Asan Angrezi Qawaed

1 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
6, i§Æ°Z¸-,²zzŠg ZaÆ¥áZz+&zZ/¤à ! ²gzZzŠg Z

[ÂŠ»-qZ à Zz ä2~ ,môZ ~ yÒ z y*!i y‚W].
°Z ¸~ ,môZy‚W
( c+iZ {”†ŸZ )
~zZ£Š‡¯*c ·
‚ßa ð^Û×Â ènÃÛq
Ñ **
2 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
l¡n’Ëi
÷pôt £]
( c+iZ {”†ŸZ )°Z ¸~ ,môZy‚W :[ Âx **
yY f¥Ô ~zZ £Š‡¯*c · : ;*@
Š‡¯*c · :-8iì
ag â 2017 :wzZ)®SÍ
Þâ 2017 :ã*U)®á÷ Z
1100 :c+iZŠ Z®
257 :] ,
200 :7
Ñ**
3 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
k‰†`Ê
™ ] ** ZÄ
11 yTÅ Alphabet 1
13 „Å Letters 2
15 È~ ,môZ English pronunciation 3
21 ÈÆ9szwPronunciation of Consonants 4
26 szwlñ{Silent Letters 5
29 „Åx¯ñZ %bZ 6
30 „zp°Å ( ÌZ ) Noun 7
31 †cÌZ Proper Noun 8
32 {ðÌZ Common Noun 9
33 ¦ÌZ Collective Noun 10
34 {Š â ÌZ Material Noun 11
35 ªÌZ Abstract Noun 12
36 „zp°Å ( ) Number 13
39 „zp°Å½( g åH 5E 8EL) Gender 14
42 „zp°Å ( ;) Pronoun 15
43 —; Personal Pronoun 16
45 ò ZZ; Interrogative Pronoun 17
47 !ßñ; Relative Pronoun 18

4 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
G
+
G -oG©$
50 ö ; Distributive Pronoun 19
52 {gá÷ Z; Demonstrative Pronoun 20
53 ~É; Indefinite Pronoun 21
54 ~N *@; Emphatic Pronoun 22
56 āœ; Reciprocal Pronoun 23
57 ÷ ( [gz) The Verb 24
58 p°ÅV©Å Verb 25
61 yzç÷Auxiliary or Helping Verb 26
63 ÿ Å÷ The Verb: Forms

Õ 27
66 ]gzZ: â i Tense & Sentence 28
68 Çwq: â i Present Indefinite Tense 29
72 ~g Ywq: â i Present Continuous Tense 30
75 åwq: â i Present Perfect Tense 31
78 ~g Yåwq: â i Present Perfect Continuous Tense 32
81 Çèâ: â i Past Indefinite Tense 33
83 ~g ZòZèâ: â i Past Continuous Tense 34
85 åèâ: â i Past Perfect Tense 35
87 ~g Yåèâ: â i Past Perfect Continuous Tense 36
89 Çw: â i Future Indefinite Tense 37
91 ~g Yw: â i Future Continuous Tense 38
93 åw: â i Future Perfect Tense 39

5 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
95 å~g Yw: â i Future Perfect Continuous Tense 40
97 ¿îG0.À7 Imperative Sentences 41
98 w!÷gzZszc÷Active Voice & Passive Voice 42
101 w!Çwq: â i Present Indefinite Passive Voice Tense 43
103 w!~g Ywq: â i Present Continuous Passive Voice Tense 44
105 w!åwq: â i Present Perfect Passive Voice Tense 45
107 w!Çèâ: â i Past Indefinite Passive Voice Tense 46
109 w!~g Yèâ: â i Past Continuous Passive Voice Tense 47
111 w!åèâ: â i Past Perfect Passive Voice Tense 48
112 w!Çw: â i Future Indefinite Passive Voice Tense 49
114 w!åw: â i Future Perfect Passive Voice Tense 50
116 w!%Z÷ Imperative Passive Voice 51
118 Modal Auxiliaries 52
126 w!÷yzçModals passive Voice 53
127 Ú Adjective 54
128 =°ÅV©x ÓÅ Adjective 55
131 Þ »~Ú *c ZgŠÆÚ Degree of Adjective

. 56
133 }°‡Æä¯Degree 57
136 wEZT §» Adjectiveë Z¼ 58
140 ÷0( [gz+iZ ) Adverb 59
142 {Š ‚÷0 Simple Adverb 60

6 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
149 !ßñ÷0 Relative Adverb 61
150 ò ZZ÷0 Interrogative Adverb 62
151 Þ »~÷0Adverb Comparison

. 63
153 wEZT §Æ Adverbs ë Z¼ 64
155 g Ysw( ci7~,6) Preposition 65
160 Õsw( ×B”Á ) Conjunction 66
162 Àsw( ×àc ,RyZ ) Interjection 67
164 g] ( kã°yS ) Infinitive 68
167 g]ÌZ ( +&gY ) Gerund 69
168 LÚ ( Þ> ÏKg *0 ) Participle 70
170 Ézp°p ÖZ ( ÀKg W ) Articles 71
174 x » *@Š ¬( ½ Zwz@Öì ) Habitual Actions 72
176 wEZ »ÄŸZ Use of Apostrophe 73
178 ~s$eZzggzZŠ$eZzg Direct & Indirect Speech 74
181 Assertive Sentence 75
189 ¿DZÎInterrogative Sentence 76
191 ¿îG0.À7 Imperative Sentence 77
194 ¿Ô<Z Exclamatory Sentences 78
195 ¿×¬Š Optative Sentence 79
196 îE@6X Spelling 80
200 * ¯p ÖZ Word Formation 81

7 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
201 * ¯ NounÐVerb 82
208 wEZ »]Y, 83
218 yZŠ/¤Å÷Conjugation of Verbs 84
228 'z¹gzZ}gzõ Idioms & Proverbs 85
230 wßZÆ3 ,FÐ~ ,môZgzZ~~ ,môZ 86

GJ454X
231 èG45G ~Š Cã Å¿ 87
231 wBgzZ¶ÃÔ÷ 88
232 ~¼÷ 89
233 i§»ä¯w!t®÷ 90
235 ¸zZ‰:³**÷ÔxiÑ÷ 91
243 “ _~Z‰B¶ÃÔ÷ 92
247 }°‡ÆäC/ 93
250 ÷yzç 94
256 %Z÷ 95
264 x »á Zz~g6gzZ]Š ¬ 96
271 ]0 97
281 wq/0:3 ,FÆ÷] 0¼ 98
283 Þ »~] Ì
. 99
287 ¿'“% 100

8 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ünu†Ö] àÛF u†Ö] ä×Ö] ÜŠe

Â7
( wzZ)®á÷ Z )
Šz*! ÆkZpÔ÷ŠñÁÂ-qZ FÅ%Z/¤~ ,môZ Ì~y*!izŠg Z~Lg â ÂV-
FÐ]”yZgzŠÆ}Š .ZÐV1ÂyZā ðƒtzzÅkZX ~ŠMK,FÃ[ÂkZä¶Zg
ā Çƒ: &ƒo ** It ÁÐ Á ÂñY*c Š Ì: x ** » ¶*c Ú/¤ ZÃXāNƒ kC+Z ,q
7ÃVÂ*! ¹ZX Cƒ$"*U/¤g »gzZÆ{Š *c i ÂCƒÐ i§gzZàegzZ ËZ hð¿7{z/¤ Z
:XlÃsf `gŠ~[ ÂkZä¶ZgñƒpngÃ
™ÄgÃ7ÃD(¨¤á Zz + Y%Z/¤! ²-Ju-qZgzZ *zzŠg Z[ÂtāVa ( ³Z )
p ÖZk˜ZÙCÆ%Z/¤~ ,môZ ñƒpng~‚fÃV- g ZØŠ ÅyZakZÔì ˆ~ŠMK,F
Xì ˆ~Š b ˜ZwŠ ! ²gzZzŠgZÅ
Xì HŠ 3gwìÌ»ÈÆp ÖZ6Æ~ ,môZgzZ b ˜ZÙC( [)
Ås ¸ñ gzZ Ôì HŠ HyÒ ¬ ¹Z Ô÷ bBg wÅms ¸ñ÷ Å°Z ¸( ` )
«£ÆV1ÂvŠ~ VçÅ[ ÂkZÐzz ÏZXì HŠ H~ˆ{™+E »yZ Ô÷ bBg
XÐN *0 í*@z*¼~
Lgt òZÆ qzÑaÆ ä™ Za L9oÐ °Z ¸gzZ [Â ~ „Å t òZ ( Š )
‰ƒ} ,(¼ $‰,6 ¯ ÅTÔì HŠ 3gwì »%Z/¤~ t òZÆˆpÔ÷‰ Çg
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4Ãy*!igzZ ÷ Ë$Y Å¼+h×'~ Ýzg ÅTÔì ˆ~Š w~%yWÆ $ÙC ( { )
X ÷hM¯4Ð
9 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
- V¹ÒÃt Xì ~ Vð; Æ \W[ Ât B‚Æ V@ÃgzZ ]:Sx ÓyZ

J
~¢q)āì **™n²gzZ Ú ZÃ}È %ZÔì ~ Vð; Æ\W Âê »kZÔì [ x»
g (ZwÅy*!i ÅÆZgò Z ¸ÑZÎÐzz Åäƒy*!i Åb‚gzZ Yß )y*!i ~ ,môZ
Ð y*!i ÏZ {)z {)z *Zzg Iè Î Ô < Ô]g ˆ:]5ç9Æ Ï+0igzZì _™
Ôì ~gz¢aÆŠÅÏ+0i] *c gz¢V˜G»y*!ikZ,6Š Cã kZÔ÷ìg YbŠx Z
Xì 7Šñ&„ŠuwŠ gzZ ðÃ4ÐkZaÆ)®á÷ ZzVÅœ£LZ,6R@¬÷z
Xì ~gz¢eÙCG~ ,môZ~¢q)ā÷hMÈëakZ
gzZyz¬ÆXÔ÷B9ÛŠZz**™ ZŠ Zt]»Š‡jœvZx** Ññ[»ë~%yW
ÏZXì 4Š »,'Z,' ~ äÑ-Jµ%Æ)®á÷Z™g Z*Ð iZ%x ÓÃ[ Â kZÃV@Ã
» ä™x ¬ ÐZ™ VZ ~g ZŠ)f Å)®á÷Z ä kZā ÷ yNÌÆ yWÅZ ]ß„ b§
kZgzZ}ŠíñZ %bÃMg ‡Ô}Š s%b%` ZÃ2zç \¬vZā÷ Í ¬Š ëX *c Š x Z9Û
X }WX}Ši ZâÐ)¬qJÃ[Â
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10 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Î]Ü
( xzŠ)®á÷ Z )
„¼Æ)®á÷ Z Å[ Âāì Õ1»VÇâ Ûx™{ C" ÅwZ ,mÑzw,mÝñZ.}¡t
t ,6 µñÆ)®á÷ Z ~uzŠ kZX ˆƒ !öâ ÛÅc+iZ}uzŠgzZ HŠƒ »c+iZ ªˆ¹
çO X N Y ~Š J,( ,q ~gz¢¼aÆ ä™†ŸZ~ $eŠ ÃZ Å[Âā HŠ HkC
X HŠ *c Š™†ŸZ »VßßZÆW Z ,F~c+iZkZ
gzZX ÇñY1B; Vð; ÌÃc+iZ kZ b§ÏZÔBqJÃc+iZ¬b§Tāì yZ
·_Ô äJ ,7 Ô",7Ã[ÂkZāì ¬Š~{ Çg *!ÅwrZzf[gXÐ,™{Š .Zg7½¥
kZgzZ ñâ Ûy‚W»,6]M%KZ™ â Ûs çÃ]Z¨Å]Z|XÔ &Ô ä+h%yÔ ä™
X =°Z[g *c Ô}WX} i ZâÐq=àS{g *!zŠÃ[Â
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22-11-2017
11 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ünu†Ö] àÛF u†Ö] ä×Ö] ÜŠe
Ðf‰ ¡`µ
yTÅ Alphabet
ó ÖZ LÃ {szwgzZ ( L e t t e r ) {
@* Y¹ ( Al p h a b e t ) Ò ó LÃsw~ ~ ,môZ
:÷D Y‘Ðb§zŠ AlphabetXì
X szw} ,(( k{ÞT8 Æ) Capital Letters( 1)
X szwLg ( k{wâ kS ) Small Letters ( 2)
:÷sf `gŠ Capital Letters
A.B.C.D.E.F.G.H.I.J.K.L.M.N.O.P.Q.R.S.T.U.V.W.X.Y.Z.
:÷sf `gŠ Small Letters
a.b.c.d.e.f.g.h.i.j.k.l.m.n.o.p.q.r.s.t.u.v.w.x.y.z.
}°‡ÆwEZÆSmall LettergzZ Capital

:‰Ôì *@ƒ~Capitalåswª»¿ÙCÆ~ ,môZ ( 1)
This is a book. That is a cow.
Xì *@ƒ~Capitalswª»´^ÙCÆ( Poem)Ä~ ,môZ ( 2)
:‰Ôì *@ƒ~Capitalåswª» (†c)x **m{ »qÌË( 3)
Mulana Qasim Nanotawi. Dr.Khalid Hasan.
:‰Ôì *@Y–~CapitalÃV¯wx ÓÆ( ]Z¿)xg Ã^gØ( 4)
DUÃ Delhi UniversityX JMI.Ã Jamia Millia Islamia
12 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Capital å Ô ~ @Ö *c ñW~ qzÑ{ Zp Âƒ wEZ ~ pÆ ó~L#Z I sw ( 5)

~SmallÔLettersx Ó¹*!{z´ÆkZX I go. Don't I go?:‰Ôì *@Y–~
X ÷D Y‘
w
?÷ë HÃ{szw~~ ,môZ ( 1)
?ì x ** H »sw~~ ,môZ ( 2)
?÷ë£ Small Letter gzZ Capital Letter ( 3)
X C}°‡ÆwEZÆSmall LettergzZ Capital Letter( 4)
X Ñ™ÉszwVâzŠ Lgz} ,(Æ~ ,môZ ( 5)
13 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ ]†‰æ
„Å Letters
:÷9zŠ Å Letter Ðg ±ZÆÈ
X Aszwª( szZz) Vowel( 1)
X 9szwª( ïH GE34E&ÎÁ ) Consonant ( 2)
kZ Â ÌðÃ » ~ ,môZXì *@™x » b§Å7,ki Ô,'i~ zŠg Z Vowels ~ ~ ,môZ
X A.E.I.O.U. :÷õ*0 VowelsX Cá7%Æ
X ÷D B Consonantszwx Ó¹*!
}°‡ÆwEZÆConsonantsgzZ Vowels
Ð i ZzWÅ„VowelÌÈ»kZgzZƒ-qZ ðÃÐ ~Vowelswª»ÂT( 1)
:‰Ôì *@YHwEZ » AnaÆä™À,F » óË L*c ÔóðÃ LÔ ó-qZ L¬ÐkZ ÂÔƒ
E
inkpotAn ^7i Z +Z ] ZzŠ-qZ An elephant ïH G3E4¢à } Z+Z ¶;-qZ
An ox ¾zZ+Z â-qZ An apple Þ } Z+Z
> L -qZ
Â
i ZzWÅ Consonant ÌÈ» kZ gzZƒConsonant ~ qzÑÆ ÂT ( 2)
:‰Ôì *@YHwEZ » AaÆä™À,F » óË LÔóðÃ LÔ ó-qZ L¬ÐkZ ÂÔƒÐ
A bird e,'R {+0,6-qZ A book u1R [Â-qZ
~ kZ ÂÔ ñWÅ Vowel i ZzWp;ƒÐConsonant Â]¬zÑÅÂT( 3)
:‰Ô÷D™wEZ » AnaÆÀ,F » óË LÔ óðÃ LÔ ó-qZ L
14 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
E
An hour gzW+Z ‚-qZ An honest ïH i$LW+Z gZŠyZZ-qZ
L~ kZ ÂÔ ñWÅ Consonant i ZzWp;ƒÐVowelÂ]¬zÑÅ ÂT( 4)
:‰Ô÷D™wEZ » AaÆÀ,F » óË LÔóðÃ LÔ ó-qZ
EN
A university ;gzã- R eYðÃ A useful ÿ¡i-R ÆðÃ
w
?÷9XÅ LetterÐg ±ZÆÈ( 1)
X CÈ» ConsonantgzZ Vowel( 2)
?÷H HgzZ÷Ä Vowel Letter( 3)
X C}°‡ÆwEZÆConsonantgzZ Vowel( 4)
X CzzÅäÎAngzZ A._Æä%~p ÖZsf `gŠ ( 5)
]¬zÑÅkZāa kZ Ôì HŠ *c ÎA~ qzÑÆBook Â~ kZ A book.::%
HŠ *c Î An ~ qzÑÆApple Â~ kZ An AppleXì „gƒÐConsonant
Xì „gƒÐAÐ~Vowel]¬zÑÅkZāakZÔì
Cow.Crow.Room.Girl.Egg.Umbrella.Orange.Mobile.
p ÖZ kŠ kŠÆConsonantgzZ Vowel™Ägt ‚Ã[Â ËÅ ~ ,môZ \ W( 6)
X Ñ™É
15 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ ]†Šni
English pronunciation
È~ ,môZ
Ïyz**z,6) Pronunciation 9» p ÖZ³%Â-qZ yZgzŠÆ Iy*!i ~ ,môZ
ÝzgÅXÔ÷ìg Y‘°Z ¸¼Ð mÆÏZ~VzSÅsfXì *@W»Èª( ×} Z
Q Ô÷ ef ~g » yY ÅÈÆVowels ¬ Ð &ƒXì Y Y *c Î Ø »È9~
XÐ,™·_~}g *!ÆÈÆConsonants
È»AszwPronunciation of Vowels
È» A
ó Z LLi ZzWÅ A( 1)
:‰Ôì CW }
at $ Z
f 6, an +Z - Z
q
lad 7 »± man } òŠ W
:‰Ôì CW óW L Li ZzWÅ A( 2)
wall wZz g Z- Š all wW xÓ
war g Zz ðZ ± star g *NkS Zg *@
:‰Ôì CWÅ óZ} Z L Li ZzWÅ A( 3)
share g ZÚ z fare gZ± *c Z™
care g ZÆ { Zz,6 dare g Z} e **™È
16 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
ó Z Li ZzWÅ aÂÔƒ y*c iˆÆA( 4)

