tooth.
 Usual order of appearance of permanent
teeth:
1. First molars
2. Lower central & lateral incisors
3. Upper central incisors
4. Upper lateral incisors
5. Lower canines
6. First premolars
7. Second premolars
8. Upper canines
9. Second molars
10. Third molars
Calcification of Maxillary
Teeth
Nolla’s Growth Stages of Tooth Development
(1960) – illustrates the ten stages of tooth
development as observed radiographically for
maxillary teeth.
– (Nolla’s Growth Stage) Ten stages of tooth
development as observed radiographically for
mandibular teeth
Development of Teeth
 After crown of tooth is formed, the root
portion (formation) begun.
 At the cervix of crown, cementum starts to
form as a root covering the dentin.
 Development of crown and root takes place
within a bony crypt in the jaw bones.
 After crown and part of root is formed,
eruption begins (6th stage of Nolla’s)
 Formation roots is an active factor in
pushing the crown toward its final position
in the mouth.
 Eruption is completed when crown has
made contact with its antagonist/s in the
opposing jaw.
 Formation of root dentin and cementum
continues after the tooth is in use. Root is
half completed during eruption and
ultimately completed in time.
 Pulp outline is similar to the outline of the
crown and root .
 Pulp tissue continues to function with its
blood and nerve supply after tooth is
formed.
 Formation of tooth is said to be completed
when the apex of the root is formed.
 Pulp is relatively large in deciduous and
young permanent teeth.
 Pulp cavity becomes smaller and more
constricted with age.
 Teeth of children and young people are
more sensitive to thermal change and
dental procedures than the older people.
 Form and Function of
Dentition
 Primary Function of Teeth
o Prepare food for swallowing
o Facilitate digestion
o Articulate speech
o Personal appearance (esthetics)
 Form of Teeth
– Facilitate prehension (combat/battle)
– Incision
– Trituration of food
 Teeth, joints and muscles of man have the form
and alignment that enables mastication of both
animal and vegetable foods. Thus, man’s
dentition is referred to as “omnivorous”.
 When teeth in the lower jaw comes in
contact with those in the upper jaw in any
functional relation, they are said to be in
occlusion.
• Occlusion – is used to designate the
anatomic alignment of the teeth and their
relationship to the rest of the masticatory
system.
• Malocclusion – used to describe deviations
in relations of the teeth and/or jaws.
 In proper alignment, the teeth are
arranged and placed in strong contact
with their neighbors.
 Each tooth is more efficient, and the jaws are
stabilized by the collective action of the teeth in
supporting each other
 Contact of each tooth with its neighbors in the
jaw protects the gingiva between them in the
interproximal spaces referred to as gingival or
interproximal papilla.
 Gingival line – follows curvature but not
necessarily at same level with cervical line (
defined as the “cementoenamel junction of
crown and root”)
– not identical, although they
normally follow a similar
curvature; they are seldom at
the same level on the tooth
– more stable anatomic
demarcation whereas gingival
line is variable and merely
represents the gingival level on
the tooth at any period in a
man’s life.
Comparative Dental Anatomy
Four stages of tooth forms
1. Reptilian stage (Haplodont)
- Represented by the simplest form of tooth,
the single cone
- Usually includes many teeth in both jaws
that limit jaw movement
- There is no occlusion of the teeth in this
class
- Teeth being used mainly for prehension or
combat
- Main function is procurement of food
- Simple hinge movement ( upper jaw is
mobile,
- lower jaw is static; e.g. alligator)
2. Early Mammalian stage (Triconodont)
- exhibits 3 cusps in the development of
posterior teeth
- The largest, or anthropologically the original
cusp, is centered with a smaller cusp
located anteriorly and another posteriorly.
- Examples are some breeds of dogs and
other carnivores
3. Triangular Stage (Tritubercular molar)
- Exhibits teeth of three-cornered shape
(triangle) , with the teeth bypassing each
other more or less when the jaw opened or
closed
- This stage created projections that is
triangular in form that occluded with an
antagonist in the opposing jaw. E.g : jaws of
dogs, premolars are tritubercular
4. Quadritubercular stage (lower molar)
- Exhibits teeth of four projections to
established occlusion with tritubercular
molars (upper molars)
 - Example are the dentition of the Ape and
Orangutan
Geometric Concepts of Crown
Outlines
All aspect/surface of each tooth crown except
morsal surface may be outlined schematically
within three geometric figures:
 Triangles
 Trapezoids
 Rhomboids
A. Facial and Lingual Aspects of All Teeth
- Represented by TRAPEZOIDS of various
dimensions
- Shortest of uneven side represent the
cervices
- Longest of uneven side represent the incisal
or occlusal surfaces
 TRAPEZOIDS
The arrangement brings out the following
fundamental forms:
1.) Interproximal spaces may accommodate
interproximal tissue/papilla
2.) Spacing between roots of each tooth and
those of another allows sufficient bone
tissue for investment of teeth and a
supporting structure required to hold up
gingival tissue to a normal level. Sufficient
blood circulation is possible.
3.) Each tooth in the dental arches must be in
contact at some point with its neighbor /s,
to help protect interproximal gingival
tissue from trauma during mastication.
4.) Each tooth in each dental arch has two
antagonists in the opposing arch
o In the event of loss tooth, this
arrangement tends to prevent
elongation of antagonists and helps
stabilize the remaining teeth over a
longer period of time.
B. Mesial and Distal Aspect of the Anterior
Teeth
 TRIANGLES
Base of the triangle is represented by the cervical
portion of crown, and the apex by the incisal ridge
The fundamentals portrayed here are:
1) a wide base to the crown for strength
2) a tapered outline labially and lingually,
narrowing down to a relatively thin ridge
which facilitates the penetration of food
material.
C. Mesial and Distal Aspect of Maxillary
Posterior Teeth
 TRAPEZOIDAL
Longest of uneven side is represented by the
cervices
Shortest of uneven side is represented by the
occlusal surfaces
Fundamental considerations observed as follows:
1) because the occlusal surface is constricted,
the tooth can be forced into food material
more easily.
2) if the occlusal surface were as wide as the
base of the crown, the additional chewing
surface would multiply the forces of
mastication, hence, the tooth would be less
“self-cleansing” during the process.
D. Mesial and Distal Aspect of Mandibular – Shortest uneven side towards
Posterior Teeth occlusal
 All maxillary posterior teeth
 TRAPEZOIDS (Mesial and Distal aspect)

1) The occlusal surfaces are constricted in

comparison with the bases.
2) This outline inclines the crowns lingual to
the root bases, bringing cusps into proper
occlusion with the cusps of their maxillary
opponents
3) Axes of crowns and roots of the teeth of
both jaws are kept parallel allowing
intercusps relation necessary for proper C. Rhomboids
function. – All mandibular posterior teeth
 Mesial and Distal aspect

SUMMARY OF SCHEMATIC /
GEOMETRIC OUTLINES
A. Triangles
– Six anterior teeth, maxillary and
mandibular
 Mesial and Distal aspect

B. Trapezoids
– Longest uneven side toward
occlusal / incisal
a) all anterior teeth, maxillary and
mandibular
 Labial and Lingual aspect

b) all posterior teeth

 Buccal and Lingual aspect