WHAT IS A DAM?

According to oxford dictionary,

A dam is an artificial barrier usually constructed across a stream channel
to impound water.
According to Merriam - Webster dictionary
A body of water contained by a barrier, a barrier preventing the flow of
water or of loose solid materials (as soil or snow); especially, a barrier built
across a watercourse for impounding water
HISTORY OF OBAFEMI AWOLOWO DAM
The Obafemi Awolowo university (OAU) dam referred to as Opa dam
water works, water engineering unit
LOCATION
The opa dam water works is situated along road-1 leading to the core of
Obafemi Awolowo University Campus, Ile-Ife, Osun State
SOURCE
The Opa dam originates from a river called Opa river situated at Opa
along Ife – Ilesha road, Ile – Ife.
PURPOSE
- To provide portable water for the university community only
- DETAILS
- Founded in the year 1976 and commissioned in the year 1982
- It is about 320 meter in length and 400 meter in width and the depth of
about 8 meters
- It has a lake form of 1.5 kilometers
- The water is about 633 million gallons when filled to the brim.
 TERMINOLOGIES
1. DAM
A dam is a barrier that impounds water or underground streams. A dam
can also be sued to collect water or for storage of water which can be evenly
distributed between locations.
2. WATER
Water is a transparent fluid which forms the world’s streams lakes,
oceans and rain, and is the major constituent of the fluids of living things. It
takes about 70% of the planet earth.
3. DAM INTAKE
Dam intake is a structure used to regulate and transport water from the river to
the dam.
4. PIPES
Pipe ( a fluid conveyance) a hollow cylinder following certain dimension.
A rigid tube that transports water, stream or other fluids.
5. SPILL WAY
A spillway is a structure used to provide controlled release of flows from
a dam or level into a downstream area, typically being the river that was
dammed.
6. AERATION
Aeration is the process by which air is circulated through, mixed with or
dissolved in a liquid or substance.
7. FILTERATION
Filtration is the mechanical or physical operation which is used for the
separation of solids from fluids (liquid or gasses) by interposing a medium
through which only the fluid can pass. The fluid that passes through is called the
filtrate.
8. CHLORINATION
 Chlorination is the process of adding chlorine to water for purification.
9. SEDIMENTATION
Sedimentation is the tendency of particular in suspension to settle out of
the fluid in which they are entrained, and come to rest against a barrier.

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM SHOWING THE PROCESSES INVLOLVED

IN THE TREATMENT AND SUPPLY OF PORTABLE WATER.

DAM INTAKE

LOW LIFT PUMP HOUSE

AERATION CHAMBER

SEDIMENTATION TANKS

FILTERATION BED

CHLORINATION CHANNEL

CLEAR WATER TANK

HIGH LIFT PUMP HOUSE

 DAM INTAKE
Dam intake is a reinforced concrete structure built to the deepest part of
the dam.
It consists of stair case which can be used to climb down from the ground level
to the deepest part of the dam.
- The dam intake has three (3) pipes of diameter of 250mm and made of
cast iron
- Each pipe has a wheel ( which aids closing and opening)
- One of the pipes serves the purpose of empting the whole capacity of
water.
- The second and third pipes are laid on top of each other. One is been
opened during raining season and is laid on top, while the other is been
opened during dry season and laid at the base.
- Both pipes serve the purpose of supplying water to the low lift pump
house
- Bothpipes are connected to a pipe to allow water to flow under the
influence of gravity to the next level.

Picture showing the dam intake

DAM SPILL WAY
The dam spillway is a structure made of concrete material. It is the only
exist form the dam.
The type of spill way system used in Obafemi Awolowo University dam is
known as OGGE type of spill wall
FUNCTION
- To regulate the volume of the reservoir.
- To avoid flooding.
- To remove water contamination.
It allows for the flow of water from the dam to the downstream.

Picture showing the dam spillway

LOW LIFT PUMP HOUSE
The low lift pump house, have three (3) pumps for supply of water to the
aeration chamber. The three (3) pumps are used consecutively; each used for at
least the duration of three (3) weeks.
The type of pump is known as centrifugaltype of pump
Usage
To use pump 1
- Open the inflow and out flow valve
- Close the other pump
 - Each pump has its own electrical panel
FUNCTION
- To transport water from the dam to the aeration chambers.
Each pump pumps about 60,000 - 62,000 gallons of water per hour.