Xì *@YJ ,7™ éZhðÐZgzZì CW }
way }z 3 Zg main } m{
pay 9 { Zp@ brain +,' râŠ
È» E
ó Z LL( 1)
:‰Ôì CWi ZzWÅ }
net ,
M wY when +z '“
then +Š $A leg > c
:‰Ôì CWi ZzWÅ ó~ Z LL( 2)
we ~z ë be ! **ƒ
she Ù {z he „ {z
:‰Ôì CWÅ ó~ Z™
L éi ZzWÅkZ ÂÔƒ EE( 3)
weep $xz **zg see Ï 9Š
sleep ïF G3Ò] **Î bee ! íÅß
:‰Ôì CWÅ ó) Li ZzWÅkZ ÂÔñWB‚-qZ EA( 4)
sea Ï g« clean Ý s™
heat ; ò/¤ meat ó &“Í
À
X õ/GŸG&Š}°‡PÆekZÔ Cƒ7i ZzWðÃKZÅkZ ÂñW~%yWÆÂË E( 5)
lñ{ i ZzWÅ e gzZ ì CW ó} Z Li ZzWÅ a ÂñW e ~ %yWQ ñW a ¬ /¤ Z ( ³Z )
Xì CYƒ( Silent)
name 4 x** shame ô xÑ
same ® 6-qZ lame @ Z6
CWÅ óðW Li ZzWÅ i gzZì *@Yƒlñ{ e Ì~kZ Â e~%yWQƒ i ¬/¤ Z ( [)
17 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Xì
wife `Zz ~ç white $V Zz C
line íÑ S nine í** â
X CW7i ZzWðÃÅ egzZì CWÐózZ Li ZzWÅ oÂƒ e~%yWgzZƒ o¬/¤ Z ( ` )
smoke uñkS VZðŠ nose iâ u**
joke u [ hope \ƒ yZ
Xì *@ƒ-ó LLgzZ ózLLÈ» ugzZ Ïƒ7i ZzWðÃÅ eÂ Ô e ~%yWQƒ u¬/¤ Z ( Š )
June y y rule wzg wßZ
tube [k " tune yk iZzW
Xì *@ƒ-ó ZÈL »kZ ÂƒÔ ñWB‚-qZ EW( 6)
sew ± # few A ¼
dew -e M new E *
È» I
Xì *@ƒóS LLÈ» i( 1)
Y
kill ÿ®L *gâ big ëE&L Z,(
gF I Ï
ill wS ship F ^L
ï
Xì CƒóðW LLi ZzWÅ i( 2)
kind ð» y*!$ mike -a â -a â
mind ðâ r âŠ bind ð*! −+0*!
Xì *@Yƒlñ{ ghgzZì CW óðW Li ZzWÅ iÂ ƒ ghˆÆi/¤ Z ( 3)
light $VÑ Ýzg night $V ** ]Zg
high ð; ™zZ right $V Zg 9
18 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Xì CW ó R LLi ZzWÅ i( 4)
dirt ^ge wðŠ birth B,' À
fir m xÛ v shirt ^Ñ 1
Xì *@ƒóñZ LLÈ» i( 5)
admire ], â+iZ p° mire ,]â A
fire ,]Ã vW tire ,]*N wP
Xì *@Yƒó~ ZÈ
L »kZ ÂÔ ñWB‚-qZ ei*c ie ( 6)
achieve zcZ **™Ýq neither gŠã 7ðÃ
piece 5 Z• deceive ±Ÿ bŠāðŠ
È» O
:‰Ôì *@ƒózZ LLÈ» O( 1)
on yzZ 6, dot ^ze `
not ^â 7 top \I zðÑ*!
:‰Ôì CWÅ ózQ LLi ZzWÅ O( 2)
open 6zZ ÜÅ gold ®Í **Î
old ®zZ Jh1 home xƒ y
:‰Ôì CWÅ ózZ Li ZzWÅkZ ÂÔ ñWB‚-qZ OW( 3)
show Ø **3Š sow Î ~,mg
row zg íÑ crow z™ ZÃ
:‰Ôì CƒÏÅ ózW LLi ZzWÅ OW( 4)
how z éRX3 ù cow z éR® ñÇ
now z éRE& [Z bow z7 bÛk¸
19 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
:‰Ôì CƒózQ Li ZzWÅkZ ÂƒOO( 5)

moon yñ +e
0 boot ^1 *@
room xzg {# root ^zg %a
:‰Ôì `ÇÏÅ ózQ LLgzZ ó W LLi ZzWÅkZ ÂƒB‚-qZ OU( 6)
hour gzW ‚ coup \Ã ½ª
our gzZ Zgø soup \Î gZŠkÔkg
:‰Ôì `ÇóñW Li ZzWÅkZ~^Å OY( 7)
joy ñW Ùp toy ñWI **[
boy ñW1 »± hoy ñWƒ i˜*Ng
È» U
:‰Ôì `Çó R Li ZzWLÅ u( 1)
cup '
” !\ but $# p
up \R ,6zZ hut Ø? ~,7Ñ
:‰Ôì CY0ózQ LLi ZzWÅ U( 2)
I
push øF$N bŠ.Š put ìH F"N ´g
puss øF$N © pull ÿF&N n
:‰Ôì `Çb§Å -ó LLi ZzWÅ U( 3)
duty K-e nÛ sure gì D
pure gk -Z durable Þ }g-e
. gZ+Z*0
È» Y
Ôì *@Y HwEZ i (ÅkZ[ ZpÔ å *@ƒwEZ b§Å Vowel ~ ~ ,môZ ãZ,6
20 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Xì *@ƒwEZ Ì,6gîÆAswLLë *@
:‰Ôì Cƒó~ Z LLi ZzWÅ Y( 1)
beauty K-! ]gß[p felony ãß± x%`J
icy ÏðW “,' policy Ïà7 wßZ
:‰Ôì `ÇóñW LLi ZzWÅ Y( 2)
typhoid + éË J$ *N
[ gg~Š• type $ *N
U n
tyre ], *N ], *N dynamitic - ó**ñZe
S Šzg*!»n-qZ
Exercise
?÷ë£ Pronunciation( 1)
Ýq ] â ¥~ }g *! Æpronunciation Å ¾¾~ $kZ ä \ W ( 2)
?X
?÷`Ç,i ZzWH HÅkZÔ÷Ä {zgzZ÷ë£ Vowel( 3)
21 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ ^ãiç2
Pronunciation of Consonants
ÈÆ9szw
:÷Dƒsf `gŠ â ÀÈÆConsonants
B C D F G H J
[ k ŠX e s ` Ôv bX { `
K L M N P Q R
u w x y \ t g
S T V W X Y Z
mX k ^ Ô] z z ¾ ~ pÔnÔiÔ f
wßZÆekZ Ô÷ CY w+$,i ZzWÅszwÑ*! {gÃèÐzz ÅMK,FÅp ÖZ LL
X ÷`gŠn
È» C
Xì *@ƒókÈL »kZ ÂÔì *@WðÃÐ~E, I, YˆÆC( 1)
nice õ** YZ citizen y i KÏ ~à
J J
rice õZg wze cycle ÿ¹$ ‚ ÿ¹$ ‚
cinema X ™ cylinder gY gY
22 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Xì `Çóu Li ZzWÅkZ ÂƒðÃÐ~A, O, U, K, R, T, L, CˆÆC( 2)

cabl Þ.Æ g *@ cap J 8I
coal wÃ ´Ã cow z» ñÇ
cup '” !\ curse k™ ‹Ã
cock uÃ ¸% shock uØ _Š
cruel Lz™ Ýª cracker ™}™ Qî
class k¯ zgŠ clay µ èX)
contact ïH ½G5H"Á ‚Zg doctor ËZ e ËZ e
accept ïH FG34]-qZ *™wJ success ª‹ [ x»
Xì CY0ól Li ZzWÅkZ Âƒea, iaˆÆC( 3)
social ¯Î Y musician µiñ o
ocean ëzZ g« special ¯9kS m{
Xì CY0ól LLgzZ óu LL óaLLi ZzWÅkZ ÂƒHˆÆC( 4)
much ã ¹ teach â * J ,7
chemistry ~,R ø!LÆ ~›Æ cholera Z°» é
machine á á chemise e e
È» D
Xì CYw+$~ó` Li ZzWÅ dÂì *@W i*c uˆÆd/¤ Z
education mZ ½ graduate $ /¤
f åÃ
soldier % wÎ
` Y¯
23 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
È» G
L »kZ ÂÔì *@W eˆÆg/¤ Z :÷ÈzŠÆg( 1)
:‰Ôì *@Yƒó`È
gem š ßË gentle ÞTå òŠ WYZ
age óZ / page £ ™
Xì *@ƒóv È
L »kZ,6V»ÒZ ¹*!( 2)
Y
girl w/¤ Å± big ëE&L Z ,(
go Í ** Y bag á Á
È» S
X lÔkÔi :÷DƒÈ&m{Æs
ÆkZQgzZƒ-qZ ðÃÐ ~be, g, gg, ge, ie,oe, ee, y~%yWÆÂ( 1)
Xì `Çói Li ZzWÅkZ Âƒsˆ
tubes ,)k V1** tribes çEE.J* Z,R \
rags hg }; bags Ú ”
Y"
pegs æE ¾G5F VCDÅ eggs hZ } +&Z
ages çEG.;E } Z / cages çEG.;EÆ Z»
cries , Z™
^ Ø `
? ladies m, 7 'gú
heroes iz‹ òŠ WgŠ · goes iÍ ì *@Y
rupees m zg b bees Ü VªÅß
days ,me yŠ toys KZ I ä[
i ZzWÅkZ Âƒ Î s ˆÆkZgzZƒ f, p, pe, ke, te, ght ~%yWÆÂË ( 2)
Xì Cƒók L
24 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
I
roofs ~zg > ships øF4]L VV
hopes :ƒ , yZ jokes ¾ ]
kites Q» « nights Q** 'Zg
Xì CƒZai ZzWÅ ól L Âƒia, ionˆÆss*c s~Â Ë( 3)
Asia ¨Z x **»WZ,' session ñ g »]æ
Malaysia Š x **»o-qZ Tension j WZ
È» T
X šÔBÔ aÔl:÷DƒÈt~VpqZÆT
Xì `Çól Li ZzWÅ t Âƒ io, ie, iaˆÆ t /¤ Z~ÂË( 1)
illustration ×},RkCS ,¦
k promotion ×ñz,6 ¹,F
I
patient ïH G3E4]9 gF Nation ×ä x¸
initial Ÿ´Z » qzÑ Consequential ŸW, :
CY w+$ ~óaLi ZzWÅ t ÂñW ure ˆÆ t *c ƒ tion ˆÆs ~ ÂË/¤ Z ( 2)
Xì
question `kÃ wZÎ Christian t™ ð|
future % A
l w culture % À
l $
d
Xì `Çi ZzWÅ óš LLgzZì *@ƒÐBó È
L »kZ LÂ hˆÆ t ~ÂË/¤ Z ( 3)
G( G(
thick ë£L *Nñ thin E
è ŸL ‹
this kŠ t then +Š Q
Xì *@YHÐó^È L » thLL( 4)
Thomas éI x**»òŠW-qZ Thames ¡ x**»~+0yß
25 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
äƒ qzÑÐvowels /¤ Zāìt {°‡ » kZ Ôì 9−,7 VâzŠ šgzZ› Ã the ( 5)

/¤ Z gzZ ( -rZ ›) the egg :‰ Ô ì *@Y J ,7 ›ó LÐZ Âƒ the ~ qzÑÆ Â á Zz
:‰Ôì *@Y J ,7 óš LÐZ Âƒ the ~qzÑÆÂá Zz äƒqzÑÐConsonants
X ( Lš ) The cat
Xì CWi ZzWÅsªfÐkZ ÂÔ÷D WB‚-qZ gh/¤ Z~%yWÆÂË
Cough – ´3 laugh sÑ «
Exercise
?÷ë£ Pronunciation( 1)
XÙyÒÐ,ÃkZì J ,7ä\W{°‡~ekZ ( 2)
XÙ w[pÅä™9ÃÈ~ÝzgÅVß VgzZVz°‡( 3)
26 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰7]ç3Þ^µ
szwlñ{Silent Letters
SilentÐ ZÔ *@ƒ7È»kZp;÷D Y‘szwāì *@ƒ(Z L~y*!i ~ ,môZ
Xì Yƒ Ì};%yWgzZ @ÖÔ qzÑÆÂswt Ôì *@ Y¹szwlñ{ ª ( ïH GE34Éñ‚)
X ³,7Ðy·Š¹ZÔ÷ìg Y‘°Z ¸¼aÆ+ TÃkZ~VzSÅsf
Xì *@Yƒ Silent å btÂì *@W b¬Ð t *c ÔˆÆm~ÂË/¤ Z ( 1)
bomb x1 / comb xÃ ´
debt $ e
f nÛŒ doubt ^zZe —
Xì *@YƒSilentånÂì *@W nˆÆm~ÂË/¤ Z ( 2)
6
autumn GW VZ% hymn ê XL £
condemn *eÁ *™Ö#è column Ý» Ý»
Xì Lg SilentåpÂì *@W p¬Ðs *c n~ÂË/¤ Z ( 3)
Pneumonia 64 64 Psalm x‚ 7
½H&L
Pneumatics ø óE ZÛZD Psychology
J
Y ðÒ¹$ ‚ ];
X ÇƒSilentåLÂÔì *@W L¬Ðm, f, k, d, ~ÂË/¤ Z ( 4)
calm x» yj,6 psalm x‚ 7
half s; JŠW calf s» Zô
walk uZz » talk u*N **™]*!
could åH Ń e should åH ]IN ce**ƒ
27 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Xì *@YƒSilentåkÂì *@W k¬Ðn~ÂË/¤ Z ( 5)

know â 'Y knot ^â ÖÇ
knife `** ¸e knock uâ **Í
X ÇƒSilentåÔ gÂì *@W g¬Ðn~ÂË/¤ Z ( 6)
gnat M, ā resign íZi§ bŠ±Z
design íZi~e :% reign +g **™Ö#Ó
X ÇñYƒSilentåCÂì *@W s¬Ðc~ÂË/¤ Z ( 7)
scent Â Òp science b‚ D
scene ¯ © scissors kgiÏ 8
Xì *@YƒSilent åhÂÔì *@W ou, o, uˆÆh~ÂË/¤ Z ( 8)
hour gzW ‚ honour ,3W ]³
honest ï H iG4E&W gZŠyZZ thus kŠ b§kZ
X ÇƒSilent åuÂì *@W a, eˆÆu~ÂË/¤ Z ( 9)
guard egÇ gZNa Guerdon ye/¤ xÅZ
guest ‰ y¶ guess ’ {iZ+0Z
X Çƒ Silent å wÂƒ rˆÆkZgzZƒ w~ÂË/¤ Z ( 10)
write $V Zg r wrong -8zg ß
wrap $xg • wreath ôG-#Gg g;
Xì Lg SilentåghÂì *@W gh, ght~%yWÆÂË/¤ Z ( 11)
sigh ð‚ **½{W high ð; ™zZ
right $V Zg hÔ9 knight $V ** ]Zg
28 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
X ÇƒSilent ådÂƒÂ » d¬Ðg~ÂË/¤ Z ( 12)

