Biology 1 I STEM 11 b. Community- group of species i.

G1- 1st Gap (growth

living together having varied stage)
Biology-study of living species
traits ii. S- Synthesizing
Taxonomy- study of classifications c. Ecosystem- group of species phase (most critical)
and their involvement in their iii. G2 – 2nd Gap
Zoology-study of animals enrironment (growth)
Botany- study of plants d. Biomes- large communities b. Prophase
of the world – example is c. Metaphase
Cytology-study of cells and its structure ocean d. Anaphase
e. Biosphere – everything in the e. Telophase
world that is living
Cells: basic unit of life
Metabolism: all chemical and physical
Protoplasm: living part of the cell. A mixture
energy transformation. Cork/ Cutine cell: prevents evaporation of
of organic and inorganic compounds.
water
1. Anabolism
Includes cytoplasm and nucleoplasm.
a. Building up process Tissue: group of cells with similar structure
b. Photosynthesis Biological Properties:
2. Catabolism Simple Permanent Tissues:
a. Breaking down process 1. Cell
1. Parenchyma
b. Respiration and Digestion 2. Homeostasis
2. Collenchyma
3. Metabolism
Hierarchy of Life: 3. Sclerenchyma
4. Irritability
5. Life 2 Fundamental Tissues in Plants:
1. Internal Environment
6. Growth
a. Cell- building block of 1. Meristematic or Embryonict Tissue
7. Reproduction and Development
organism, basic unit of life a. From mitotic activity
8. Heredity
b. Tissue-a group of cells with b. Enlarged diameter
similar structure Vasodilation-expansion of the blood vessels 2. Permanent Tissue
c. Organ-group of tissue that a. Stable and mature tissues
performs a certain function Mitotic Activity (cell division)
b. 2 Types:
d. Organ System-group of 1. Phenotype i. Simple Perm. Tissue
organs that works together to a. External trait that depends on 1. Epidermis and
achieve homeostasis the internal traits cork cell
e. Organism-an individual 2. Genotype ii. Complex Perm.
animal or plant a. Genetic constituent that Tissue
2. External Environment affects phenotype. 1. Vascular
a. Population- group of species Vessels
living in the same location Phases of Mitosis (in body cells)
c. Conducting Tissues in Plants
with same traits i. Xylem
1. Interphase: preparation
a. Sub-phase:
 1. Upward,
inorganic
compounds
ii. Phloem
1. Downward,
organic
compounds
Cell Diversity  differences in terms of
shape, structure
Depends upon function
1. Nerve Shape of Neurons
a. Elongated branching
b. Function: sends message to
and from the brain
2. Neurons:
a. Axon: away
b. Dendrites: receives signal or
impulses
3. Red Blood shape
a. Disc like shape
b. Function: carries oxygen
c. Hemoglobin- responsible for
its red color
4. Skin Shape of Epidermis
a. Flat and broad shape, layers
overlap
b. Function: covers entire body
Red Blood Cells: Erythrocytes
White Blood cells: Leukocytes
Platelets: Thrombocytes
Cell Categories
1. Prokaryote – single-celled organism
a. No membrane bound i. Hydrophilic-
organelles and nucleus associates with water
b. Evolved first ii. Hydrophobic- doesn’t
c. Example: Bacteria, archaea. associate with water
d. Structures:
Genetic Control of the Cell:
i. Fimbriae- hair-like
and ciliated. For 1. Nucleus- control center
movement and 2. Ribosomes- site for protein
attachment synthesis
ii. Nucleiod-not mature a. Smooth: w/o
nucleus b. Rough: w/
iii. Ribosomes-where
protein synthesis
occurs. Attached in DNA, Chromatin and Chromosomes:
Rough ER
1. Chromatin Fiber- function is
iv. Plasma
packaging very long DNA molecules
Membrane/cell wall-
2. Nucleosomes
encloses the cell
3. Histones (main protein in chromatin)
v. Flagella- for
4. DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid
locomotion, to move
5. RNA – ribonucleic acid
forward.
2. Eukaryotic cell- multi-cellular Most Critical phase: Anaphase- because of
organism. the division of sister cells.
a. Cell with nucleus and
membrane bound organelles.
b. Evolved from Prokaryotes. Microscope: windows on the world of cells