Picture showing the low lift pump house

AERATION CHAMBER
The treatment of water starts from the aeration chamber. There are two
(2) aeration chambers.
FUNCTION
- The aeration chamber exposes the water to the air to remove odour
- Heavy particle are been formed
- Aluminum sulphate solution or coagulant is added.
The water from the dam is heavy, therefore the addition of aluminum sulphate
causes coagulation to take place.
Picture showing the aeration
SEDIMENTATION TANKS
The sedimentation tank takes the water from the aeration chambers. The
filtration process starts from the sedimentation tank.
Heavy particles from the aeration chambers settle at the base of the
sedimentation tanks.
The dirt at the base are been flushed out through an opening at the base.
Water flows from the sedimentation tanks to the filtration bed through a trough.

Picture showing the sedimentation tank

 FILTRATION BED
The filtration process takes place in the filtration bed. The OAU dam has
four (4) pressure filtration tanks erected outside and has filtration beds
functioning under gravity.
Component
- Each filtration bed contains several NOZZLES at the base. The nozzles
are about 100.

- The filter media is in form of sand and are in layers of gravel,coarse and
fine aggregate.
Gravel
Coarse
Fine
Nozzle
Filtered water passess out through the nozzle maintenance.
- The filtration bed is been backwashed twice a day.
 CHLORINATION CHANNEL
The filtered water from the filtration bed comes to the chlorination channel.
Treatment
- Chlorine is added
- Calcium hydroxide is added
A quantity of 500g of chlorine and calcium hydroxide is added per hour when
pumping.
Function
- It regulates the PH
- It removes hardness in water
1. Chlorine
Function
- It acts as a disinfectant to kill any microorganism that escapes filtration
process.
Then the chlorinated water flows to the clear water tank.

CLEAR WATER TANKS

Clean water from the chlorination channel flows to the clear water tank.
The clear water tank is buried underground and it has the capacity of
120,000 gallons.
Functions
- Serve the purpose of storing water before final dissemination to its
destinations.

HIGH LIFT PUMP HOUSE

The high lift pump house has three (3) pumps for supplying water to the
university community
The three (3) pumps are used consecutively of 2500mm diameter.
Usage
- Open the inflow and outflow valve,
- Close the other two pumps,
- Each pump has its own electrical panel,
- It pumps into the mains that carries water to the university community.
Function
- To transport portable water to the university community
Supply
It supplies about 1.2 to 1.5 million gallons of water per day.
Destinations of the water from OAU dam
- Academics
- Hostels
- Senate
- Staff quarters etc

CONCLUSIONS
The Obafemi Awolowo University dam also known as opa dam water
works supplies portable water to the university community after it has
undergone various processing and treatment procedure.

THE OBAFEMI AWOLOWO UNIVERSITY OZONIZED TABLE

WATER.
The OAU ozonized table water is a good quality product of research and
best production practice. Safe and hygienic for consumption.
NAFDAC registration number B1-0204

Location
ObafemiAwolowo University Investment Company limited (OAUICL) ile-ife,
osun state.
 PRODUCTION PROCESS

BORE HOLE

RAW WATER TANK

SAND FILTER

CARBON FILTER

TREATED WATER TANK

REVERSE OSMOSIS SYSTEM

OZONIZATION

FILLING TANK

SHRINK TUNNEL

SHRINK RAPPING

BORE HOLE
The source of the water for the production of bottle water is the bore
hole. There are three (3) bore holes and each is about 150 feet in depth.
Each of the bore holes has a submersible pump of 1.5 horse power.
Underground pipe runs from the bore hole to the raw water tanks.

RAW WATER TANK

The raw water tank stores the water from the bore holes. There are 8 raw
water tanks, each of the tanks has 6000 litres capacity.
The water from the bore hole is usually dirty therefore the water passes through
a micro filter before entering the raw water tank.

SAND FILTER
The purification process starts from the sand filter.
It has layers of sand inside the cylinder from the layer of the biggest to
the finest particle.
Function
- It extracts the dirt in the water.
- Purification starts here
Maintenance
- They back wash daily to remove dirt in it.

CARBON FILTER
The purification process continues to the carbon filter. It removes the
unwanted and harmful components in water.
Function
To remove halogen in the water
It traps excess chlorine from the water and makes it chlorine free.