Budget P P edge óZ Zg)
grudge `/¤ #ŠÔÛ bridge `,' Þ>
X Çìg Silentå t Âƒ ten~%yWÆÂË/¤ Z ( 13)
Fasten ÍÃ −+0*! Listen èE jL ÅL 7ú
Often @zZ ÒZ Hasten Íì **™~¢
Xì LgSilent9zÒZ eÂì *@W e~%yWÆÂË/¤ Z ( 14)
time ì*N Ü‰z name x** x**
joke u [ rule wzg {°‡
Exercise
?ì *@ƒÈH » Silent( 1)
Å",7 ~ ,môZ 9gzZÚg~ y·Š¹Z Ôì J ,7 {°‡ ~ekZ~ $kZ ( 2)
XÙÒÃ
29 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ ^9ã2
„Åx¯ñZ %bZ
hÃV/ZXì Âª( Word) egzx ** »kZÔì mïi ZzWÌÐy*!iKZyK¨Z
t ~ y*!i ~ ,môZX ÷ ë ( 9Í) Sentence Ã¿ Xì *@Y *c ¯ ] -qZ ™
J W{z Ô÷ ë Parts of Speech ÃkZÔì Ywï » b§J WsÜyK¨Z Word
:÷sf `gŠn
ÌZ yƒ ** Noun 1
; yƒ **z,6 Pronoun 2
Ú k0+iR Adjective 3
÷ [gz Verb 4
÷0 [gz+iR Adverb 5
g Ysw ci7~æLF%L Preposition 6
M
Õsw ÇèE ± Conjunction 7
IL
Àsw èE j½E7Ú S Interjection 8
Xì „g WÐW,Å-qZÙC
w
?÷ë£ SentencegzZ Word ( 1)
?ì YwïWord» b§XÐy*!iKZ {zÂì m1~ ,môZyK¨Z-qZ ( 2)
X Zrx ** »&ƒ?÷H H Parts of Speech ( 3)
30 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çi^‰
„zp°Å ( ÌZ ) Noun
p°Å Noun
X Shop.Karim. Delhi. Pen.:‰Ô÷ë NounÃx **Æq*c (Ô¿Ë
:÷9õ*0 Å Noun
†cÌZ yƒ **,6z,6 Proper Noun 1
{ðÌZ yƒ **ðÃ Common Noun 2
¦ÌZ yƒ **k=Ã Collective Noun 3
{Š â *c ½ÌZ yƒ ** ÿG&M§Kó Material Noun 4
ªÌZ yƒ **l,RáZ Abstract Noun 5
w
?÷ë£ Noun( 1)
X Hkx ** »&ƒ?÷9XÅkZ ( 2)
XÙ Z%` Z ._Æä%~kZ\WÔ÷ìg YbŠ Noun¼n( 3)
Xì x ** »q-qZtāVY ;ì Nount Book::%
( Ï™Ôg Zd) Chair X ( ñÇÔ ƒ » ) Cow X ( 6 Ô@) Fan X ( { i ZzgŠ Ôgze ) Door
X ( çWÔðW ) Eye X ( *c %m Ô e,') Bird X ( yÔkƒ ;) House X ( Å9Ôz+&z) Window
X ( ~{Ô a Zz) WatchX ( y»Ô,k} Z ) Ear
31 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çã:%
†cÌZ Proper Noun
p°Å Proper Noun
Delhi. :‰Ô÷ë Proper Noun Ãx **Æq m{ *c (m{Ô¿m{ Ë
X Patna. Qasim. Quraan.
{°‡
Xì *@ƒ~Capital Letteråswª» Proper Noun ( 1)
X k7¦LÅ Proper Noun ( 2)
Xì *@YH7wEZ » A. An. The.¬ÐProper Noun ( 3)
w
?ì nÅ¾tā CtgzZÙp°Å Proper Noun ( 1)
X ‹¹Z Ôì J ,7}°‡~}g *!ÆProper Noun( 2)
XÙ Z%` Z ._Æ:%~yZ\WÔ÷ìg YbŠ Proper Noun¼n( 3)
Xì x ** »(m{-qZtāakZÔì Proper NountDelhi::%
Khalid. Mumbai. India. Himalayas. Bukhari. Muslim.
Ramazan. Friday. Darul Uloom. Prophet Muhammad.
32 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çÞ
{ðÌZ Common Noun
p°Å Common Noun
Common ÐZ Ôì *@ƒ D» q x ¬ *c (³) Ô¿³)ÐNoun T
X òŠ WÌðÃ ( }) ManX »±ÌðÃ ( ñ1) Boy:‰Ô÷ë Noun
{°‡
Xì *@ƒ7Z ,(swª» Common Noun ( 1)
Xì CYð¯¦Å Common Noun( 2)
w
XÙp°Å Common Noun( 1)
?ì nÅ¾ Common Noun( 2)
X C}°‡ÆCommon Noun( 3)
XÙ Z%` Z ._Æä%\WÔ÷ìg YbŠ Common Noun¼n( 4)
Xì 7x ** » Bookm{ËtāVYÔì Common Nount Book::%
Ô%g Ã) Farmer X ( $.zZ Ô ÿ$Æ M ) Camel X ( ÏÔ^1) Boat X ( ! e ÔÅ ) Key
X ( #|gŠ Ô ~,R ) Tree X ( Ç Ô,R øbL ) Sister X ( ð¸ ÔgŠz,') Brother X ( y‚
X ( ã¹Ô ~g:S) StoryX (àÔ¥) CityX ( ØÔ;) Leaf
33 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]ç‰
¦ÌZ Collective Noun
p°Å Collective Noun
Collective ÐZ Ôì *@ƒ Za x|»·ùÆŠ ZÛZ FÆ]Z f „-qZÐNoun T
X ( )®)Ôš) TeamX ( ` ¯Ôòg W ) Army:‰Ô÷ë Noun
{°‡
Xì *@ƒuZzåCollective Noun( 1)
*@Y 0Common Noun ÂÔì CY ~Š ¯ ¦/¤ Z Å Collective Noun ( 2)
X FamiliesÐFamily:‰Ôì
w
?ì nÅ¾tāñCˆÆä™p°Å Collective Noun( 1)
X ‹ÐZÔì J ,7ä\W{°‡~}g *!ÆCollective Noun( 2)
XÙ Z%` Z ._Æä%~Collective Noun‰bŠn( 3)
Xì *@CÃ´ùÆŠ ZÛZ FtāakZÔì Collective NountClass::%
ArmyX ( }Ô eÙC) HerdX ( : {ÃÔ ~,k$Ñ) LibraryX ( ƒÔ ez™ ) Crowd
X ( ` ¯ÔògW )
34 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çâ…^n+
{Š â ÌZ Material Noun
p°Å Material Noun
ÐZ Â Ôì CY ð¯ q ðÃÐ T Ôì _À x| » {Š â ,Z ËÐNoun T
X ( **ÎÔ®Í ) GoldX ( ~ÇÔ ez óN) Wood:‰Ô÷ë Material Noun
{°‡
Xì *@ƒuZzå Material Noun( 1)
Xì *@Y0Common Noun {zÂÔì CY~Š ¯¦ÅkZ/¤ Z ( 2)
w
?ì nÅ¾tā CtˆÆä™p°Å Material Noun ( 1)
?÷}°‡H HÆwEZÆkZ ( 2)
XÙ Z%` Z ._Æä%» Material Noun‰bŠÆn( 3)
g Ñ" {)z Ï™Ô { i ZzgŠ Ð kZāa kZ Ôì Material Noun tWood::%
X ÷CYð¯,q
Stone X ( ðzg ÔHÃ ) Cotton X ( ~+0e Ôgz ÿ]L ) Silver X ( |ŠzŠ Ô ëÓ$L) Milk
X ( ;ßÔy,]W ) Iron X ( ßÔy:Z )
35 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰7]çâ…ê
ªÌZ Abstract Noun
p°Å Abstract Noun
ÐZ Ôì Cƒ x¥ªz (ªq Å kZ *c ðZ,'Ô ð> Å q ËÐN o u n T
X ( àŠ 3g Ô/ h» ) K i n d n e s s :‰ Ôì *@Y¹ a b s t r a c t N o u n
X ( 4zŠÔ ï I
F ^L hÛ) Friendship
{°‡
Xì *@ƒuZzåAbstract Noun( 1)
Xì *@YH7wEZ » A, An, The¬ÐAbstract Noun( 2)
w
X CÌtì nÅ¾gzZÙp°Å Abstract Noun( 1)
X ‹{°‡ðÃ»wEZÆkZ ( 2)
XÙ Z%` Z ._Æä%» Abstract Noun ‰bŠn( 3)
Xì ;g Cª-qZtāakZÔì Abstract NountLove::%
Ô®Ã ) Cold X ( nZg ** Ô ~EZ ) Angry X ( ÙpÔ ñZ ) Joy X ( 1Ôà) Pain
H o4E&
X ( ~g ZŠyZZÔ ö- G W ) HonestyX ( ZQ
36 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çâ†ni
„zp°Å ( ) Number
p°Å Number
Ô÷ ë Number ÐZ Ôì *@ƒD»äƒ+ZZiÐ -qZ *c -qZÆNoun Ð ÂT
YE _L
X ¦ ( wgß7) Plural( 2)XuZz( °ð 5 ) Singular( 1) :÷9zŠ ÅkZ
½
p°Å Singular
( ñ1) Boy :‰÷ ë Singular ÐZ Ôì *@ƒ Za x|»-qZÐNoun T
X Å±-qZ ( w/¤ ) GirlX »±-qZ
p°Å Plural
:‰ Ô÷ ë P l u r a l ÐZ Ôì *@ƒZ a x| » +ZZi Ð -qZ ÐN o u n T
X VH±F( Ö/¤ ) GirlsXÆ±F( ,^Z1) Boys
}°‡Æä¯ PluralÐSingular
XÔ÷wßZ òZg¼É ;ì 7{°‡´gzZ ìYðÃ»ä¯¦ÐuZz~y*!i ~ ,môZ
X ÷`gŠwßZ¼nX D W7x »(ÙCÔì CYïŠæ¼Ð
:‰Ôì *@Y0PluralÐ¶Š J,(s~%yWÆSingular( 1)
Singular ãç Plural ãç Singular ãç Plural ãç
Cat © Cats V‚ Fan 6 Fans DF
Bat Ò Bats ÒF Book [Â Books ÁÂF
Plural » kZ ÂÔƒ -qZ ðÃÐ ~ S,Sh, Ch, X, Z, O ~%yWÆ ÂT ( 2)
:‰Ô÷D Îes~%yWÆkZaÆä¯
37 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W

Class zgŠ Classes ZgŠ F Box tz1 Boxes tz1F
Brush l,' Brushes l,'F Mango x W Mangoes x WF
Bench l Benches lF Quiz wZÎ Quizzes ] ÑZÎ
¦™ Î ies ™ UÃ y Âƒ ConsonantðÃ¬Ð kZgzZƒY~%yWÆÂT(3)
X÷D¯
Singular ãç Plural ã ç Singular ãç Plural ãç
Baby ^ Babies a Fly µ Flies Vsœ
Army Y¯ Armies Y ¯F Story ã¹ Stories V*¹
Lady ]gú Ladies 'gú City à Cities ,à
:‰Ô÷ïŠ™ ves ™w+$ÃyZ Âƒ fe*c f~%yWÆÂT( 4)
Leaf Ø Leaves í Half JŠ W Halves ñŠ W
Loaf + ,'
i Loaves + ,'F
i Wife ~ç Wives V*c ç
Calf Zô Calves }ô Knife ¸e Knives ¸eF
ïŠ ™ men Ã man aÆ ä¯ ¦ÃkZ Ôì *@W Man ~ %yWÆ ÂT ( 5)
X÷
Woman ]gú Women 'gú Postman É Ze Postmen KZ e

Chairman }o Chairmen }oF Milkman % *@|ŠzŠ Milkmen %` *@|ŠzŠ F
`
38 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
w
X Cx|» PluralgzZ SingularñƒD™p°Å Number( 1)
?÷}°‡H HÆä¯PluralÐSingular( 2)
Singular Ã PluralgzZ ~Plural Ã Singular ÐWords ‰ bŠn (3)
À
X õ/GŸG&Š:%-qZXa+$~
XBoys:ÇƒPlural»kZXìSingular:Boy ::%
XWife :ÇƒSingular»kZXìPlural:Wives
Arm. Boats. Fan. Ass. Foxes. Bush. Dishes. Lorry.
Duty. Family. Leaf. Calf. knife. Woman. Postman.
~Singular Ã PluralgzZ~Plural Ã SingularÐNouns +h×'\W (4)
Xa+$
39 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çâç2
„zp°Å½( g åH E58EL) Gender
p°Å Gender
ÐZ Ô ì *@ƒ D» äƒ yY " *c $/¸ Ô™è ÆNoun Ë)g f ÆWord T
:÷9ge Å GenderX ÷ë Gender
™è½ g — èE ÅLY øG4$L Masculine Gender 1
EE #L
$/ ¸½ g — è ò± Feminine Gender 2
g Z+0Yuœ½ g —ðÃ Common Gender 3
yY" uœ½ g—o Neuter Gender 4
p°Å Masculine Gender
:‰ Ô÷ ë M a s c u l i n e ÐZ Ô ì *@ƒ x¥ **ƒ ™è » kZ ÐN o u n T
X »±BoyX { á÷Š *!( å ) KingX òŠ W( }) Man
p°Å Feminine Gender
÷ ë Feminine Gender ÐZ Ôì *@ƒx¥**ƒ $/ ¸ » kZÐNoun T
X Vâ ( gæ) MotherX Å±( w/¤ ) Girl:‰
p°Å Common Gender
C o m m o n ÐZÔN W ~ ™VâzŠ $/ ¸z ™è g Z+0Y Ð N o u n T
40 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
X D(¨¤( M•e:Z ) StudentX^( ! " ) Baby:‰Ô÷ë Gender

p°Å Neuter Gender
:‰Ô÷ ë Neuter Gender ÐZì *@ƒ D» Vzq yY " ÐNoun T
X ¯ ( à) PenX #|gŠ ( ~,R ) Tree
}°‡Æä¯ FeminineÐMasculine
:‰Ô÷DƒWordµ Zµ ZaÆ$/ ¸z™èÆNoun¼ ( 1)
Masculine Meaning Feminine Meaning
Father \*! Mother Vâ
Uncle R Aunt ce
Man Š% Woman ]gú
:‰Ô÷D ¯Feminine™ J,(ess*c ss~%yWÆ Masculine¼ ( 2)
Tiger è Tigress ãè
Author ' Authoress r
Prince {Š ZP Princess ~Š ZP
Baron [Zâ Baroness [ZâH
ïŠ J,(Word áZz ä™(ªÑŠ ,6 $/ ¸z ™è ~%yW *c qzÑÆNoun ¼ ( 3)
:‰Ô÷
Grand-father * ** Grand-mother ã**
Doctor ËZ eŠ% Lady-doctor ËZ e]gú
He goat Z– She goat ~–
41 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
w
?÷9XÅkZgzZ÷ë£ Gender( 1)
?ì *@Y*c ¯ù FeminineÃ Masculine ( 2)
E
X õG/# TÃ FemininegzZ Masculine ~p ÖZsf `gŠ ( 3)
X &„zŠ ( hÛ) F ri e n d X Ç ( ,R øbL ) S i s te r X ð¸ ( gŠz,') B ro t h e r
( ezz) Wood X Ï™ ( o) ChairX y ( kƒ ;) House X xŠ { ( M•zu) Servant
X vß ( Þ>8 ) PeopleX w*!(‹) HairX ãZg ( +Y ) QueenX ~Ç
42 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çâ…‚ßµ
„zp°Å ( ;) Pronoun
p°Å Pronoun
He. She. :‰Ôì *@Y¹ Pronoun¹ZÔ÷DƒwEZ(Å Nounp ÖZ
X {)zIt.
:÷9J WÅ Pronoun
—; yƒ **z,69k,6 Personal Pronoun 1
DZÎ; yƒ **z,6kÐz,RyS Interrogative Pronoun 2
!ßñG; G yƒ **z,6ká~g Relative Pronoun 3
-+Go©$
ö ; yƒ **z,6kç,RkŸ Distributive Pronoun 4
{g á÷ Z; yƒ **z,6k},R÷ñ~ e Demonstrative Pronoun 5
~É; yƒ **z,6 ìH E"L½ Ÿ yS Indefinite Pronoun 6
(
~N *@; yƒ **z,6 ëH&L õāFxS Emphatic Pronoun 7
āœ; yƒ **z6, Àzg ï F ^L~g Reciprocal Pronoun 8
w
?÷9XÅkZgzZ÷ë£ Pronoun( 1)
?ì nÅ¾ Pronoun( 2)
?÷Ä Parts of Speech ( 3)
43 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çãÖç‰
—;Personal Pronoun
p°Å Personal Pronoun
ÐZ Ôì *@Y H wEZ a Æ äC Ã ]Z f *c ( Ô¿m{ Ë Pronoun
:÷9&ÅkZX ÷ë Personal Pronoun
First Person Ãá Zz ä™]*! ªX 1 ( Í,6 ?) First Person ( 1)
X ë ( ~z) weX ~( ðW ) I:÷zŠtgzZ Xì *@Y¹
ÐZ Ôì CY Å ]*! Ð T ª X ¥# ( Í,6 åH E5½]L ) Second Person ( 2)
X \WÔ ?( ðG$N ) You:ì -qZtgzZì *@Y¹ Second Person
ÐZ Ôì CY Å ]*! 0Æ T ª X $T ¸ ( Í,6 eY) Third Person ( 3)
{z ( Ù) She X ( ™è ñZ,') {z ( „) He :÷ g e t gzZ ì *@Y¹ Third Person
G
X ( ¦ñZ,')&ƒ{z( }Š ) TheyX ( w ð©šÅZ ~zf)ñZ,') {z( ^S ) ItX ( $/ ¸ñZ,')
( Rk ä òâ ) Nominative case( —;) Personal Pronoun
Possessive gzZ à B(ªq ( Rk 0 [zZ ) Objective Case ZÃ (ªq
:Ù±5~'kZÐZÔì CYƒµ Zµ Z~ÄŸZ(ªq ( R±} i7) case
44 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Nominative Meaning Objective Meaning Possessive Meaning

case case case
I ~ Me ÐíÔÃí My, Mine Z÷

We ë Us ÐëÔÃë Our,Ours Zg ø
G'
You \ WÔ ? You Ð?ÔÃ? Your, »\ WÔZg é£+
Yours
He {z Him ÐkZÔÃkZ His »kZ