c. Example: Protists, Fungi,
Bacteria, Plants and Animals. 1. Factors:
d. Mesophyll  Chloroplast a. Magnification
site for photosynthesis b. Resolving power
i. Palisade Layer- top of 2. Types:
leaf, photosynthesis a. Light
mostly occurs. b. Electron
3. Staining Techniques:
ii. Spongy Layer-bottom
part, gas exchange a. Eosin-pink
occurs. b. Hematoxylin-purple
e. Plasmalemma/Plasma 4. Objective:
membrane- physiologic a. Scanner – 5x
response b. LPO – 10x
 c. HPO - 40x b. Nucleolus is separating d. Forms of Sugar:
d. OIO – 100x c. Chromosomes only remain i. Monosaccharide- 1-6
i. Cedar oil, 3. Metaphase CSugar
microbiology a. Chromosomes align in the ii. Disaccharide- 2-6
equatorial line CSugar
Cytoskeleton:
4. Anaphase iii. Polysaccharide-
1. Microfilaments a. Sister cells began to divide example: cellulose,
2. Intermediate Filaments 5. Telophase starch
3. Microtubes a. Plant: cell plate occurs e. Glucose- sugar for energy
4. Microvilli – absorption of materials b. Animals: Cleavage Furrow f. Fructose- from fruits
5. Lysosome – digestive enzyme c. Forms two daughter cells g. Starch- complex carbs
6. Nucleus – control center h. Cellulose-imp. Comp. of
Food Chemistry:
dietary fiber
1. Food organic compound 5. Fats
Fluid Model Mosaic: Cell Membrane a. Chemical building block of a. Triglycerides/ triacylglycerol
life b. Omega-3 fatty acids
-made up of phospholipids, cholesterol, b. Roles: c. Chem.Comp.: C,H,O
transmembrane proteins and glycolipids i. Enables us to grow d. Lipase- digests by this
ii. Provides us energy enzyme
-does not have a fixed position.
(ATP-fatty acid, e. Adipose Tissue: stored
glucose, amino acids) throughout the body.
iii. Supply chemicals f. Under skin. (insulates
Mitosis: temperature.
needed for repair and
Centromere- responsible for normal replacement of g. Under Vital Organs (acts as
movement of chromosomes. tissues. protective cushion to prevent
2. 3 Main Classes of Food: injury)
Chromosomal Aberration- biological a. Carbohydrates 6. Proteins
mistakes, and sexual accident b. Fats/ Lipids a. Used in cell division
c. Proteins b. Chem.Comp: C,H,O,N,S
Parts: Nucleolus, Cell wall, Nuclear
3. Proper Nutrition should be balance: c. Simplest Form: Amino Acids
Membrane, and chromosomes
with Water: d. Function: Build and repair
1. Interphase: preparing the materials, a. Vitamins tissue
resting stage b. Minerals-fruits e. Classification of Proteins:
a. Sub-phases c. Fiber-vegetables i. Enzyme: biological
i. G1 4. Carbohydrates: catalyst
ii. S a. preferred fuel 1. Ex. Ptyalin-
iii. G2 b. Chem. Comp: C,H,O breaks food in
2. Prophase c. Simplest Form: Glucose- mouth.
a. All are still present provides heat and energy Chymotrypsin
 ii. Hormones: ex. Insulin 8. Valine
(pancreas). Growth
Minerals: important inorganic chemical in
Hormone, Calcitonin.
our life
iii. Protective Protein: ex.
Antibodies- fights Macro-minerals: elements essential to life.
infection (White blood
cells) 1. Sodium-salt
iv. Structural Protein: 2. Potassium – banana
forms structure of 3. Calcium – milk
organisms. Ex: 4. Magnesium – seafoods
Keratin (gives hair 5. Chlorine-
structure), Elastin 6. Phosphorus – strengthen bones
(resume shape after 7. Sulfur
stretching), and Vitamins
collagen (gives skin
strength). Vitamin E: antioxidants
v. Transport Protein:
Compounds Present in Anti Oxidant:
hemoglobin
1. Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT)
Additionals:
2. Butylated Hydroxyanisole (BHA)
Ilets of Langerhans
B-Carotene : In carrots
Alpha Cell: Glucagon. Raises blood sugar
Anticarcinogen/ anti-cancer
level
Aflatoxin: potent carcinogen produced by
Beta Cell: Insulin. Decreases blood sugar
Molds in dried peanuts and grains (stocks).
level.

Eight Essential Amino Acids:

1. Isoleucine
2. Leucine
3. Lysine
4. Methionine
5. Phenylalanine: triggers romantic
relationships. Neurotransmitter,
excitement, feelings and moods.
6. Threonine
7. Trytophan