TREATED WATER TANK

The water from the carbon filter then flows to the treated water tank through a
micro filter. The micro filter removes any a halogen or chlorine that manages to
escape from the carbon filter.
The treated water tanks are seven (7) in number.
 REVERSE OSMOSIS SYSTEM.
The reverse osmosis system also known as R.O
The water from the treated water tank flows through three (3)
compositetanks then to the membrane. The membranes are four (4) in number
and the water flows from the region of lower to higher (reverse osmosis where
osmosis is the movement of water from the region of higher concentration to the
region of lower concentration).
The ultraviolent (UV)is attached to the membrane. The water flows from
the composite tanks through the ultraviolet to the membrane then through the
pipes to the filling line.
20% of the water from the treated water will waste as hard water. Then
80% are stored in a tank.
OZONIZATION.
 This is where ozone which in the main purification material is added to
the water for the production of table water. There are two (2) storage tanks, each
has a capacity of 5000 litres
In the production of bottle water, ozonator is used
FUNCTIONS OF THE OZONATOR.
- To disinfect the water
- Trap oxygen from the atmosphere and turn it to ozone.
Then the ozone is passed through a pipe into the storage tank and the
tanker covered for some items for the reaction to take place.

FILLING TANK
The empty bottles are placed on a conveyor belt to the rinsing machine
where the bottles are rinsed.
Then the bottles are arranged in 12 under the filling tank. The water from the
tank flows through the ultra-violent to the filling tank which has 12 nozzles,
after filling the bottles, then they move to the capping section of the machine.
 SHRINK TUNNEL
The bottled water aretransferred through the conveyor belt to the shrink
tunnel.Before the bottled water reaches the shrink tunnel, the label is paste on it
through manual means.
FUNCTIONS
The functions of the shrink tunnel is to bind the able to the bottle by means of
heating

SHRINK RAPPING.
The shrink rapping machine aids in packing of bottled water in 12 pieces
to make a pack.
it uses heater and compressor to bind and seal the water in 12 pieces.
THE OBAFEMI AWOLOWO UNIVERSITY DRINKING WATER

BORE HOLE

RAIN WATER TANK

SAND FILTER

CARBON FILTER

TREATED WATER TANK

REVERSE OSMOSIS SYSTEM

STORAGE TANK

ULTRA VIOLENT

MICRO FILTER

AUTOMATED SACHET MACHINE

This process continues from the reverse osmosis system.

STORAGE TANK.
The water from the reverse osmosis system (R.O) flows into the storage
tank

Micro filter
The water then flows from the storage that through the micro filter to icon
any germs that escape the reverse osmosis system
Ultra violet light
 The water flows through the ultra violet light which serves as sterilizer
and it kills any available germs.
AUTOMATED SACHET MACHINE
The water then flows into the automated sachets machine which packages
the water into sachets.
 REPORT ON DE-FAITH PURE WATER FACTORY.
Name: De-faith Pure water Factory
Location: Manchester lane, Igboya Road Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
Aim of establishment: To provide portable and drinkable water for people or
human & consumption
NAFDAC NO: 01-0685L
EQUIPMENT, FACILITIES AND MACHINES BEING USED ARE:
- Storage tanks.
- Pipes.
- Pumping machines.
- Filtration material like micro filters sterilizer.
- Automated water machine.
PROCESSES OF PURE WATER PRODUCTION
Sources of water: Bore hole
This is a narrow well or hole dug deep down into the ground while pipe is
being inserted to bring up water of draw water up though the aid of pumping
machine.

RAW WATER TANK

FILTRATION

TREATED WATER TANK

MICRO FILTER

STERILIZATION

PACKAGING
 RAW WATER TANK
Water being pumped from the bore hole is store up inside this tank. The water
inside this tank is not safe for consumption yet due to the presence of
impunities, sediments and microorganism.

FILTRATION.
The water inside the raw water tank is transported through the pipe into the
filters. Here, there are two filter namely and filter and carbon filters. This is to
remove impurities, sediments and dirt inside the water. This improves the purity
and degree of cleanliness in the water.
 TREATED WATER TANK.
Filtered water known asfilterate is conveyed with the aid of laid pipes into the
treated water tank. It is under this process that chlorine must be added so that
microorganisms can be killed and eliminated.
In this factory, they have neglected the addition of chlorine into thewater due to
the dictate and tenets of NAFDAC, though as they claimed. Before they do
apply a teaspoon of chlorine to the water.
 PRODUCTION ROOM STAGES

