Fundamental

Concepts
 What is Nanotechnology?

Nanotechnology is the It is more than just

manipulation of matter mixing nanoscale
at a molecular or atomic materials together; it
level in order to produce requires the ability to
novel materials and understand and to
devices with new precisely manipulate
extraordinary properties. and control those
materials in a useful way.
 NANOTECHNOLOGY

Size of a
Nanoscale
Nanotechnology Tools

Scanning Tunneling Atomic Force

Microscope Microscope
- uses a particle beam of - gather information by
electrons to illuminate a "feeling" the surface
specimen and create a with a mechanical probe
highly magnified image.
Nanotechnology Tools

IBM logo written with 35 xenon atoms on a copper

substrate.
Novel Properties

Small size effect

Properties such as
melting point,
fluorescence, electrical Tunability
conductivity, magnetic
permeability, and of
chemical reactivity
change as a function of properties
the size of the particle
Novel Properties

Large surface area

effect: Better catalysts
Reactivity
 Nanostructured Material

Materials with a
Graphene
nanometer-sized
microstructure
Also called nanophase Carbon nanotube

materials,
nanocrystalline
materials or
supramolecular solids
Nanopowders

These powders consist of

particles of a few tens to
a few hundreds of
nanometers in size.
The use of nanopowders
can create novel
materials such as plastics
with resistance to UV
light, synthetic bone,
more effective drugs,
and catalysts. Titanium Dioxide
Nanopowder
Nanotubes
Nanotubes are hollow
cylinders whose walls Carbon Nanotube
consist of single or multi- Properties
layered sheets of atoms. • High electrical and
thermal conductivity
They are used to build
extremely strong and • Very high tensile strength
light materials with a • Highly flexible
variety of applications
such as in vehicle
manufacturing.
Carbon Nanotube

DexMat CNT fibers DexMat CNT fiber

conduct electricity like
metals; yet they have
the flexibility,
lightweight, and
corrosion resistance
qualities of polymers
Nanowires

Nanowires are cylindrical

structures with a
diameter of a few
nanometers.
They are thought to be
suitable for the
construction of
Stretchy silver
electronic devices and nanowires
chips.
Nanomembranes

A nano-structured
membrane has the
ability to filter molecules
of liquids or gases.
The tailoring of these
nanomembranes can
result in the selective
filtering of specific sized Nanofiltration
molecules. system
Nanoceramics

A unique dielectric material – Nanoceramic Coating

a powerful electrical insulator
that is also a good conductor
of heat. The thermal
properties of nanoceramic
make it ideal for use as an
electrical barrier in thermally
demanding applications,
particularly, LED applications
Polymer Nanocomposites

Consist of a polymer or a Polymer nanocomposite parts

copolymer having
nanoparticles or
nanofillers dispersed in
the polymer matrix
Application Areas

Can improve fuel cells by

increasing their life cycle
and reducing the cost of
Energy catalysts
Can increase the energy
conversion efficiency of
solar cells by reducing
cost
Application Areas
Can use new light and
extremely strong
materials (e.g., carbon
nanotubes) to build
Industry faster and safer cars
Clothing made of
nanofibers is stain-
repellent and can be
washed at very low
temperature.
Application Areas

The advances in
nanotechnology will
reduce the weight and
Communication and power consumption of
Electronics electronic devices.
Data processing speed
will increase, and new
portable devices will be
available soon.
Application Areas

Researchers at Oregon
State University are
developing nanoparticles
that deliver three anti-
cancer drugs to the lymp
Medicine nodes. The intent is to
target cancers that use the
lymp nodes to spread
through the body. Testing of
this technique, so far, has
been with lab animals.
Application Areas
vResearchers at UCLA have
demonstrated a method to
add ceramic silicon carbide
nanoparticles to magnesium,
producing a strong,
Materials lightweight material.
vNIST researchers have
developed a coating made
with carbon nanotubes that
reduces the flammability of
foam used in furniture.
Application Areas

Other goods of every-day

use that could be developed
Consumer include anti-reflective
sunglasses, new generation
Goods cosmetics, easy-to-use
ceramics and glasses
The Future and Risks of Nanotechnology

Future
• The enormous potential recognized immediately by both academia and
industry
• The ability to affect so many areas of modern life can actually be a means to
revolutionize the way of doing things.
Dangers and Risks
• could originate from an abusive use of the new technology (e.g.
development of new powerful weapon systems, detecting systems that
threaten all levels of privacy, etc.), a fact that gives rise to social, ethical and
safety concerns.
MANUFACTURING
AT THE
NANOSCALE
 NANOMANUFACTURING
vNanomanufacturing involves scaled-up, reliable, and
cost-effective manufacturing of nanoscale materials, structures,
devices, and systems.
vleads to the production of improved materials and new
products.
vIt also includes research, development, and integration of