She {z Her ÐkZÔÃkZ Her. Hers »kZ
It {z It ÐkZÔÃkZ its »kZ
They & {z
ƒ Them yZÔÃ&ƒyZ Their. »&ƒyZ
Ð&ƒ Theirs
w
?ì nÅ¾tā CtgzZÙ p°Å personal Pronoun( 1)
?÷H HgzZ÷9YXÅ Personal Pronoun( 2)
I
X ‹ÐZ Ôì S,7ä\WyZŠ/¤ ( èE jG4µ< ) Conjugation~'( 3)
x ÓÅ NoungzZ9Å kZÔPersonal Pronoun ~ ]g „ˆ~Šn ( 4)
XÙ „ŠyK¶ÅV©
I help you. You will go your home. She kills you. It is
cow. India is our country. We love it. He remembered me.
My book is good. She is mine. They are women. Their
Cloths are red. We looked them. Her mother is not here.
45 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çâ†j‰
ò ZZ;Interrogative Pronoun
p°Å Interrogative
ë Interrogative Pronoun ¹Z Ô÷ D Yi7 wZÎÐPronoun X
:÷õ*0 tX ÷
Who ð4NX yÃ Whose çE 8XN »¾
Whom xƒ Ã¾ Which Ýz ‚yÃ
What ^Zz H
}°‡
X ÷D W~qzÑÆ¿ Interrogative Pronoun ( 1)
Xì *@W÷yzç*c ÷ðÃˆÆyZ#Z Ô÷Dƒ PronounÜ‰zÏZt ( 2)
G
ā #Z ì *@ƒ a Æ w ð©šÅZ ~zf wEZ » Who. Whom. Whose ( 3)
G G
z w ð©šÅZ ~zfaÆä™ÉÃq ËwEZ » Which gzZaÆw ð©šÅZ ~zf)What
G
Xì *@ƒaÆVâzŠw ð©šÅZ ~zf)
wEZ » WhosegzZ à B(ªqwEZ » WhomÔZÃ(ªqwEZ » Who( 4)
À
X õ/GŸG&ŠBVXì *@ƒaÆ°ŸZ(ªq
What is your name? ?ì x ** H »\ W
Who went Delhi? ?HŠyÃ‹Š
Whom did you meet? ?AÐ¾?
46 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Whose is this book? ?ì Å¾[Ât

G'
Which is your pen? ?ì ‚yÃ¯Zg é£+
w
?ì nÅ¾tgzZ÷ë£ Interrogative Pronoun( 1)
?÷H HgzZ÷Ä Interrogative Pronoun( 2)
?÷}°‡H HÆwEZÆInterrogative Pronoun( 3)
XÙ „ŠyK¶Å interrogative Pronoun ~Textsf `gŠ ( 4)
Who are you? Whom does he beat? Whose is the Taj?
Whom do you like? What are you eating? Which is your
baby? Which is his house? What is he reading? Who will
teach? Whose is this pen?
XÙ lˆÃ Interrogative PronounÌgzZ~BookKZ\ W( 5)
47 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çâ…^ã:]
!ßñ;Relative Pronoun
p°Å Relative Pronoun
@* Y¹ Relative Pronoun ÐZ Ôì *@™x » » ähÃVÓ zŠ Pronoun
ÏAZ ) Antecedent Ã]ñƒñW¬Ð!ßñ;X ÷D W~@ÖÆ¿tXì
:÷sf `gŠtgzZXì *@Y¹wßñgzZ U%( M•
What ^Zz H Which Ýz ‚yÃ
Who ƒ yÃ That $ Š
f ā
Whom xƒ Ã¾ But H E"M
ì É
Whose iƒ »¾ As m, Z 6
{°‡
Xì *@W~@ÖÆ¿â À Relative Pronoun( 1)
G
ā #Z ì *@ƒ a Æ w ð©šÅZ ~zf wEZ » Who. Whom. Whose ( 2)
G
a Æ Vzq yY " gzZ Vzgâ Y wEZ » Which gzZ a Æ w ð©šÅZ ~zf)What
À
: õ/GŸG&ŠBVXì *@ƒ
The man who is honest ~ Ï+0i Ôì g ZŠ yZZ òŠ W {z
succeeds in the life. Xì *@ƒ[ x»
These are the dogs Which bit *N »ÃV” ä V2÷ È „zt
the children. Xå
48 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
This was the man whom the Hg ë/¤ä Ö7 & ÔåòŠ W„zt
police arrested. Xå
This is the boy whose life ˆ ðX yY Å Tì »±{z ¸
was saved. X¶
What ā#Z Ôì *@ƒ wEZaÆ Vzq yY" gzZ Vzgâ Y ÔVâ K¨Z That ( 2)
:‰Xì *@ƒwEZaÆVzqyY"sÜ
This is the horse that carried *c Ñ VŒ = ì Z h˜ {z ¸
me here. Xå
This is what I want. X åLe~ì q{z¸
What is done is done X HŠƒÎÔ HŠƒ
Relative Pronoun ,6 äƒ wEZ ˆ ÆSame *c Such Â As ( 3)
:‰Ôì *@ƒ
This is not such a good car ;g aÎ~Üì 7g »hZâZ+Zt
as I expected. Xå
G+'
My answers are same as b§ Å ] *!Z }g é£ ]*!Z }÷
yours. X÷
sÜt Xā 7(Z ðÃªWhich not *c Who not āì *@ƒ x|» But ( 4)
gzZ °ŸZ (ªq Possessive Ôì *@ƒ wEZ ~ (ªq ZÃ ªNominative
:‰X *@ƒ7wEZ~à B(ªq Objective
There was no one present but ²WäT å7(Z òŠ WðÃ
shed tears. X Vƒñ·:
49 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
w
?ì nÅ¾tā CˆÆä™p°Å Relative Pronoun( 1)
XÙ#sŸzÅkZì J ,7ä\W{°‡~ekZ ( 2)
XÙ#sŸzÅ Relative PronounáZzäƒwEZ~Vß Vsf `gŠ ( 3)
The woman who was there, was frightened. X ˆg e ¶VŒ ]gú{z
The children who work hard, always pass. k*0 å {zÔ÷ D™œJa
÷Dƒ
The horse which Khalid bought, is white. XìCZ+h%yä−{&Zh˜{z
The book which has pictures in it, is mine. Xì ~÷÷,,k¦~T[Â{z
These are the pen, which we lost yesterday. X¸‰ƒËÀÐë ÷¯„zt
Happy is the man, that avoids bad company. Xì ÇÐÄ~,'ì lpòŠ W{z
This is the house, that built Ahmad. Xì *c Z´ä£Z&ì y„zt
What one man has done, another man can Xì Y™ÌZuzŠÔ HäòŠ W-qZ¼
do.
I found, what I was looking for. X ˆï=å;g™lˆ~q

He is not such a clever student, as you are. Xƒ?6ì 7D(¨¤gŠ ·(Z {z
These apples are not such, as I bought À ä ~ ‰ ÷ 7,z LÂt
yesterday. X¸}+h%y
G'
His opinion is the same, as yours. Xì -qZ ñZg ~g é£+gzZÅkZ
There is no country, but has some great : òŠ W} ,( V˜ ì 7o (Z ðÃ
men in it. X Vƒ
X ¯BV+h×'\W~ÝzgÅVß VyZ ( 4)
50 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çŠnÞ]
G
-+GoG©$
ö ;Distributive Pronoun
p°Å Distributive Pronoun
ÐZ Ô}™ #sŸz Å -qZ ÙC Ð ~ âZ *c m¾Z ñƒ ñW ~ ¿Noun
X ÷õ*0 tgzZX ÷ë Distributive Pronoun
Either gŠ ~ S - ZÙCÐ~VâzŠ Neither
q gŠ ã 7ðÃÐ~VâzŠ
Each ÝS - ZÙC
q None á 7ðÃ
Any ã} Z ðÃ
{°‡
X ÇñY*c Î OfåˆÆp ÖZyZ ( 1)
{Š *c iÐ zŠ *c zŠ wEZ » Each ÔaÆVzq zŠ wEZ » Either. Neither.( 2)
À
X õG/ŸG&ŠBVXì *@YHaÆ{Š *c iÐzŠwEZ » Any. NonegzZaÆ
Neither of the two passed. X Zƒ7k*0 ðÃÐ~VâzŠ
Neither of them was a good X å7~h î YZ ðÃ~VâzŠ
player.
Take either of these two XßáÃVñWVâzŠyZ
mangoes.
Either of you can go. XƒhMYVâzŠ ?
Each of you will get a prize. X Ç}™Ýqx ÅZ-qZÙCÐ~?
51 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Any of these five boys may Y ÌðÃÐ ~ VÃ± Vv*0 yZ

go. Xì Y
None of them can do it. X Y™7ÐZ ðÃÐ~yZ
w
?ì nÅ¾tā CtgzZÙp°Å Distributive Pronoun( 1)
?÷}°‡H HÆwEZÆDistributive Pronoun( 2)
X ¯BVkŠkŠ Ái Z Á,6Â-qZÙC~ÝzgÅVß VÑ*!{gÃè( 3)
52 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰7]çŠne
{g á÷ Z;Demonstrative Pronoun
p°Å Demonstrative Pronoun
Demonstrative ÐZ Ôì *@Y H {g á÷ Z s§Å Noun ËÐ Pronoun T
:÷g etXì *@Y¹ Pronoun
This k› t These ,mŠ &ƒt
That $fš {z Those izŠ &ƒ{z
{°‡
Xì *@W( ³**÷) Linking Verb Zg ¯ˆÆPronounyZ ( 1)
wÅwB ( [zZ ) Object*c ¶Ã( &ƒ) Subjectå p ÖZt( 2)
X ÷DƒwEZÐ
H wEZ a Æ }g á÷ Z Æ q RÛŒ ¦ ñZ,'These gzZ uZz ñZ,'This ( 3)
aÆ}g á÷ Zs§ÅVzq ÅgzŠ ¦ñZ,'Those gzZuZz ñZ,'That ā#Z Ôì *@Y
À
X õ/GŸG&ŠBVXì *@YHwEZ
This is a book Xì [Â-qZt
These are boys. X ÷Æ±&ƒt
That is a man. Xì òŠ W-qZ {z
Those are girls. X ÷VH±&ƒ{z
w
?ì nÅ¾tā CgzZÙp°Å Demonstrative Pronoun( 1)
X ‹¹Z÷ñ ,7ä\W}°‡ÆwEZÆkZ ( 2)
X ¯BV+h×'ÅkZÝzgÅVß VÑ*!{gÃè( 3)
53 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çŠnÒ]
~É;Indefinite Pronoun
p°Å Indefinite Pronoun
Indefinite Ð ZÔì *@YHwEZaÆq*c ¿x¥**gzZ³)Pronoun
:÷sf `gŠtX ÷ë Pronoun
All wW xÓ Other gŠ Z }uzŠ
Few A ¼ Any body ~ +%ã} Z ðÃ
Many ãó F No body ~ +%â 7ðÃ
\M \M
Some ê ¼ Some body ~ +% ê vß¼
None á 7ðÃ One yË - Z ðÃ
q
X BV
All were happy. X¸lpvßx Ó
One should do one's duty XcebŠx ZnÛCZÃË
Few will pass. XÐVƒk*0 ¼
Somebody has stolen my car. X ÷`™~gag» ~÷vß¼
Be good to others. X ƒ W7ÐðYZB‚ÆVzuzŠ
w
?ì nÅ¾tā CgzZÙ p°Å Indefinite Pronoun( 1)
X ‹B‚Æp÷H H Indefinite Pronoun( 2)
54 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰7]çŠnñê
~N *@;Emphatic Pronoun
p°Å Emphatic Pronoun
Emphatic ÐZ ì *@ƒ a Æ % Z e gzi ,6 q ËwEZ » Pronoun T
X ÷ë Pronoun
Possessive Æ Personal Pronoun Ô Emphatic Pronoun
¿gzZX ÷ D ¯ ™ ÎSelves ~Plural gzZ Self ~Singular B‚ÆCase
XÙ±5~'kZÃkZX ÷D ÑˆÆSubject*c Verb~
Personal Pronoun Emphatic Pronoun Meaning
My Myself Špä~
Our Ourselves Špäë
Your Yourself. Yourselves Špä?
His Himself ŠpäkZ
Her Herself ŠpäkZ
It Itself ŠpäkZ
Their Their selves äV,ZŠp
One Oneself Špä-qZ
À
: õ/GŸG&ŠBV
He punished himself. X ~Š ZwÃŠpäkZ
We deceived ourselves. X *c ŠāðŠÃ\WLZäë
I trained myself. X ÅMš,FKZŠpä~
He himself did it. X HÐZ ( „)ŠpäkZ
I myself punished him. X ~Š ZwÐZ ( „ )Špä~
You Yourself will do. XÐz™ ( „)Šp ?
55 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
w
?ì nÅ¾tā CgzZXÙ p°Å Emphatic Pronoun( 1)
X ¯BV+h×'gzZX ‹ÃuHŠ *c Š~}g *!ÆEmphatic Pronoun( 2)
X ¯BV+h×'ÅkZ\ W~ÝzgÅVß VÑ*!{gÃè( 3)
56 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰7]çŠnòi
āœ;Reciprocal Pronoun
p°Å Reciprocal Pronoun
Reciprocal ÐZ Ôì *@™ÙCª Ã *g z mÐ }uzŠ -qZ Pronoun
:÷zŠÀtgzZì Cá™ïÐPronounzŠtXì *@Y¹ Pronoun
Each other gŠ R ÝS }uzŠ-qZ One another gŠâ} ZyË }uzŠ-qZ
{°‡
Xì *@ƒaÆVzqzŠ *c m¾ZzŠwEZ » Each other( 1)
:‰Xì *@ƒaÆVzqzm¾Z+ZZiÐzŠwEZ » One another( 2)
The two boys love each other. g \ Ð }uzŠ -qZ Æ± zŠ
X ÷D ™
The two girls helped each Šæ Å}uzŠ -qZ ä VY±zŠ
other. XÅ
The boys quarreled with one Ð }uzŠ -qZ ä VÃ±
another. X H Z×
The children beat one another. X Zg â Ã}uzŠ-qZäV”
w
?ì nÅ¾tā CtgzZÙ p°Å Reciprocal Pronoun( 1)
?÷H HgzZ÷Ä Reciprocal Pronoun( 2)
X ¯BV+h×'ÅkZ~ÝzgÅVß VÑ*!{gÃè( 3)
57 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çŠneç2
÷( [gz) The Verb
p°Å Verb
:‰X ÷ë VerbÐZÔì *@Y¹¼~}g *!Æq*c (ÔòŠ WËÐWordT
Khalid writes a letter. Xì qâ-qZ−{
Zahid goes to Delhi. Xì *@Y‹Š@Zi
:÷9g eÅ Verb
~¼÷ [gzk } iyZ,R Transitive Verb 1
xiÑ÷[gzk} iyZ,RyS Intransitive Verb 2
YE
³**÷ [gz ëE5½5ÅL Linking Verb 3
Y X
yzç÷ [gz ëE5G4F5ÒG54*c ~°/¦zZ Auxiliary or Helping verb 4
w
?ì nÅ¾tā CgzZÙp°Å Verb( 1)
X Cx ** »-qZÙCÔ÷9XÅ Verb( 2)
58 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çŠn3µ
p°ÅV©Å Verb
p°Å Transitive Verb( 1)
ÐZÔ *@ƒ 7Zg7 % Æ wB ( [zZ ) O b j e c t x| » V e r b T
:‰Ôì *@Y¹ Transitive Verb
She writes a letter. Xì —â-qZ {z
Shahid opened the door. X ÑÅ{ i ZzgŠ ä@á÷
p°Å Intransitive Verb( 2)

ÐZ Ô C,7 7]gz¢ Å O b j e c t Ëa Æ ä™ åÃx|ÆV e r b T
:‰Ôì *@Y¹ Intransitive Verb
He swims in the river. Xì *@¾~~+0{z
I Sleep. X Vƒ*@Î~
p°Å Linking Verb( 3)

( ïH GE34$Þ> Á ) ComplementÂ }uzŠ ËaÆä™Zg7Ãx|ÆVerbT
Xì *@B Linking Verb {zÔì C,7]gz¢Å
āVY ;ƒ HŠ H: wEZ verb ðÃˆÆkZāì ~gz¢aÆLinking Verb
‰ bŠ p ÖZ sf `gŠXÐN Y0Helping Verb t Â ÇƒVerb ðÃˆÆkZ/¤ Z
59 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
÷DƒwEZ,6gîÆLinking VerbB‚ÆSubject
Subject Linking verb Meaning
he, she, it and singular is ì
you, we, they and plural are ÷
I am Vƒ
he, she, it, and singular was å
you, we they and plural were ¸
he, she, it and singular has ( !ñZ,')ì
you, we, they and plural have ( !ñZ,')÷
with all the subjects had ( ! )¸Ô å
i and we shall be ÐVƒÔ ÇVƒ
he, she, it, you, they, will be ÐVƒÔ ÇVƒ
singular and plural
Dì *@Y¹ ¼ ~ }g *! Æ T~ TD Ã { áZz ¬ ~ VÓ Æ kZ
*@Y ¹¼ ~ T DÃ{ áZz }uzŠ gzZ Xì *@Y¹ Z‰ª ( &ƒ) Subject
À
X õG/ŸG&ŠBVXì *@Y¹¸ª ( L~ e,6) PredicateDì
He is a boy. »± -qZ {z I am a girl. X VƒÅ±-qZ~
Xì
G'
She has a k*0 Æ kZ You have a -qZ k*0 }g é£+
pen. Xì ¯-qZ book. Xì [ Â
They were lp &ƒ {z We had a y-qZk*0 }g ø
happy. X¸ home. Xå
60 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
I shall be o¢ ~ He will be X Çƒf *Z {z

strong. X ÇVƒ teacher.
ª Predicatep ÖZi,FgzZX ÷ Z‰ª Subject p ÖZ {>â~ Vß VyZ
Æ W Z ,FaÆ°Z ¸+h×'Æ¸z Z‰X ÷Linking Verb p ÖZ XÆ @ÖgzZ X ÷ ¸
X ,™·_»yZÄÆZ‰B¶ÃÔ «“ _ÆwßZ
w
?÷H HgzZ ?÷9XÅ Verb( 1)
XÙp°Å Linking Verb( 2)
Å-qZÙC Ôì *@ƒ wEZ ‚yÃB‚Æ Subject ÁÁgzZ ÷ p ÖZ ÄÆ kZ ( 3)
X C,
?÷ë H~~ ,môZÃ¸zZ‰( 4)
i Z Á,6w V-qZÙC ñƒD ¯:%ÃVß Vˆ~Š~#sŸzÅ Linking Verb( 5)
X ¯¿ääÁ
61 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çŠnfã2
yzç÷Auxiliary or Helping Verb
p°Å Auxiliary Verb
ÐZÔ ì *@Y *c ¯ ÃVâ â igzZ VªZÅ Verb)gf ÆVerb T
Helping
:‰Ôì *@Y¹ Verb
He does not talk. Xì *@™7]*! {z wq÷
He was talking. X å;g™] *!{z èâ ÷
He will talk. X Ç}™] *!{z w÷
:÷9zŠ Å Helping Verb
X ( ~°/¦zZ ~ÎZ,6) Primary Auxiliaries( 1)
X ( ~°/¦zZweñ) Modal Auxiliaries( 2)
÷sf `gŠp ÖZÆPrimary Auxiliaries
Be. am. is. are. was. were. do. does. did. has. have.
had.
:÷D YKwEZp ÖZsf `gŠ,6gîÆModal Auxiliaries
will. would. shall. should. can. could. may. might. must.
(am to.is to. are to. have to etc.) ought to. used to. dare.
need.
Xì YYŒÐukZÃtÛá ZzäYñ*0 gzZwEZ µZñÆVâzŠyZ
62 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Primary Auxiliary Modal Auxiliary
1 :‰Ôì YYHwEZ Ë%Æ÷Ã~°/¦zZ ~ÎZ,6 Y YH7wEZ Ë%Æ÷Ã~°/¦zZweñ
He is a rich man. He has much He should go. She

wealth. might pass.
2 ÆNumber Æ ¶Ã ªSubject ~°/¦zZ ~ÎZ,6 ._Æ Æ ¶Ã ~°/¦zZ weñ

:‰Ôì *@Yw+$._ Xì LgV7åÉ ;ì m+$7
I am going home. They are going home. I will go. They will go.
3 ¹Z ™ Ît o ¬ Ð B e , d o . h a v e ¬ Ð ~°/¦zZ weñ Ì Ë
Xì *@YHwEZ™ ¯g]( kã°yS ) Infinitive to will. to ÔYY *c Î 7To
She wants to be rich. Xì ßI{)zcan
She wants to do it.
She wants to have it.
4 Þ Ï Kg*0 ¹Z™ Î ing B‚ ÆHave gzZ Be » ingB‚Æ~°/¦zZweñÌË

