CE – 205

MECHANICS OF SOLID – II
FALL SEMESTER 2016

Engineer A. Baseer A.
NICE SCEE
NUST
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
 Determine principal strains and maximum in-plane shear
strain
 Determine the absolute maximum shear strain in 2D and
3D cases
 Know ways of measuring strains
 Define stress-strain relationship
 Predict failure of material
EQUATIONS OF PLANE-STRAIN TRANSFORMATION
 In 3D, the general state of strain at a point is
represented by a combination of 3 components of
normal strain €x, €y, €z, and 3 components of shear
strain γxy, γyz, γxz.

 The strains at a point are often determined by using

strain gauges, which measure normal strain in
specified directions.

 For both analysis and design, however, engineers must

sometimes transform this data in order to obtain the
strain in other directions.
EQUATIONS OF PLANE-STRAIN TRANSFORMATION
(CONT)

Note: Plane-stress case ≠ plane-strain case

EQUATIONS OF PLANE-STRAIN TRANSFORMATION
(CONT)
 Positive normal strain σx and σy cause elongation
 Positive shear strain γxy causes small angle AOB
 Both the x-y and x’-y’ system follow the right-hand
rule
 The orientation of an inclined plane (on which the
normal and shear strain components are to be
determined) will be defined using the angle θ. The
angle is measured from the positive x- to positive x’-
axis. It is positive if it follows the curl of the right-
hand fingers.
EQUATIONS OF PLANE-STRAIN TRANSFORMATION
(CONT)
 Normal and shear strains

x y x y  xy
 x'   cos 2  sin 2
2 2 2
x y x y  xy
 y'   cos 2  sin 2
2 2 2

 x' y' x y   xy

   sin 2  cos 2
2  2  2
EXAMPLE 1
A differential element of material at a point is subjected to
 x  500106  ,  y  300106  ,  xy  200106 
a state of plane strain
which tends to distort the element as shown in Fig. 10–5a.
Determine the equivalent strains acting on an element of
the material oriented at the point, clockwise 30° from the
original position.
EXAMPLE 1 (CONT)
Solutions
 Since θ is positive counter-clockwise,
x y x y  xy
 x'   cos 2  sin 2
2 2 2
 500   300 6  500   300 6
   200 10 6
    sin2 30
  10    10 cos 2 30   
 2   2   2 

  x '  213 10 6  (Ans)

 x' y' x y   xy

   sin 2  cos 2
2  2  2
 500   300 6
    200 10 6
10 sin 2 30      cos2 30
 
 2   2 

  x ' y '  793 10 6  (Ans)
EXAMPLE 1 (CONT)
Solutions
 By replacement,
x y x y  xy
 y'   cos 2  sin 2
2 2 2
 500   300 6  500   300 6
   200 10 6
    sin260
  10    10 cos 260   
 2   2   2 

  x '  13.4 10 6  (Ans)
PRINCIPLE AND MAXIMUM IN-PLANE SHEAR
STRAIN
 Similar to the deviations for principal stresses and
the maximum in-plane shear stress, we have

 xy x y   x   y    xy 
2 2

tan 2 p  1, 2       
x y 2  2   2 

 And,

x y 
tan 2 S   
  
 xy 
 max in -plane   x   y    xy  x y
2 2

      ,  avg 
2  2   2  2
PRINCIPLE AND MAXIMUM IN-PLANE SHEAR
STRAIN (CONT)
 When the state of strain is represented by the
principal strains, no shear strain will act on the
element.

 The state of strain at a point can also be represented

in terms of the maximum in-plane shear strain. In
this case an average normal strain will also act on
the element.

 The element representing the maximum in-plane

shear strain and its associated average normal strain
is 45° from the element representing the principal
strains.
EXAMPLE 2
A differential element of material at a point is subjected to
x  35010  ,  y  20010  ,  xy  8010 
a state of plane strain defined by 6 6 6

which tends to distort the element as shown in Fig. 10–7a.

Determine the maximum in-plane shear strain at the
point and the associated orientation of the element.
EXAMPLE 2 (CONT)
Solutions
 Looking at the orientation of the element,

x y    350  200 

tan 2 s      
    80 
 xy 
  s  40.9 and 131

 For maximum in-plane shear strain,

 max in plane x y    xy 

2 2

     
2  2   2 

  max in plane  556 10 6  (Ans)
MATERIAL PROPERTY RELATIONSHIP
 Material’s properties that are used when the material is
subjected to multi-axial stress and strain
 Assume that the material is homogeneous and isotropic and
behaves in a linear-elastic manner
Generalized Hooke’s Law
 If the material at a point is subjected to a state of triaxial stress,
associated normal strains will be developed in the material.
 The stresses can be related to these strains by using

 the principle of superposition,

 Poisson’s ratio, and  lateral   longitudinal

 Hooke’s law, as it applies in the uniaxial direction,

 For example, consider the normal strain of the element in the x
direction, caused by separate application of each normal stress.
When is applied, the element elongates in the x direction and the
strain is
MATERIAL PROPERTY RELATIONSHIP
 Application of STRESS in y-dir causes the element to
contract with a strain

 Likewise, application of STRESS in z-dir, causes a

contraction such that
MATERIAL PROPERTY RELATIONSHIP
MATERIAL PROPERTY RELATIONSHIP
 For application tensile stresses are considered
positive quantities, and compressive stresses are
negative.
 If a resulting normal strain is positive, it indicates
that the material elongates, whereas a negative
normal strain indicates the material contracts
 If we now apply a shear stress Txy to the element,
experimental observations indicate that the material
will deform only due to a shear strain rxy ; that is, Txy
will not cause other strains in the material.
MATERIAL PROPERTY RELATIONSHIP
RELATIONSHIP INVOLVING E, V, AND G

 Modulus of elasticity E is related

to the shear modulus G
EXAMPLE 6
The copper bar in Fig. 10–24 is subjected to a uniform
loading along its edges as shown. If it has a length a = 300
mm, b = 500 mm, and t = 20 mm before the load is applied,
determine its new length, width, and thickness after
application of the load. TakeEcu  120 GPa , vcu  0.34
EXAMPLE 6 (CONT)
Solutions
 From the loading we have

 x  800 MPa ,  y  500 MPa ,  x  80 ,  z  0

 The associated normal strains are determined from the generalized

Hooke’s law,

x 
x

v
 y   z   0.00808 ,  y   y  v  x   z   0.00643 ,  z   z  v  x   y   0.000850
E E E E E E

 The new bar length, width, and thickness are therefore

a'  300  0.00808300  302.4 mm (Ans)

b'  50   0.0064350  49.68 mm (Ans)
t '  20   0.00085020  19.98 mm (Ans)