top-down processes and increasingly complex

bottom-up self-assembly processes
or .
TOP-DOWN
§reduces large
pieces of materials
all the way down to
the nanoscale
§Example: carving a
model airplane out
of a block of wood. Øcreates
products by
§This approach building
requires larger them up from
amounts of atomic- and
materials and can molecular-scale
lead to waste if components
excess material is
discarded. Øtime-
BOTTOM-UP consuming.
 NANOMANUFACTURING
Within the top-down and bottom-up categories of nanomanufacturing, there are a growing
number of new processes that enable nanomanufacturing .
Among these are:
ØChemical vapor deposition is a process in which chemicals react to produce very pure, high-
performance films
ØMolecular beam epitaxy is one method for depositing highly controlled thin films
ØAtomic layer epitaxy is a process for depositing one-atom-thick layers on a surface
ØDip pen lithography is a process in which the tip of an atomic force microscope is "dipped"
into a chemical fluid and then used to "write" on a surface, like an old fashioned ink pen onto
paper
 NANOMANUFACTURING
Within the top-down and bottom-up categories of nanomanufacturing, there are a growing
number of new processes that enable nanomanufacturing.
Among these are:
Ø Nanoimprint lithography is a process for creating nanoscale features by "stamping" or
"printing" them onto a surface
ØRoll-to-roll processing is a high-volume process to produce nanoscale devices on a roll of
ultrathin plastic or metal
ØSelf-assembly describes the process in which a group of components come together to
form an ordered structure without outside direction
CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION (CVD)

Øa chemical process used to produce high quality, high-

performance, solid materials.
ØThe process is often used in the semiconductor industry to
produce thin films.
ØIn typical CVD, the wafer (substrate) is exposed to one or more
volatile precursors, which react and/or decompose on the substrate
surface to produce the desired deposit. Frequently, volatile by-
products are also produced, which are removed by gas flow
through the reaction chamber.
Click here
for the
animation
Øhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1MFz0QToX6Q
 MOLECULAR BEAM EPITAXY (MBE)
ØEPITAXY - the natural or artificial growth of crystals on a
crystalline substrate determining their orientation.

ØMolecular beam epitaxy is one method for depositing highly

controlled thin films
ØIt was invented in the late 1960s at Bell Telephone Laboratories
by J. R. Arthur and Alfred Y. Cho.
ØMBE is widely used in the manufacture of semiconductor
devices, including transistors, and it considered one of the
fundamental tools for the development of the nanotechnologies.
ATOMIC LAYER EPITAXY

ØAtomic layer epitaxy (ALE), now more generally called Atomic

Layer Deposition (ALD)
Øis a specialized form of epitaxy that typically deposit alternating
monolayers of two elements onto a substrate for thin film
manufacturing.
ØThe crystal lattice structure achieved is thin, uniform, and aligned
with the structure of the substrate.
DIP PEN LITHOGRAPHY

ØLITHOGRAPHY - the process of printing from a flat

surface treated so as to repel the ink except where it is required
for printing.

ØDip pen lithography is a process in which the tip of an atomic

force microscope is "dipped" into a chemical fluid and then used to
"write" on a surface, like an old fashioned ink pen onto paper
ØSome application includes biosensor functionalization, nanoscale
sensor fabrication, stem cell differentiation.
NANOIMPRINT LITHOGRRAPHY

ØNanoimprint lithography is a process for creating nanoscale

features by "stamping" or "printing" them onto a surface
Ølow cost, high throughput and high resolution.
ØIt creates patterns by mechanical deformation of imprint resist
and subsequent processes. The imprint resist is typically
a monomer or polymer formulation that is cured by heat or UV light
during the imprinting. Adhesion between the resist and the
template is controlled to allow proper release.
ØUsed for LEDs, Micro-fluidics, Lab on a Chip
ROLL TO ROLL PROCESSING

ØRoll-to-roll processing is a high-volume process to produce

nanoscale devices on a roll of ultrathin plastic or metal
Øalso known as web processing, reel-to-reel
processing or R2R,
Øis the process of creating electronic devices on a roll
of flexible plastic or metal foil.
ØUsed for the production of thin film based electronics (e.g
solar cells, active matrix TFT backplanes and touch screen.)
SELF ASSEMBLY

ØSelf-assembly describes the process in which a group of

components come together to form an ordered structure without
outside direction
ØSelf-assembly is a process in which a disordered system of pre-
existing components forms an organized structure or pattern as a
consequence of specific, local interactions among the components
themselves, without external direction.
ØWhen the constitutive components are molecules, the process is
termed molecular self-assembly.
NANOMANUFACTURING

§Structures and properties of materials can be improved

through these nanomanufacturing processes.
§Such nanomaterials can be stronger, lighter,
more durable, water-repellent, anti-
reflective, self-cleaning, ultraviolet- or infrared-
resistant, antifog, antimicrobial, scratch-
resistant, or electrically conductive, among
other traits.
Amazing Applications:

Video 1
Video 2