>
Xì YY*c ¯LÚ ( Participle) Xì YYH7wEZ
Being tired, I went home.
Having passed, she was very happy.
5 Ô *@Y H7wEZ »n«Å÷B‚ÆHave gzZ Be gzZ sÜB‚Æ ~°/¦zZ weñX

Xì ßI They have go:‰ Ôì *@YHwEZn«Å÷sÜ
X ÇñY¹ They have gone. I will go. You can go.
w
X Cx **ÆV©x ÓÅkZgzZÙ p°Å Helping verb( 1)
XÙ yÒÃtÛá ZzäYñ*0 ~V©VâzŠ ÅkZ ( 2)
X ‹ã*!iÔ÷D Wp ÖZÐyÃyÃÆnVâzŠ ( 3)
63 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çŠnñ^j‰
ÿ Å÷The Verb: Forms
Õ
p°Å Form
wEZ ÿÕ Å ( ÷) Verb aÆä™ÙCªÃwgzZ wqÔèâ :V©Åäâ i
:÷k ( ^) Formg esf `gŠ Å VerbÔ÷ë Form¹ZÔ÷CYÅ
Present •
M i ~,6 First form ^«
Past & *0
† Second form ^~uzŠ
Past Participle Þ ÏKg *0 &†*0
> Third form ^~Š
Present Participle Þ ÏKg *0 M•i ~,6 _ing form
> ^~g ZòZ
}°‡Æäh ing
:‰Ôì *@Y*c Š UÃ eÜ‰zD h ingÂƒe~%yWÆVerbË/¤ Z ( 1)
Come=Coming. Write=writing. Abuse=abusing.
Ð kZgzZƒConsonant gzZ ðÃ{z´ÆY, R, W ~%yWÆVerb Ë/¤ Z ( 2)
:‰Ôì *@Y–g *!zŠsw~%yWÜ‰zD h ing ÂÔƒVowel-qZ¬
Cut=cutting. Swim=swimming. Stop=stopping.
Vowel ðÃ¬ Ð kZgzZƒ-qZ ðÃÐ ~Y, R, W ~%yWÆVerb Ë/¤ Z ( 3)
:‰Ô*@Y–7g *!zŠsw~%yWÜ‰zD h ingÂƒ
64 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Blow=blowing. Water=watering. Play=playing.

~pðÃÜ‰z D h ing ~ kZ Â ƒ ye, oe, ee ~%yWÆVerb Ë/¤ Z ( 4)
:‰ÔCYÅ7
Agree=agreeing. Shoe=shoeing. Eye=eyeing.
ïŠ w+$ ~y Ã ie Ü‰z D h ing ~ kZ Â Ôƒ ie ~%yWÆVerb Ë/¤ Z ( 5)
Die=dying. Lie=lying. :‰Ô÷
*c Š J,(kˆ Æc Ü‰z D h ing ~ kZ ÂÔ ƒ c ~ %yWÆ Verb Ë/¤ Z ( 6)
( **™Ü) Mimic=mimicking.( **™™) Frolic=frolicking.:‰Ôì *@Y
Ôì 7ç{°‡ðÃ»ä¯ÆkZ÷CYð¯ Ð w+$zŠg Åp ÖZ ÿÕZÅ Verb
X ÷D YKg (Z j§sf `gŠ%Z
:‰Ôì CYð¯^~ŠgzZ ~uzŠ™ Îed*c d~%yWÆVerbËLL( 1)
1st form 2nd form 3rdform ing form Meaning
Ask asked asked asking Þ7
Call called Called calling **g å
Close closed closed closing *™È
CYð¯^~ŠgzZ ~uzŠ™ Î ied*c id ™ UÃkZƒ y ~%yWÆVerbT( 2)
Xì
1st form 2nd form 3rd form ing form Meaning
Copy copied copied copying *™Ü
Say said said saying I
Reply replied replied replying bŠ[ Z
CYð éE5E4Ó¹Î~ŠgzZ ~uzŠ™hÃp ÖZ}uzŠ Ë*c t ~%yWÆVerb ËL( 3)
Xì
65 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W

Bend bent bent bending D
bring brought brought bring ** Ñ
build built built building *™y
:‰Ôì Lg „-qZ~ form VÐVerb LL( 4)
1sr form 2nd form 3rd form ing form Meaning
Bet bet bet betting * ÎoÑ
Cut cut cut cutting R»
Let let let * hg
letting
:‰ì *@Yƒµ Zµ Z~ formVÐ%Æ{°‡Ë VerbLL( 5)
Awake awoke awaken awaking H Y
k
Arise arose arisen arising 3Z
Eat ate eaten eating *3
w
?÷ÿÕXÅ VerbÐg ±ZÆäâ i ( 1)
?÷}°‡H HÆäh ing( 2)
?÷j§H HÆä¯FormsÆVerb ( 3)
X ¯ÃVªVzg eÅ÷ÐVerb‰ÆwEZ~Text BookKZ ( 4)
66 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çŠnñ^ã:]
]gzZ: â i Tense & Sentence
:÷9&Åäâ i
wqU â i 9M•i,6 Present Tense 1
èâ Uâ i 9&†*0 Past Tense 2
wUâ i 9%lA Future Tense 3
:÷9g eg eÅV©VÐyZQ
³)*c Ç H E"L°~ eyZ
ì Indefinite 1
~g Y*c ~g ZòZ kzäKÁ Continuous 2
E
å ïH ½G5¢,6 Perfect 3
E
~g Yå kzäKÁïH ½G5¢,6 Perfect Continuous 4
:÷9iÅ¿
]µ 9ÍkóÛZ Affirmative Sentence 1
]t 9ÍkÐã Negative Sentence 2
qzÑÐyzç÷ Û ZkÐzg L yS
Interrogative Affirmative 3
]DZÎµÑZzäƒ kó Sentence (Helping Verb)
qzÑÐyzç÷ ÐãkÐzgLyZ Interrogative Negative 4

]DZÎtÑZzäƒ 9Ík Sentence (With helping verb)
äƒqzÑÐÂDZÎ Û ZkÐzg L yZ
Interrogative Affirmative 5
]DZÎµÑZz kó Sentence (Question Words)
67 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
äƒqzÑÐÂDZÎ kÐzg L yZ Interrogative Negative 6

]DZÎtÑZz kÐã Sentence (Question Words)
:÷{g *!p ÖZDZÎ~~ ,môZ

1 What H 2 Which ÏyÃÔ ‚yÃ
3 Where V¹ 4 How ù
5 When '
“ 6 Who ä¾ÔyÃ
7 Why VY 8 How many ( Š Z®ñZ,')Ä
9 Whose Å¾ 10 How much ( g ZlñZ,') Ä
11 Whom Æ¾ÔÃ¾Ô£ 12 How long Ð'“
w
?÷H HgzZ÷Ä Tense ( 1)
?÷Cƒ9XXÅV©VÐÅ Tense( 2)
?÷H HgzZ÷Ä Sentence( 3)
?÷H HgzZ÷Ä ( p ÖZDZÎ) Question Words ( 4)
68 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çŠnjÞ]
Çwq: â i Present Indefinite Tense ( 1)
p°Å Present Indefinite Tense
ÐZ Ôì Cƒx¥]*! 0Ð ä™ *c äƒÆx » Ë~ äâ i {ŠñÐ VÓX
X ÷ë Present Indefinite TenseÇwq: â i
X {)zì CÔ÷D Ôì *@:Ö#´
Do. Does.''''':÷yzç Helping Verb
Do :B‚ÆI, we, you, they & plural
Does :B‚ÆHe, she, it & singular
Subject + Verb 1st form.:]µªAffirmative:{°‡
Subject+Helping Verb+Not+Verb 1st form.]tNegative
yZŠ/¤ ( ×Ð Á ) Conjugation

Conjugation Meaning Sentence
I go. X Vƒ*@Y~ Affirmative
I don't go. X Vƒ*@Y7~ Negative
Do I go? ?Vƒ*@Y~H Interrogative Affirmative with Helping Verb
Don't I go? ?Vƒ*@Y7~H Interrogative Negative with Helping Verb
Where do I go? ?Vƒ*@YV¹~ Interrogative Affirmative with question word
Where don't I ?Vƒ*@Y7V¹~ Interrogative Negative with question word
go?
69 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
He goes. Xì *@Y{z Affirmative
He doesn't go. Xì *@Y7{z Negative
Does he go? Xì *@Y{zH Interrogative Affirmative with helping Verb
Doesn't he go? ?ì *@Y7{zH Interrogative Negative with helping verb
Where does he go? ?ì *@YV¹{z Interrogative Affirmative with question word
Where doesn't he go? ?ì *@Y7V¹{z Interrogative Negative with question word
{°‡
Verb ~Affirmative Sentence ÆSingular gzZ He, She, It, ( 1)
X He goes. She talks. It rains.:‰Ôì *@Y*c Îes*c s ~%yWÆ
~H:†Ô÷DƒqzÑÐ ó óH L LÂDZÎ¿DZÎ~Vâ *!i{)z~y*c zŠg Z/¤ Z ( 2)
É ;*@Y*c Ñ 7Â ðÃa Æ ä¯ ~ ,môZ Å óH LkZ ÂÔ {)z ƒ _,7 ? HÔVƒ *@Î
gzZ ÷ D™]¬zÑÅ¿™ Î Does*c Do ¬ ÐSubject ._ÆSubject
:‰Ô÷D™wEZ » 1st FormÅ verb
Do you read ? ?ƒ_,7?H
Does she sleep? ?ì CÎ{zH
Â÷ D W~ yxgŠÆ¿ {)zù V¹Ô VY‰p ÖZDZÎ~ VÓDZÎ/¤ Z ( 3)
Helping ._ÆSubject Q Ô ì CY è~ ,môZ Å p ÖZDZÎyZ ¬ Ð &ƒ
:‰Ô÷D Ñ 1st formÅ Verb~%yWgzZ÷˜ Subject™ ÎVerb
Where does she sleep? ?ì CÎV¹{z
When do you awake? ?ƒM Y'“ ?
kZ Ôì *@Y *c Î 7Does gzZ Do ªHelping Verb ˆÆWho DZÎ( 4)
Xì *@Y*c Î Helping VerbB‚Æp ÖZDZÎ¹*!Xì *@Y*c ÑVerb ˆZg ¯Æ
70 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Who teach you? ?ì *@J ,7yÃ"

Who beat her? ?ì *@gâ yÃÐZ
Why does she play? ?ì ‡VY{z
Where do you go? ?ƒD YV¹ ?
» Never aÆ ä™ Za x|» ó ó7L L L~Negative Sentence ( 5)
gzZ *@Y *c Î 7Does *c Do Ô Helping Verb B‚ÆNever X ÷ D™wEZ
B‚ÆSingular Subject gzZ÷ D™ wEZ » 1st form Å Verb å
À
X õG/ŸG&ŠBVXì *@Y*c ÎÌes *c s~%yWÆ1st formÅ Verb
He never writes. Xì q7L{z
She never talks. Xì C™] *!7L{z
You never meet. XƒX7L?
We never drink. X ÷WÃ7Lë
ˆ Æ kZ gzZ Helping Verb ˆ ÆSubject a Æ ä¯Negative( 6)
Ã Not gzZ Helping VerbÃ7Æg "Z~~ ,môZyg eñX ÷D ÎÂ» Not
Do + not = don't. Does + not = doesn't :÷˜ b§kZ™5
71 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Exercise
X C‘´ÅkZgzZÙ p°Å Present Indefinite Tense( 1)
Helping ‚yÃB‚ÆSubject ¾gzZ ÷ Helping Verb ÄÆkZ ( 2)
?ì *@YHwEZ Verb
¿Negative gzZ Affirmative ÆPresent Indefinite Tense( 3)
X C}°‡Æä¯
Å P r e s e n t I n d e f i n i t e T e n s e ÐV e r b sf `gŠ ( 4)
XÙyZŠ/¤ªConjugation
LikeX ( **™ ZŠ Z ) PayX ( 'â ¬) ObeyX ( **™]‡5) MeetX ( 9 Š ) Look
fightX ( **™Šæ) HelpX ( **g â ) KillX ( bŠ .Š ) PushX ( ÜÅ ) OpenX ( **™I)
X ( **±)
-qZÙC I. We. You. They. He. She. It ÐVerb x Ó Ñ*! {gÃè ( 5)
XÙyZŠ/¤B‚ÆSubject
X ¯Negative SentenceB‚ÆNever ÐVerbx ÓÑ*!{gÃè( 6)
72 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çŠni
~g Ywq: â i Present Continuous Tense ( 2)
p°Å Present Continuous Tense
ÐZì Cƒx¥]*! Åg DƒÚgzZ ~g YÆx »~ äâ i {ŠñÐ VÓX
Xì *@Y¹ Present Continuous Tense
X {)zì „gÔ÷ìgÔì ;g :Ö#´
is. am. are ''''''':Helping Verb
is :B‚ÆsingulargzZ He. She. It
are :B‚ÆPluralgzZ You. They. We.
am :B‚ÆI
{°‡
Subject + Helping Verb+Verb_ing + Object.
Conjugation
He is going. Xì ; g Y{ z
He isn't going. Xì ;g Y7{z
Is he going? ?ì ;g Y{zH
Isn't he going? ?ì ;g Y7{zH
Where is he going? ?ì ;g YV¹{z
Where isn't he going? ?ì ;g Y7V¹{z
73 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
You are going. Xƒìg Y?