FILTERATION
Water from the treated water tanks processed to the micro filter where
microorganisms and minute dirts are been held back from mixing with pure
water that has been treated inside the treated water tank.This process assures
adequate and elaborate filtration.
STERILIZATION
This process is done with the aid of a sterilizer of called ultraviolent ray
tube. Radiations from this tube kills minute microorganisms and makes them
infertile barren and inactive.
FILLING
The sterilized water are transported into a machine called automated
water machine where already made pure water nylons are being fixed in rolls
and water flows into the nylon and automatically processed into portable and
drinkable pure water for human consumption.
PACKAGING
Pure water produced are arranged and packed well into a nylon bag in
20’s when it is later transported and conveyed to customers for human
consumption.
PROCESSES IN CHAIN FORM

BOREHOLE

RAW WATER TANK

FILTRATION

STERILIZATION

FILLING

PACKAGING
 RONIKS PURE WATER
Name:Roniks Pure water Factory
Location:Alaselastreet, Ile-Ife, Osun State
Aim or objectives: provision of drinkable and portable water for human
consumption
NAFDAC NO: 01-2238L
BRIEF HISTORY OF THE FACTORY
This factory was formerly located at kilometer 5, Ede Road, beside motel
royal where the make use of public pipe. It had 4 bore holes but were unfit for
drinking. This provoked the customers to complain bitterly concerning the
unbearable situation.
This was why the factory was relocated to this present site when good
and drinkable water from a good bore hole could be harnessed.
EQUIPMENT, FACILITIES AND MACHINE FOR PRODUCTION:
- Borehole water source.
- Pipes.
- Storage tank.
- Pumping machines.
- Filtration materials like micro filters.
- Sterilizer.
- Automated water machine.
PROCESSES OF PURE WATER PRODUCTION
Source: bore hole water; this is a hole driven into ground to get obtain release
water
The mode of water transportation is through the pumping machine, that is, water
flows up from the ground through electrical means, the pumping machine.
 RAW WATER TANK
Water from bore holes flows to the raw water tank but before then, there is a
longmicro filter to the pipe among from the bore hole. This serves the purpose
of filtering the water at first before any other treatment takes place. Secondary,
before the water enters into the raw water tank a tap is being opened to know
the degree of cleanliness of the water, so that when the water is conspicuously
observed to be clean then it is allowed to flow into the raw water tank once the
value is operated.

CHLORINATION
Chlorine is added to the water inside the raw water tank so as to disinfect
the water against germs and microorganism so that they can be eliminated and
killed.
FILTERATION
There are 3 composite filters here, but 2 are sand filters while the other is
carbon filter. These filters are used to extract particles that can make the water
unfit for drinking. It is under this process that the water is made to be odourless,
tasteless and colourless.
 TREATED WATER TANK
The water that has undergo sand and carbon filtrations now flows into the
treated water tank for temporal storage.

FILTRATION
Here,a short micro filter is connected to the treated water tank where water
flows through to undergo further filtration so that any microorganism that has
escaped the previousfiltration could be filtered out here.
PRODUCTION ROOM STAGE
Water filtration from the treated water tank which flows through the short
micro filter flows into the 4 carbon filters in the production room for intense
filteration.

STERILIZATION
Then water having been immensely filtered in the 4 carbon filters, it is
passed through the ultraviolet ray tube known as sterilizers.This process makes
any formidable microorganismbarren,passive and inactive. This tube emits
radiation which kills and eliminates the microorganism.

FILLING
The sterilized water then moves directly into the automated water
machine where water is filled into pure water nylon. The 2 machines being used
are KOYO and YKM.
PACKAGING
Produced pure water are packaged into nylon or pure water bags in 20’s
and are arranged in set on a wooden platform and with tiled walls up to ¾ of the
wall height according to the NAFDAC standard.
PROCESSES OF WATER PURIFICATION
BORE HOLE

FILTRATION

RAW WATER TANK

FILTRATION

TREATED WATER TANK

FILTRATION

STERILIZATION

FILLING

PACKAGING
OBSERVATIONS
According to the NAFDAC standard,the building was erected to have 5
compartments namely:
- Office.
- Changing room for both male/female workers.
- Raw material store for storing nylons and packing bags.
- Production room for machines.
- Packing room where finished production can be stored.Further more,the
production room isduly tiled and the tiles occupying at least ¾ of the
wall.
And for the packing room, floor tiles are put in place and there are plates on
which finished product are arranged properly.