STATISTICS

Theoretical Applied
Mathematics Statistics

Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics

 Estimation
Statistical Sampling
Inference Techniques
Test of
Hypotheses
 Match the items in Column A with the items in Column B.

Column A Column B
1. Population a. mathematical model for decision making

2. Sample b. subset of a set of data

3. Population Standard Deviation c. values that belong to a population

4. Parameter d. set of data one wishes to investigate

5. Normal Curve e. denoted by σ

f. a measure of proportion
 • It is a specific
numerical value used
POINT to approximate a
ESTIMATE population parameter

• It is a range of values
used to approximate a
INTERVAL population parameter.
ESTIMATE Also called as the
confidence interval.
 Example 1.
The sample mean is A good point estimate is
45.12 and the one that is unbiased. If
random sampling is done in
population mean μ is the collection of set of data,
46.51. and a sample mean is
computed out of these data
to approximate the
population mean μ, then
the point estimate is a good
point estimate.
In approximating the population mean by determining a range of
values within which it is most likely to be located, confidence
levels are used. The confidence levels of 90%, 95%, and 99% are
usually chosen.

Confidence level refers to the probability

that the confidence interval contains the
true population parameter.

The confidence level = (1 – α) 100%

where α = probability that the confidence interval does not contain

the true population parameter.
Critical value is the value that indicates
the point beyond which the true
population parameter is not found.
 Is population standard deviation known?

YES NO

Is the sample
Is the sample standard
size more deviation given?
than 30?
YES NO
YES NO

z-distribution t-distribution p-distribution

 z – distribution t – distribution p - distribution
n > 30 n < 30 x – favorable response
Standard Deviation:
Population Standard Sample Standard Deviation
Deviation is known (σ) (s) is used to estimate

Point Estimate: Point Estimate: Point Estimate:

Confidence Coefficient: Confidence Coefficient: Confidence Coefficient:

- depends on the degree of

- depends on the freedom and confidence -depends on the confidence
confidence level only level level
Margin of Error Margin of Error Margin of Error

Interval Estimate Interval Estimate Interval Estimate

Example

1. A student taking up Statistics is analyzing the scores in Mathematics of

the students in Grade 8 section Newton. He wants to know whether or
not the mean score of the 25 students in section Newton is better than the
mean score of all the students taking up Grade 8 Mathematics in the
entire school. The mean score of all the students taking up Grade 8
Mathematics is 89. The mean and standard deviation of the scores of the
students in section Newton are 95 and 15, respectively. Assume a 95%
confidence level and that the scores of all the students in Grade 8
Mathematics follow a normal distribution.
2. The mean score of a random sample of 49 Grade 11 students
who took the periodic test is calculated to be 78. The
population variance is known to be 0.16.
a. Find the 95% confidence interval for the mean of the
entire Grade 11 students.
b. Find the lower and upper confidence limits.
3. Forty-five graduating students have been given the
following grades in their Immersion. Assume that they come
from a population that has the shape of a normal distribution
and population standard deviation 6. Estimate their true
grades, using 99% confidence

92 83 87 80 93 95 84 94 85

87 91 83 92 85 90 81 91 82

89 90 88 87 80 84 89 82 90

90 93 85 87 88 90 83 87 82

84 95 83 89 94 84 93 86 88
Example

4. Ann wants to know the mean of all entering trainees in a boot camp.
The mean age of a random sample of 25 trainees is 18 years and the
standard deviation is 1.3 years. The sample comes from a normally
distributed population. Use α = 0.1 to find the following:

a. the point estimate

b. the margin of error
c. the interval estimate of the population mean