You aren't going. Xƒìg Y7?
Are you going? ?ƒìg Y?H
Aren't you going? ?ƒìg Y7?H
Where are you going? ðM4Xìg YV¹ ?
Where aren't you ?ƒìg Y7V¹ ?
going?
I am going. X Vƒ;gY~
I am not going. X Vƒ;g Y7~
Am I going? ?Vƒ;g Y~H
Am I not going? ?Vƒ;g Y7~H
Where am I going? ?Vƒ;g YV¹~
Where am I not going? ?Vƒ ;g Y7V¹~
{°‡
Subject a Æ ~ ,môZ ÅkZ Âì „gƒÐ ó óH L LÂDZÎ]¬zÑÅ¿/¤ Z ( 1)
:‰Ô÷D Ñ~qzÑÆ¿Ã is, am, are ªHelping Verb._Æ
Are you talking? ?ƒìg™] *!?H
Am I sleeping? ?Vƒ;gÎ~H
Is she singing? ?ì „gÇ{zH
Åp ÖZDZÎyZ ¬ ÂÔN W{)zùÔV¹VY :p ÖZDZÎ~ yxgŠÆ ¿ /¤ Z ( 2)
:‰Ôì CYðÑ~ ,môZ
74 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Why are we awaking? ?÷ìgv YVYvßë

where is she sitting? ?ì „gÖV¹{z
When am I going? ?Vƒ;g Y'“~
ˆ Æ kZgzZ Helping Verb ˆ ÆSubject a Æ ä¯Negative( 3)
is + not =isn't. are + not = aren't. :÷˜ b§kZ™5
Xì Cƒ7~p~am not X am + not =am not.
Exercise
X C‘´ÅkZgzZÙp°Å Present Continuous Tense( 1)
Helping ‚ yÃB‚ÆSubject ¾gzZ ÷Helping Verb ÄÆ kZ ( 2)
?ì *@YHwEZ Verb
ª ConjugationÅ Present Continuous TenseÐp ÖZyZ ( 3)
XÙyZŠ/¤
I) LikeX (**™ZŠZ) PayX ('â¬) ObeyX (**™]‡5) MeetX( 9 Š) Look
X ( **±) fightX ( **™Šæ) HelpX (**gâ) KillX( bŠ.Š ) PushX (ÜÅ ) OpenX (**™
-qZÙCI. We. You. They. He. She. It ÐVerb x ÓÑ*! {gÃè ( 4)
XÙyZŠ/¤B‚Æ Subject
75 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çŠnjÒ]
åwq: â i Present Perfect Tense ( 3)
p°Å Present Perfect Tense
ÐZÔì Cƒx¥] *!Åä™ *c äƒåÆx »ËÐVÓX
Xì *@Y¹ Present Perfect Tense
X {)zì 1Ôì *c ŠÔì _Ô÷`Ôì [:Ö#´
Has. Have ''''''''':Helping Verb
Have :B‚ÆI, We, You, They and Plural
Has B‚ÆHe, She, It and singular
{°‡
Subject + Helping Verb + Verb 3rd form + Object.
Conjugation
I have gone. X Vƒ[Y~
I haven't gone. X Vƒ[Y7~
Have I gone? ?Vƒ[Y~H
Haven't I gone? ?Vƒ[Y7~H
Where have I gone? ?Vƒ[YV¹~
Where Haven't I gone? ?Vƒ[Y7V¹~
76 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
He has gone. X ì [Y { z
He hasn't gone. Xì [Y7{z
Has he gone? ?ì [Y{zH
Hasn't he gone? ?ì [Y7{zH
Where has he gone? ?ì [YV¹{z
Where hasn't he gone? ?ì [Y7V¹{z
{°‡
x|Ìt ÷zÔì *@ƒx¥**ƒ »»x »V˜ ~Present Perfect Tense( 1)
Xì ðƒ7,kŠ {Š *c iñƒ»x »ÌZāì *@ƒ
x|» ó óL L LgzZ yet *c so far aÆä™ Za x|» ó ó-JÌZ L L~ VÓt( 2)
:‰Ô÷D™wEZ » everaÆä™Za
They have not seen the Taj Mahal yet. ì ¬Š7û` *@-JÌZäV,Z
Sister has not taken her food so far. X *c 37**3 CZ-JÌZäÇ
Have you ever seen the Red Fort? ?¬Š°wÑLä?H
ˆÆ kZgzZ Helping Verb ˆÆSubject aÆä¯Negative( 3)
Have + not = Haven't. Has + not = hasn't :÷˜ b§kZ™5
77 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Exercise
X C‘´ÅkZgzZÙp°Å Present Perfect Tense( 1)
X CÌwEZT §»yZ ñƒD™#sŸzÅkZ÷÷yzçÄÆkZ ( 2)
XÙ ConjugationåB‚ÆSubjectsx ÓÅkZ ( 3)
B‚ ÆSubjects x Ó {g*!zŠ B‚ Æquestion words µ Z µ Z Q ( 4)
XÙ Conjugation
XÙ ConjugationåÐVerbsf `gŠ ( 5)
Give=given X ( **™ I) Forbid=forbiddenX ( ** Z h Z Ô ** h Z ) Fly=flown
X ( ** d\) Hang=hungX ( ** *0 Ô **™Ýq ) get=gotX ( bŠ )
¿Æ kZ ~ zŠg Z ¬ ~ Ýzg Å Vá´ Å Present Perfect Tense ( 6)
X ¯~ ,môZÅkZQ ¯
78 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çŠnje
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
~g Yåwq: â i ( 4)
p°Å Present Perfect Continuous Tense
7åÌZgzZì ~g YÐ Ü‰z¼x »~wq Uâ iāì Cƒx¥] *!tÐ VÓX
Xì *@Y¹ Present Perfect Continuous TenseÐZ ÂÔì Zƒ
X {)zì „g CÔ÷ìg D Ôì ;g*@:Ö#´
X Has been. Have been'''' :Helping Verb
Have been :B‚ÆI, We, You, They and Plural
Has been :B‚ÆHe, She, It and Singular
{°‡
Subject + Helping Verb+ Verb_ing + Object
Conjugation
I have been going. X Vƒ;g *@Y~
I haven't been going. X Vƒ;g *@Y7~
Have I been going? ?Vƒ;g *@Y~H
Haven't I been going? ?Vƒ;g *@Y7~H
Where Have I been going? ?Vƒ;g *@YV¹~
Where Haven't I been going? ?Vƒ;g *@Y7V¹~
79 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
He has been going. Xì ;g *@Y{z

He hasn't been going. Xì ;g *@Y7{z
Has he been going? ?ì ;g *@Y{zH
Hasn't he been going? ?ì ;g*@Y7{zH
Where has he been going? ?ì ;g *@YV¹{z
Where hasn't he been going? ?ì ;g *@Y7V¹{z
{°‡
Present Perfect gzZ Present Continuous Tense ( 1)
Ôì *@Y–7Ü‰z~~g Ywq: â iāì tÛ Ú ZsÜ~Continuous Tense
Xì *@Y–Ü‰z~~gYåwq: â iā#Z
ªPoint of time~Present Perfect Continuous Tense ( 2)
Ü‰z³)ªPeriod of time gzZì *@Y HwEZ » Since aÆÜ‰z³
X ÷D™wEZ » For aÆ
Ð W õ*0 ÔÐ WzŠ :‰ì*NÔÍÔx **ÆV¸Ôx **ÆVâŠ ÔVÎ,6 Ô ÀÔx á÷Ô ð( 3)
Ô] Ô 4gzZ X Çƒ wEZ » Since aÆ kZa kZ Ôì *@Y Hg Ñ~ Ü‰z ³{)z
{)zÐ ¹J WÔÐ yŠ âÔÐ ¹g e ÔÐ ] &ÔÐ 4 õ*0 :‰{)z w‚Ô¹ÔyŠ
:‰Ô ÇƒwE» For aÆkZakZÔì *@YŒÜ‰z³)
I Have been going since 2 o' clock. X Vƒ;g *@YÐW zŠ~
She has been reading since Friday. Xì „gf,7Ð.{z
We have been eating for 3 hours. X ÷ìg D 3Ð]&ë
They have been beating for five weeks. ÷ìg D™ðîÐ‹õ*0 &ƒ{z
80 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Exercise
XÙ p°Å Present Perfect Continuous Tense( 1)
?÷H HgzZ÷ Helping VerbÄ EÆkZ ( 2)
XÙyZŠ/¤ÅkZgzZ ‹{°‡»wEZT §ÆkZ ( 3)
XÙwEZÃÂDZÎµ Zµ Z~kZgzZÙ yZŠ/¤B‚ÆSubjectsx Ó( 4)
XÙ Conjugation ÅkZÐVerb sf `gŠ ( 5)
X ( CÁ) DrinkX ( **™lˆÔ** *0 ) FindX ( ** î ) FeedX ( **ŠÅ ) DigX ( **™ ) DO
X ¯~ ,môZÅkZQÔ ¯¿zŠg ZÆkZ¬~ÝzgÅVá´( 6)
81 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çŠnjni
Çèâ: â i Past Indefinite Tense ( 5)
p°Å Past Indefinite Tense
ÐZ ÂÔ å[ƒå„¬x »āì Cƒx¥]*!tÐVÓX
Xì *@Y¹ Past Indefinite Tense
X {)z*c ŠÔ 1Ô¶Ô¸Ô å:Ö#´
Did'''''''''':Helping Verb
Did I, We, They, You, He, She, It,
:B‚ÆSubject x ÓªSingular & Plural
]µ{°‡
Subject + Verb 2nd form + Object
]t{°‡
Subject + Helping Verb +Not + Verb1st form + Obj.
Conjugation
He went. X HŠ{z
He didn't go. X HŠ7{z
Did he go? ?HŠ{zH
Didn't he go? ?HŠ7{zH
Where did he go? ?HŠV¹{z
Where didn't he go? ?HŠ7V¹{z
82 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
{°‡
B‚Æ kZgzZ Never ˆ ÆSubject a Æ ä™ Za x|» ó ó7L L L( 1)
:‰Ô÷D™wEZ » Verb 2nd form
He never forgot. X åmÈ7L{z
She never spoke. X ¶r17L{z
X ÷`W¬ÐkZ ÷„z}°‡&ƒ¹*!Ðá ZjÆä¯¿DZÎ( 2)
Exercise
X C‘´ÅkZgzZÙp°Å Past Indefinite Tense( 1)
X ‹yZŠ/¤ÅkZñƒD™#sŸzÅ Helping VerbÆkZ ( 2)
X ‹yZŠ/¤B‚ÆQuestion words gzZ Subjectsµ Zµ Z[ Z ( 3)
X ¯yZŠ/¤åÅkZÐVerbsÆsf ( 4)
X ( ** 3 ) Eat=ate X ( ** W ) Come=came X ( ]) Cling=clung
X ( **¾) Swim=swamX ( **ƒZ9 ) Stand=stoodX ( ** î ) Feed=fed
X ¯~ ,môZÅkZQ ¯¿ÆÇèâ ~zŠgZ¬( 5)
83 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çŠniç2
~g Yèâ: â i Past Continuous Tense ( 6)
p°Å Past Continuous Tense
ÐZ ÂÔåZƒ7ågzZ å~g Y¬x »āì Cƒx¥]*!tÐVÓX
Xì *@Y¹ Past Continuous Tense
X {)z¶„gÔ¸ìgÔ å;g :‘´
X Was. Were'''''''''' :Helping Verb
Was B‚ÆI, He, She, It and Singular
Were :B‚ÆYou, We, They and Plural
{°‡
Subject + Helping Verb + Verb_ing + Object
Conjugation
I was going. X å;gY~
I wasn't going. X å;g Y7~
Was I going? ?å;g Y~H
Wasn't I going? ?å;g Y7~H
Where was I going? ?å;g YV¹~
Where wasn't I going? ?å;g Y7V¹~
84 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
You were going. X¸ìg Y?

You weren't going. X¸ìg Y7?
Were you going? ?¸ìg Y?H
Weren't you going? ?¸ìg Y7?H
Where were you going? ?¸ìg YV¹ ?
Where weren't you going? ?¸ìg Y7V¹ ?
Exercise
XÙp°Å Past Continuous Tense( 1)
?÷Ä Helping VerbgzZ÷H H‘´ÅkZ ( 2)
XÙyZŠ/¤åñƒD C{°‡»wEZÆkZ ( 3)
XÙyZŠ/¤B‚ÆSubjectsx ÓÐVerbsf `gŠ ( 4)
X ( r ) WriteX ( Sœ) WinX ( <) WearX ( ** h M) TearX ( 8¢) Take
X ¯~ ,môZÅyZQ ¯¿~zŠg Z~ÝzgÅVá´ÅkZ ( 5)
85 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çŠnjßnµ
åèâ: â i Past Perfect Tense ( 7)
p°Å Past Perfect Tense
ÐZ ÂÔì [ƒ»„¬x »āì Cƒx¥]*!tÐVÓX
Xì *@Y¹ Past Perfect Tense
X {)zå*c ŠÔ å1Ô ¶_Ô¸` Ô å[:‘´
Had'''''''''''':Helping Verb
Had I,we,you,they,he,she,it,singular
:B‚Æ Subject x Óª& plural
{°‡
Subject + Helping Verb + Verb 3rd form + object.
Conjugation
He had gone. X å [Y { z
He hadn't gone. X å[Y7{z
Had he gone? ? å[Y{ z H
Hadn't he gone? ?å[Y7{zH
Where had he gone? ?å[YV¹{z
Where hadn't he gone? ?å[Y7V¹{z
86 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Exercise
XÙp°Å Past Perfect Tense( 1)
X C÷yzçgzZ‘´ÅkZ ( 2)
XÙyZŠ/¤B‚ÆSubjects x Ó( 3)
XÙyZŠ/¤ÅkZÐkZQgzZÙ lˆ Verb Ð[ÂKZ\ W( 4)
XÙÀ,F~ ,môZ »kZQÔ ¯¿ÆzŠg Z¬~ÝzgÅVá´( 5)
87 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çŠnjã2
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
~g Yåèâ: â i ( 8)
p°Å Past Perfect Continuous Tense
åZƒ7»ÌZgzZ å;g W*@ƒÐÜ‰z¼~èâ x »āì Cƒx¥]*!tÐVÓX
Xì *@Y¹ Past Perfect Continuous TenseÐZ Â
X {)z¶„g CÔ¸ìgD Ô å;g *@:‘´
Had been I,we,you,they,he,she,it,singular &
:B‚Æ Subject x Ó plural
{°‡
Subject + Helping Verb + Verb_ing + Object.
Conjugation
He had been going. X å;g *@Y{z
He hadn't been going. X å;g *@Y7{z
Had he been going? ?å;g *@Y{zH
Hadn't he been going? ?å;g*@Y7{zH
where had he been going? ?å;g *@YV¹{z
Where hadn't he been going? ?å;g *@Y7V¹{z
88 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
{°‡
Xì *@Y*c ŠÜ‰z»g ~g YÆx »~~g Yåèâ!: â i ( 1)
X ÷D™wEZ » For aÆÜ‰z³)gzZ SinceaÆÜ‰z³( 2)
Exercise
?÷ë£ Past Perfect Continuous Tense( 1)
?÷H HgzZ÷Helping Verb ÄÆkZ ( 2)
XÙyZŠ/¤ågzZ CwEZT §»kZ ( 3)
Å kZB‚ÆSubjects x ÓQÙ lˆVerb ~ kZ gzZ VZ ~Öe ( 4)
X ¯Conjugation
XÙø÷Z,R »kZQ ¯¿ÆzŠg Z¬~ÝzgÅVá´( 5)
89 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çŠnjßn‰
Çw: â i Future Indefinite Tense ( 9)
p°Å Future Indefinite Tense
ÐZ Âì ÑZzäƒ~äâ i{ÒWx »āì Cƒx¥]*!tÐVÓX
Xì *@Y¹ Future Indefinite Tense
X {)zÏÔÐÔ Ç :‘´
X Shall. Will ''''''''':Helping Verb
Shall :B‚ÆI , We
Will Y o u , T h e y, H e , S h e , I t ,
:B‚ÆSingular & Plural
{°‡
Subject + Helping Verb + Verb 1st form + Object
Conjugation
I shall go. X ÇVzY~
I shalln't go. X ÇVzY7~
Shall I go? ?ÇVzY~H
Shalln't I go? ?ÇVzY7~H
Where shall I go? ?ÇVzYV¹~
Where shalln't I go? ?ÇVzY7V¹~
90 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
You will go. XÐzY?

You won't go. XÐzY7?
Will you go? ?ÐzY?H
Won't you go? ?ÐzY7?H
Where will you go? ?ÐzYV¹ ?
Where won't you go? ?ÐzY7V¹ ?
{°‡
ÑZz äƒ wEZB‚ÆI,we Ü‰z D™ÙCª ~g6 *c ¬Ô ÏŠ â WÔ¢( 1)
Helping
B‚Æ {)z He, she, It b§ÏZX Çƒ wEZ » Will ñOÆShall ªVerb
X ÇñYHwE» Will
Exercise
X C‘´ÅkZgzZÙ p° Å Future Indefinite Tense( 1)
X ‹yZŠ/¤ÅkZB‚ÆSubjectx ÓgzZp ÖZDZÎx Ó( 2)
X ¯~ ,môZÅkZ™ ¯¿~zŠg Z~ÝzgÅ]â ´( 3)
XÙyZŠ/¤ÅkZB‚ÆSubjectx ÓÐVerbs‰bŠn( 4)
Sell X ( bŠ .Š ) Push X ( „Ä) Peep X ( **™]Š „) PrayX ( o ) Play
X ( **+h%y) BuyX ( Š)
91 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çŠni\]
~g Yw: â i Future Continuous Tense ( 10)
p°Å Future Continuous Tense
ÐZÔì ~g Y~äâ i{ÒWx »āì Cƒx¥]*!tÐVÓX
Xì *@Y¹ Future Continuous Tense
X {)zÏƒ„gÔÐVƒìgÔ Çƒ;g :‘´
X Shall be. Will be'''''''':Helping Verb
Shall be :B‚ÆI. We
Will be You, they, he,she, it singular &
:B‚Æplural
{°‡
Conjugation
I shall be going. X ÇVƒ;gY~
I shalln't be going. X ÇVƒ;g Y7~
Shall I be going? ?ÇVƒ;g Y~H
Shalln't I be going? ?ÇVƒ;g Y7~H
Where shall I be going? ÇVƒ;g YV¹~
Where shalln't I be going? ?ÇVƒ;g Y7V¹~
92 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
He will be going. X Çƒ;gY{z

He won't be going. X Çƒ;g Y7{z
Will he be going? ?Çƒ;g Y{zH
Won't he be going? ?Çƒ;g Y7{zH
Where will he be going? ?Çƒ;g YV¹{z
Where won't he be going? ?Çƒ;g Y7V¹{z
Exercise
X C‘´ÅkZgzZÙp°Å Future Continuous Tense( 1)
XÙyZŠ/¤B‚ÆVE Ãx ÓgzZÙ#sŸzÅ Helping Verb ÆkZ ( 2)
XÙ w™ ¯BV+h×'ÅkZ~ÝzgÅVá´( 3)
93 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çŠnÖ^jÞ]
åw: â i Future Perfect Tense ( 11)
p°Å Future Perfect Tense
ÐZÔ åHŠƒ»~wx »āì Cƒx¥]*!tÐVÓX
Xì *@Y¹ Future Perfect Tense
X {)zÏƒ_ÔÐVƒ` ÔÇƒ[:‘´
X Shall have. Will have'''''''':Helping Verb
Shall have :þB‚ÆI, we
Will have You, they, he, she, it singular &
:B‚Æplural
{°‡
Subject + Helping Verb + Verb 3rd form + Object
Conjugation
I shall have gone. X ÇVƒ[Y~
I shalln't have gone. X ÇVƒ[Y7~
Shall I have gone? ?ÇVƒ[Y~H
Shalln't I have gone? ?ÇVƒ[Y7~H
Where shall I have gone? ?ÇVƒ[YV¹~
Where shalln't I have gone? ?ÇVƒ[Y7V¹~
94 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
He will have gone. X Çƒ[Y{z

He won't have gone. X Çƒ[Y7{z
Will he have gone? ?Çƒ[Y{zH
Won't he have gone? ?Çƒ[Y7{zH
Where will he have gone? ?Çƒ[YV¹{z
Where won't he have gone? ?Çƒ[Y7V¹{z
{°‡
ƒ™f »äƒ»x »,6Ü‰z³Ë/¤ Z~VÓÆFuture Perfect Tense ( 1)
:‰Ô÷D™wEZ » byaÆäCÃÜ‰zkZ Â
I shall have completed by ten o'clock. X ÇVƒ[™åWkŠ~
She will have taken by nine o'clock. X Ïƒ_áWâ{z
Exercise
X C‘´gzZÙp°Å Future Perfect Tense( 1)
XÙ yZŠ/¤åÅkZB‚ÆSubjectsx Ó( 2)
XÙyZŠ/¤~g7~g7ÅkZÐkZ™áVerbÐ[ Â ~uzŠ Ë*c ~Öe ( 3)
XÙ wgzZ ¯BV+h×'ÅkZ™Ägt ‚ÃVá´( 4)
95 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çŠnÖ^2
Future Perfect Continuous Tense
~g Yåw: â i ( 12)
p°Å Future Perfect Continuous Tense
ÐZ ÂÔÇƒ;g*@ƒg *@Î~wx »āì Cƒx¥]*!tÐVÓX
Xì *@Y¹ Future Perfect Continuous Tense
X {)zÏ„g CÔÐ÷g D Ô Çƒ;g *@:‘´
Shall have been. Will have been''':Helping Verb
Shall have been :B‚ÆI, We
Will have been You, they, he, she, it singular &
:B‚Æplural
{°‡
Conjugation
I shall have been going. X ÇVƒ;g*@Y~
I shalln't have been going. X ÇVƒ;g *@Y7~
Shall I have been going? ?ÇVƒ;g *@Y~H
Shalln't I have been going? ?ÇVƒ;g *@Y7~H
Where shall I have been going? ?ÇVƒ;g *@YV¹~
Where shalln't I have been going? ?ÇVƒ;g *@Y7V¹~
96 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
He will have been going. X Çƒ;g *@Y{z

He won't have been going. X Çƒ;g *@Y7{z
Will he have been going? ?Çƒ;g *@Y{zH
Won't he have been going? ?Çƒ;g*@Y7{zH
Where will he have been going? ?Çƒ;g *@YV¹{z
Where won't he have been going? ?Çƒ;g *@Y7V¹{z
{°‡
a Æ Ü‰z ³Xì *@Y *c C ÌÜ‰z »g ~g YÆ x » ~ ~g Y åwq: â i ( 1)
Xì *@YHwEZ » ForaÆÜ‰z³)gzZ Since
Have ~ ~ ,môZ +h.] X ì Î äƒ Á ¹ À ` W wEZ » Tense kZ ( 2)
:‰Ô÷D ÎContinueñOÆbeen
Modern English Old English
He will continue work. He will have been working
She will continue read. She will have been reading.
Exercise
XÙp°Å Future Perfect Continuous Tense( 1)
XÙyZŠ/¤B‚ÆSubjectsx ÓgzZÙ#sŸzÅVá´ÅkZ ( 2)
™ ¯BVŠ Z®Ñ,6kZgzZÙ #sŸzÅVh§áZzäƒwEZ~~ ,môZ+h.]( 3)
XÙ w
XÙyZŠ/¤ÅkZÐVerb‰bŠ~$Ô( 4)
97 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çŠnÖ^jÒ]
¿îG0.À7 Imperative Sentences
p°Å Imperative Sentence
ÐZÔì CY~Š ñZg*c &„ZpgŠÔlgZ*Ô¬ÐVÓX
Xì *@Y¹]îG0.À7( 9Ík},6xS ) Imperative Sentence
X {)zÔð,7Ôz™:‰:‘´
{°‡
ä™]¬zÑÅ¿Ð1st form Å Verb ~VÓµªAffirmative ( 1)
À
: õG/ŸG&ŠwVX ÷D Y0¿îG0.À7zt%ZÐ
Read. Xð,7
Come. XîW
Æx|Æó ó7L L gL zZ Do not ]¬zÑÅ¿ ~ VÓtªNegative ( 2)
:‰Ô÷D™wEZ » Verb 1st formgzZ÷D™ÐNevera
Do not drink. XkÖ#
Never go. X î YÖ#L
i ¸W » ¿ ÐPlease, Kindly ~ VÓ áZz &„ZpgŠ ªRequest( 3)
:‰Ô÷D™
Kindly help me. X z™Šæ~÷ã*!$ñZ,'
Please sleep. X î YÎx™ñZ,'
:‰Ô÷D™i ¸W»¿ÐLet ~¿áZz,m?*c ñZg( 4)
Let me read. X zŠ",7=
Let us play. X zŠÉ…
98 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çŠnÖ^ne
Active Voice & Passive Voice
w!÷gzZszc÷
p°Åszc÷( õZzÐ Z ) Active Voice
»¶ÃSubjectgzZì ˆ~Š ß,FÃ¶ÃªSubject āƒx¥] *!tÐ¿T
Xì *@Y¹ Active VoiceÐZ ÂÔì ;g™ZŠ Zwzg
p°Åw!÷( õZz±9) Passive Voice
ÚÅ÷Verb gzZì ˆ~Š ß,FÃwBªObject āƒx¥]*! t ~¿T
Xì *@Y¹ Passive Voice ÐZ Âì ˆÅs§Å Object
Xì *@Y*c ¯Ð~¼÷ªTransitive VerbåPassive Voice
}°‡Æä¯w!÷Ðszc÷
Xì *@Y*c Î by¬ÐObjectkZgzZì *@Y*c ¯ObjectÃ Subject ( 1)
Q ì *@Y *c Î Helping Verb ._ÆSubject á Zz qzÑÆ ¿( 2)
À
X õ/GŸG&ŠBVXì *@YHwEZ Verb 3rd form
Active Voice Passive Voice
Shahid studys a book. A book is studied by Shahid.
Salma buys a pen. A pen is bought by Salma.
w!÷ÂƒPronoun ñOÆNoun Ë~Subject Æ szc÷/¤ Z ( 3)

Xì *@Y*c Š™sp~^sf `gŠÃ PronounkZ~
99 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Active Voice Subject Passive Voice Objects

Pronouns Pronouns
I by me
We by us
You by you
He by him
She by her
It by it
They by them
Who by whom
BV
I write a letter. A letter is written by me.
We study books. The books are studied by us.
÷ÃkZ ÂƒPronoun ðÃwBªObject ðÃ~ szc÷/¤ Z b§ÏZ ( 4)
Xì *@Y*c Š™sp~^sf `gŠ~w!
Active Voice Object Passive Voice Subject
Pronoun Pronoun
Me I
Us We
You You
Him He
100 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Her She
It It
Them They
Whom Who
À
X õ/GŸG&ŠBV
Shahid beats me. I am beaten by Shahid.
You teach us. We are taught by you.
ÌËā Va gzZX ÷ DƒTenses {g *! ~active Voice :^â
Perfect
X k7Passive Voice Å Future Continuous gzZ Å Continuous
X ÷W‘Passive Voice Tenses J WsÜÐg ±ZkZ
Exercise
XÙp°Å Passive VoicegzZ Active Voice ( 1)
X C}°‡Æä¯Passive Voice ÐActive Voice ( 2)
101 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çŠnÖ^jni
Present Indefinite Passive Voice Tense
w!Çwq: â i ( 1)
p°Å Present Indefinite Passive Voice Tense
ÐZ Ôì Cƒ x¥]*! Å äƒ *c äYKÆ x » Ë~ äâ i {ŠñÐ VÓ X
Xì *@Y¹ Present Indefinite Passive Voice Tense
X {)zì CYÅÔ÷D YKÔì *@YH:‘´
X is. are. am''''':Helping Verb
is B‚ÆHe, She, It and Singular
are :B‚ÆYou, We, They and Plural
am :B‚ÆI
{°‡
Subject+ Helping Verb + Verb 3rd form + by + Object
Conjugation
X I write a letter:szcÇwq÷wV
A letter is written by me. Xì *@Y*c –Ðíâ-qZ
A letter isn't written by me. Xì *@Y*c –7Ðíâ-qZ
Is a letter written by me? ?ì *@Y*c –Ðíâ-qZ H
Isn't a letter written by me? ?ì *@Y*c –7Ðíâ-qZ H
Where is a letter written by me? ?ì *@Y*c –â-qZV¹Ðí
Where isn't a letter written by me? ?ì *@Y*c –7â-qZV¹Ðí
102 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
The boys are beaten by me. X ÷D YWÄÐíÆ±

The boys aren't beaten by me. X ÷D YWÄ7ÐíÆ±
Are the boys beaten by me? ?÷D YWÄÐíÆ±H
Aren't the boys beaten by me? ?÷D YWÄ7ÐíÆ±H
Where are the boys beaten by me? ?÷D YWÄV¹ÐíÆ±
Where aren't the boys beaten by me? ?÷D YWÄ7V¹ÐíÆ±
I am beaten by you. X Vƒ*@YC×Ð?~

I am not beaten by you. X Vƒ*@YC×7Ð ?~
Am I beaten by you? ?Vƒ*@YC×Ð?~H
Am I not beaten by you ?Vƒ*@YC×7Ð?~H
Where am I beaten by you? ?Vƒ*@YC×Ð?V¹~
Where am I not beaten by you? ?Vƒ*@YC×7V¹Ð?~
Exercise
X C‘´ÅkZgzZÙp°Åw!Çwq: â i ( 1)
XÙyZŠ/¤åB‚ÆSubjectsx ÓÅkZ ( 2)
103 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çŠnÖ]ç2
Present Continuous Passive Voice Tense
w!~g Ywq: â i ( 2)
p°Å Present Continuous Passive Voice Tense
ÐZì Cƒx¥]*!Åg DƒgzZg ~g YÆx »Ë~Ü‰z{ŠñÐ VÓX
Xì *@Y¹ Present Continuous Passive Voice Tense
X {)zì „g YÅÔ÷ìg YKÔì ;g YH:‘´
X is being. are being. am being''':Helping Verb
is being :B‚ÆHe,She, It, and Singular
are being :B‚ÆYou, We, They and Plural
am being :B‚ÆI
{°‡
Subject + Helping Verb + Verb3rd form + by + Object
Conjugation
A letter is being written by me. Xì ;g Y*c –â-qZÐí
A letter isn't being written by me. Xì ;g Y*c –7â-qZÐí
Is a letter being written by me? ?ì ;g Y*c –â-qZÐíH
Isn't a letter being written by me? ?ì ;g Y*c –7â-qZÐíH
Where is a letter being written by me? ?ì ;g Y*c –V¹â-qZÐí
Where isn't a letter being written by me? ?ì ;g Y*c –7V¹â-qZÐí
104 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
You are being beaten by me. Xƒìg YWÄÐ í?

You aren't being beaten by me. Xƒìg YWÄ7Ðí?
Are you being beaten by me? ?ƒìg YWÄÐí?H
Aren't you being beaten by me? ?ƒìg YWÄ7Ðí?H
Where are you being beaten by me? ?ƒìg YWÄV¹Ðí?
Where aren't you being beaten by me? ?ƒìg YWÄ7V¹Ð=?
I am being beaten by you. X Vƒ; gYC×Ð?~

I am not being beaten by you. X Vƒ;gYC×7Ð?~
Am I being beaten by you? ?Vƒ;g YC×Ð?~H
Am I not being beaten by you? ?Vƒ;g YC×7Ð?~H
Where am I being beaten by you? ?Vƒ;g YC×V¹Ð?~
Where am I not being beaten by you? ?Vƒ;g YC×7V¹Ð?~
Exercise
X C‘´ÅkZgzZÙp°Åw!~g Ywq: â i ( 1)
yZŠ/¤åB‚ÆSubjects x ÓÅ kZ ñƒ D CHelping Verb » kZ ( 2)
XÙ
105 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çŠnÖ^jßnµ
Present Perfect Passive Voice Tense
w!åwq: â i ( 3)
p°Å Present Perfect Passive Voice Tense
ÐZ ÂÔì [Y H å~ : â i {Šñx »āì Cƒ x¥]*! t Ð VÓ X
Xì *@Y¹ Present PerfectPassive Voice Tense
X {)zì _ YÅÔ÷`YKÔì [YH:‘´
Has been. Have been'''''':Helping Verb
Has been :B‚ÆHe, She, It & Singular
Have been :B‚ÆI, We, They, You and Plural
{°‡
Subject + Helping Verb + Verb 3rd form + by + Object.
Conjugation
He has been beaten by me. Xì [YC×Ðí{z
He hasn't been beaten by me. Xì [YC×7Ðí{z
Has he been beaten by me? ?ì [YC×Ðí{zH
Hasn't he been beaten by me? ?ì [YC×7Ðí{zH
Where has he been beaten by me? ?ì [YC×ÐíV¹{z
Where hasn't he been beaten by me? ?ì [YC×7V¹Ðí{z
106 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
I have been beaten by you. X Vƒ[YC×Ð?~

I haven't been beaten by you. X Vƒ[YC×7Ð?~
Have I been beaten by you? ?Vƒ[YC×Ð?~H
Haven't I been beaten by you? ?Vƒ[YC×7Ð?~H
Where have I been beaten by you? ?Vƒ[YC×V¹Ð?~
Where haven't I bean beaten by you? ?Vƒ[YC×7V¹Ð?~
Exercise
X C‘´ÅkZgzZÙp°Åw!åwq: â i ( 1)
X ‹yZŠ/¤åÅkZ ñƒD™#sŸzÅ÷yzçÆkZ ( 2)
yZŠ/¤ Å szcåwq: â i Å kZ ¬ Æ™ lˆwdZ~ ~Öe *c [Â KZ ( 3)
X ¯yZŠ/¤Åw!÷ÅkZQXÙ
107 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çŠnÖ^nã2
Past Indefinite Passive Voice Tense
w!Çèâ: â i ( 4)
p°Å Past Indefinite Passive voice Tense
ÐZ ÂÔì [ Y H ~ Ü‰z ñƒ }g /¦x »ā ì Cƒ x¥]*! t Ð VÓ X
Xì *@Y¹ Past Indefinite Passive Voice Tense
X {)z¶ˆÅÔ¸‰KÔ åHŠ HÔˆÅÔ‰KÔ HŠ H:‘´
Was. Were'''''''''' :Helping Verb
was :B‚ÆI, he, she, it and Singular
were :B‚ÆYou, we, they and Plural
{°‡
X Subject + Helping Verb + Verb 3rd form + by + Object
Conjugation
I was beaten by you. X åHŠ C×Ð?~
I wasn't beaten by you. X åHŠ C×7Ð?~
Was I beaten by you? ?åHŠ C×Ð?~H
Wasn't I beaten by you? ?åHŠ C×7Ð?~H
Where was I beaten by you? ?åHŠ C×V¹Ð?~
Where wasn't I beaten by you? ?åHŠ C×7V¹Ð?~
108 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
You were beaten by me. X ‰ WÄÐí?

You weren't beaten by me. X ‰ WÄ7Ð í?
Were you beaten by me? ?‰ WÄÐí?H
Weren't you beaten by me? ?‰ WÄ7Ðí?H
Where were you beaten by me? ?‰ WÄV¹Ðí?
Where weren't you beaten by me? ?‰ WÄ7V¹Ðí?
Exercise
X C‘´ÅkZgzZÙp°Åw!Çèâ: â i ( 1)
XÙ#sŸzÅ÷yzçÆkZ ( 2)
XÙyZŠ/¤ÅkZ ñƒD C{°‡»kZ ( 3)
XÙ w¢ÅyZŠ/¤™ Îp ÖZDZÎµ Zµ ZB‚ÆSubjectsx Ó( 4)
X ¯¿+h×'~ÝzgÅVá´( 5)
109 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çŠnÖ^jn‰
Past Continuous Passive Voice Tense
w!~g Yèâ: â i ( 5)
p°Å Past Continuous Passive Voice Tense
ÐZ ÂÔ å;g YH~Ü‰zñƒ}g/¦x »āƒx¥]*!tÐVÓX
Xì *@Y¹ Past Continuous Passive Voice Tense
X {)z¶„g YÅÔ¸ìg YKÔ å;g YH:‘´
X Was being. Were being''''''':Helping Verb
was being :B‚ÆI, he, she, it & singular
were being :B‚ÆYou, we, they and plural
{°‡
Subject + Helping Verb + Verb 3rd form + by + Object
Conjugation
I was being beaten by you. X å;g YC×Ð?~
I wasn't being beaten by you. X å;g YC×7Ð?~
Was I being beaten by you? ?å;gYC×Ð?~H
Wasn't I being beaten by you? ?å;g YC×7Ð?~H
Where was I being beaten by you? ?å;g YC×V¹Ð?~
Where wasn't I being beaten by you? ?å;g YC×7V¹Ð?~
110 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
You were being beaten by me. X¸ìg YWÄÐí?

You weren't being beaten by me. X¸ìg YWÄ7Ðí?
Were you being beaten by me? ?¸ìg YWÄÐí?H
Weren't you being beaten by me? ?¸ìg YWÄ7Ðí?H
Where were you being beaten by me? ?¸ìg YWÄV¹Ðí?
Where weren't you being beaten by me? ?¸ìg YWÄ7V¹Ðí?
Exercise
XÙp°Å~g Yw!èâ: â i ( 1)
X Cì H÷yzç»kZ ( 2)
XÙyZŠ/¤åÅkZB‚ÆVE Ãx Ó( 3)
XÙyZŠ/¤Å~g Yw!èâ: â iÐkZÆ™lˆwdZ6 ( 4)
XÙ~~ ,môZÀ,F »kZQ ¯¿ÆkZ~zŠg Z¬~ÝzgÅVá´( 5)
111 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çŠnÖî\]
Past Perfect Passive Voice Tense
w!åèâ: â i ( 6)
p°Å Past Perfect Passive voice Tense
ÐZ ÂÔ å [ Y H åx » ~ Ü‰z ñƒ }g*āì Cƒ x¥]*! t Ð VÓ X
Xì *@Y¹ Past Perfect Passive Voice Tense
X {)z¶_ YÅÔ¸` YKÔ å[YH:‘´
X Had been''''':B‚ÆVE Ãx Ó :Helping Verb
{°‡
Conjugation
I had been beaten by you. X å[YC×Ð?~
I hadn't been beaten by you. X å[YC×7Ð?~
Had I been beaten by you? ?å[YC×Ð?~H
Hadn't I been beaten by you ?å[YC×7Ð?~H
Where had I been beaten by you? ?å[YC×V¹Ð?~
Where hadn't I been beaten by you? ?å[YC×7V¹Ð?~
Exercise
?ì H÷yzç»kZā CgzZÙ p°Åw!åèâ: â i ( 1)
X ‹ÌyZŠ/¤-qZgzZ C{°‡»ä¯ÆkZ ( 2)
XÙyZŠ/¤åÅkZB‚ÆVE Ãx ÓQ( 3)
112 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]ç‰^3ßÞ]
Future Indefinite Passive Voice Tense
w!Çw: â i ( 7)
p°Å Future Indefinite Passive Voice Tense
ÐZ ÂÔÇ ñY H ~ Ü‰z á Zz äW x » ā ì Cƒ x¥ ] *! t Ð VÓ X
Xì *@Y¹ Future Indefinite Passive Voice Tense
X {)zÏñYÅÔÐN YKÔÇñYH:‘´
X Shall be. Will be'''''''':Helping Verb
shall be :B‚ÆI, we
will be :B‚ÆYou, they, he, she, it singular & plural
{°‡
Subject + Helping Verb + Verb 3rd form + by + Object
Conjugation
I shall be beaten by you. X ÇVƒ YC×Ð?~
I shalln't be beaten by you. X ÇVƒ YC×7Ð?~
Shall I be beaten by you? ?ÇVƒ YC×Ð?~H
Shalln't I be beaten by you? ?ÇVƒ YC×7Ð?~H
Where shall I be beaten by you? ?ÇVƒ YC×V¹Ð?~
Where shalln't I be beaten by you? ?ÇVƒ YC×7V¹Ð?~
113 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
He will be beaten by me. X ÇñYC×Ðí{z

He won't be beaten by me. X ÇñYC×7Ðí{z
Will he be beaten by me? ?ÇñYC×Ðí{zH
Won't he be beaten by me? ?ÇñYC×7Ðí{zH
Where will he be beaten by me? ?ÇñYC×V¹Ðí{z
Where won't he be beaten by me? ?ÇñYC×7V¹Ðí{z
Exercise
XÙp°Åw!Çw: â i ( 1)
?÷H H÷yzçÆkZ ( 2)
X ¯~ ,môZÅkZQgzZ ¯BV+h×'ÅkZ~ÝzgÅVá´( 4)
114 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]ç‰^3µ
Future Perfect Passive Voice Tense
w!åw: â i ( 8)
p°Å Future Perfect Passive Voice Tense
ÐZ ÂÔ Çƒ [ Y H åx » ðÃ~ äâ i {ÒWāì Cƒ x¥]*! t Ð VÓ X
Xì *@Y¹ Future Perfect Passive Voice Tense
X {)zÏƒ_ YÅÔÐVƒ` YKÔ Çƒ[YH:‘´
Shall have been. Will have been''':Helping Verb
Shall have been :B‚ÆI,we
Will have been :B‚ÆYou, they, he, she, it
{°‡
Conjugation
I shall have been beaten by you. X ÇVƒ[YC×Ð?~
I shalln't have been beaten by you. X ÇVƒ[YC×7Ð?~
Shall I have been beaten by you? ?ÇVƒ[YC×Ð?~H
Shalln't I have been beaten by you? ?ÇVƒ[YC×7Ð?~H
Where shall I have been beaten by you? ?ÇVƒ[YC×V¹Ð?~
Where shalln't I have been beaten by you? ?ÇVƒ[YC×7V¹Ð?~
115 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
You will have been beaten by me. XÐƒ` YWÄÐí?

You won't have been beaten by me. XÐƒ`YWÄ7Ðí?
Will you have been beaten by me? ?Ðƒ`YWÄÐí?H
Won't you have been beaten by me? ?Ðƒ` YWÄ7Ðí?H
Where will you have been beaten by me? ?Ðƒ`YWÄÐíV¹ ?
Where won't you have been beaten by me? ?Ðƒ` YWÄÐí7V¹ ?
Exercise
X C÷yzç»kZgzZÙ p°Ååw: â i ( 1)
X C{°‡»ä¯ÆkZ ñƒD CÃVá´ÅkZ ( 2)
XÙ w[p[pÅkZ™ ¯BV+h×'~ÝzgÅVá´( 4)
XÙ 3ZŠ/¤Æ™lˆwdZÐ[ÂË*c ¹( 5)
116 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çÞæ^nÒ]
w!%Z÷ Imperative Passive Voice
p°Å Imperative Passive Voice
ÐZ Â Ô ì ;g Y H ¬ » ä™Æ x » Ëā ì C ƒ x¥]*! t Ð VÓ X
X ÷ë Imperative Passive Voice
X {)zÔÔð,7Ôz™'':‘´
X ( tñZ,') not be X ( µñZ,') be : Helping Verb
szc %Z÷{°‡
:‰Ôì *@ Y HÐ ÷ª VerbË]¬zÑÅ¿āìt {°‡»ä¯ szc%Z÷
Xð,7Ã[ÂkZ Read this bookX z™:Do
w!%Z÷{°‡
ˆ Æ kZÔì *@Y *c Ñ letÂ~ qzÑÅ¿āì t {°‡ » ä¯ w!%Z ÷( 1)
ˆXì *@Y *c Î Not be ~ VÓtgzZ be ~VÓµ÷yzçQgzZ Object
Xì *@YHwEZ Verb 3rd from VZi Z
] ¬zÑ Å ¿ a Æ ä¯ %Z B‚ Æ x|Æ b & Z gzZ lg Z* ( 2)
aÆäCx|»¬gzZ You are advised toX You are requested to
Verb 1st ~ VÓ µˆ Æ kZ Xì *@Y HÐYou are ordered to
D Î ObjectQÔ÷D Ñ Verb 1st form ™É Not Â~VÓtgzZ form
HwEZ » be ÷yzç„:gzZ *@Y *c Ñ 7Ãp ÖZ‰Please, Kindly~ kZX ÷
XÙ±5nB‚Æg "ZÃVz°‡VâzŠyZXì *@Y
117 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
{°‡
let + object + helping verb + verb 3rd form.
You are ordered to + Verb 1st form + object.
À
X õ/GŸG&ŠBV
Imperative Active Voice Imperative Passive Voice
Study the book. Let the book be studied. 1
Write the lesson. Let the lesson be written. 2
Kindly help me. You are requested to help me. 3
Please sleep. You are requested to sleep. 4
Do not bother anyone. Let the any one not be bothered. 5
Do not eat the food. Let the food not be eaten. 6
Please do not punish. You are requested not to punsih. 7
Kindly do not push. You are advised not to push. 8
Exercise
X C{°‡»ä¯Æw!zszcÆkZgzZÙp°Å]îG0.À7( 1)
?ì H÷yzç»kZ ( 2)
X Ci§»ä¯ÆVÓtzµÆ¿îG0.À7( 3)
XÙ sp~w!ÃyZgzZ ¯szcîG0.À7 ¬._Æj§Æä¯( 4)
ì *@YH b§kZÀ,F »w!îG0.À7( 5)
?( 4) Xì CY Å&„ZpgŠ ÅŠæÐ ?( 3) X ñY –$( 2) X ñYJ ,7 [Â ( 1)
\W ( 7)X ñY *c 3: ** 3 ( 6)X ñY H: y.,6ÃË( 5)Xì CY Ålg Z*ÅäÎÐ
Xì *@Y*c Š {gt»¶Š: .ŠÃ\W( 8)Xì CYÅ&„ZpgŠ Å¶Š: ZwÐ
XÙ~~ ,môZÀ,F »kZQgzZ ¯BV+h×'\ W~ÝzgÅVß VyZ
118 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çÞæê
Modal Auxiliaries
KZ KZgzZì *@YHwEZB‚Æ1st formÆVerb :Modal Auxiliary
Xì *@™Za~¿ ]:S
(am to.is to. are to. have to etc) ought to. used to. dare.
need.
X ÷sf `gŠ]¬Å-qZÙC
Will & Shall
gzZ Shall aÆi,weÂƒbŠ~i Z+0Z}Š ‚~g »yYÅî ZzË~w/¤ Z ( 1)
:‰Ôì *@YHwEZ » WillaÆVE Ã¹*!
He will finish his work. X Ç}™åx » CZ {z
We shall come Tomorrow. XÐN WÀë
VE Ã¹*!gzZ willB‚ÆI, WeÂÔVƒä™yÒ}p‰–Š *c ¬Ô {°z/¤ Z ( 2)
:‰Ôì *@ƒwEZ » ShallB‚Æ
You shall stand here. Xƒg} 9VŒ?
She shall obey my order. X Ïäâ ¬Z÷{z
If you stand first, you shall get a prize. XÐz™Ýqx ÅZ-qZ?ÂÔñWwzZ ?/¤ Z
We will kill you. XÐ, g â Ã?ë
119 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
I will give you rupees tomorrow. X ÇVzŠBzgÀÃ?~

@* ƒwEZ „WillåaÆkZ ÂƒI¼~}g*!Æw/¤ ZÐmLZ ( 3)
Xì
I won't go to Delhi now. X ÇVƒ Y7‹Š~[Z
I will donate blood in this camp. X ÇVz™¾yp~H kZ~
Would
:‰Ôì *@ƒwEZ,6gîÆèâÆWillLtWould( 1)
He said that he would not go to school. X ÇñY7wjZ {zā ¹äkZ
He thought that they would not help him. XÐ,™7ŠæÅkZ { zā eÎäkZ
Xì *@YHwEZ » WouldaÆä™x¥éZpLgzZä™ÙCªéZpL( 2)
He would like to see your new house. Xì Le9 ŠÃy6Æ\W{z
Would you like to take tea? ?Ð,™I8¢ñe\WH
Xì *@YHwEZ » WouldaÆä™ÙCª]Š ¬Åèâ L( 3)
He would take tea after breakfast. X å*@™ 1ˆÆº**ñe{z
She would sit listening to the radio. X ¶C™ ´gG-+ig{z
Should
Xì *@ƒwEZ,6gîÆèâÆShall( 1)
I told him that I should help him. X ÇVz™ŠæÅkZ~ā *c CÐZä~
He asked if we should go there. X ‰ V;zë/¤ Z Çi7{z
Xì *@YHwEZ,6gîÆ}gtaÆäÑŠkˆZ »nÛ( 2)
120 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
We should not throw stones at dogs. Xce¦7ß,6VÆ…

You should not waste your time. Xce**™7Š *!,'Ü‰zCZ"
:‰Ôì *@ƒwEZ » ShouldaÆä™yÒÃpÆ¬( 3)
You should give up smoking. Xce bŠ hg CÁ$fr"
You should not waste your time. Xce**™7Š *!,'Ü‰zCZ"
:‰ÔaÆä™yÒpà ÈZgzZyZ ( 4)
They should be here. Xce**ƒVŒ¹Z
She should study there. Xce−,7V;zÐZ
Can
:‰ÔaÆä™ÙCªA¢& ( 1)
He can speak English. Xì Yw1~ ,môZ {z
I can run very fast. X VƒYhzŠ!¹~
XaÆä™ÙCªykZ~VÓDZÎ( 2)
Can he come today? ?ì Y W` W{zH
Can India win the match? ?ì YAÛòy*yH
XaÆ¶Š]i YZ ( 3)
You can take either pen. XƒhMá ¯VâzŠ ?
He can go home now. Xì YYy[Z {z
Could
:‰ÔaÆä™ÙCª)®,ZÅ Past( 1)
He said that I could go. X åYY~ā ¹äkZ
121 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
She could come to me . X ¶Ë$Wk*0 }÷{z

XaÆä™&„ZpgŠB‚Æ~ %b¬( 2)
Could you help me? ?÷hM™Šæ~÷\WH
Could you lend me your pen? ?÷hM}Š¯CZ=\WH
X ~VÓºÑÆPast Tense( 3)
If I had money, I could buy a car. X *@+h%yg »-qZ~ÂÔ *@ƒ…k*0 }÷/¤ Z
If he met me, I could help him. X *@™ŠæÅkZ~ÂÔMÐí{z/¤ Z
May
XaÆeh]i YZ L( 1)
May I see this book? ?VƒYNŠÃ[ÂkZ~H
You may go now. X ÷hMY\W[ Z
XaÆä™ÙCªá÷ WgzZyZ ( 2)
His plan may succeed. Xì Yƒ[ x»/µ»kZ
I may do this work any time. X VƒY™Ü‰zËÃx »kZ~
X ~VÓ×¬ŠaÆ¶Š ¬ŠÃË( 3)
May you live long! XA /D"
May you stood first in the exam! XAzgŠ ª~yJZ"
Xì *@ƒwEZ » That'MayaÆä™ÙCªÑ( 4)
We work hard that we may earn … {Š *c i ëā *@÷ D™œ¹ ë
a lot money. X Ã¾
I took his help that I may start ,kP CZ ~ā *@ ÅŠæ Å kZ ä ~
my career. X Vj™qzÑ
122 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Might
X,6gîÆèâÆMay( 1)
He said that he might sit here. X åYÖVŒ{zā ¹äkZ
He told me that it might rain that day. X ¶Ë$ƒlg*!` Wā *c C=äkZ
XaÆeh]i YZ ( 2)
Might I have your pen? ?VƒYá¯»\W~H
You might do me a favour. X ÷hM™Šæ~÷\ W
XaÆä™ÙCªykZgz$~wqUâ i ( 3)
It might rain today. Xì ykZ »lg*!` W
He might help you. Xì Y™ŠæÅ\W{z
Must
XaÆ¶Š¬ÃË( 1)
You must go to Delhi. Xce** Ygz¢‹Š"
You must work hard . Xceã™œJgz¢"
XaÆä™ÙCªÃykZ ~ ¸( 2)
He must be in his office. Xce**ƒgz¢~íŠÐZ
He must be hungry. Xce**ƒ»Ègz¢ÐZ
XaÆã;ŠŠ *c ÅnÛ( 3)
We must obey our parents. Xce'âgz¢¹ »+−ZzLZ…
We must pray God. Xce**™]Š „gz¢Å Z.}…
123 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ought to
†Xì *@YHwEZ,6(ÆkZgzZ~pÆShouldt
XaÆäÑŠkˆZ »nÛ( 1)
We ought to help the weak. Xceã™ŠæÅVzg$…
We ought to obey our parents. Xce$â ]*!Å+−ZzLZ…
XaÆä™ÙCªéZpgzZyZ ( 2)
He ought to build a new house. Xce** ¯y *-qZÐZ
There ought to be some more buses. Xceãƒ*gzZ¼ VŒ
Used to
XaÆä™ÙCª~g6*c ]Š ¬ËÅèâ ( 1)
He used to tell a lie. X å*@™Ñ1^Ñ{z
She used to go for a walk. X ¶C™ *c Y=Ô{z
About to
Xì *@YHwEZ » About to Âƒ;gƒ*c ƒÑZz„ äƒx » ðÃ#Z ~wq *c èâ
He is about to come. Xì ÑZz„äW{z
The train was about to start. X ¶„à ZzUg~h Ç
Need
X,6gîÆ÷weñgzZ,6gîÆmain VerbXì *@ƒÐb§zŠwEZ » Need
Xì *@YH b§Å verbx ¬wEZ » Need,6gîÆmain Verb
Interrogative gzZ tªNegative sÜwEZ » need ,6 gîÆ ÷weñ
:ì b§kZ {°‡»wEZÆkZXì *@YH~VÓDZÎª
124 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Subject +need not +verb.

He need not come here. Xì 7]gz¢ÅäWVŒÐZ
I need not take to this pen. Xì 7]gz¢Å¯kZ=
Need you go there? ?ì ]gz¢ÅäYV;z"H
Need you run so fast? ?ì ]gz¢ÅähzŠ !ãZ"H
wEZ » ÷yzçvŠ do,does, did ~ VÓ tgzZDZÎB‚ÆNeed :^â
Xì *@YH7
Dare
b§Å ÷x ¬ ,6 gîÆMain Verb X ì b§Å Need Ç*! ÌwEZ » kZ
VÓ InterrogativegzZ NegativesÜ,6gîÆ÷weñā#Z Ôì *@YHwEZ
Xì *@YH~
He dare not swim in the deep pond. Xì 7È Åä¾~[ Ñ*@}÷ÐZ
They dare not cross this river. Xì 7È Åä™g *0 Ã~+0kZ¹Z
Dare you stand in the hot sun? ?ì ÈÅg} 9~\ðŠ!"H
Dare he come to my house? ?ì È ÅäWy}÷ÐZ H
ToaÆ ä¯ g] ( k ã ° yS Ô Infinitive)ÃVâzŠ Dare gzZ Need : ^â
X ÷D Î7
is to, am to, are to, has to, have to, had to,
shall have to, will have to

._ÆSubject~Tense yZyZÔ÷÷yzçÆTense XXp ÖZ&ƒt
Xì *@™ZapÆ~g6*c ]Š ¬gzZì *@Y*c Î
125 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
He is to study books. Xì *@,7−,7[ÂÐZ

I am to go Lucknow. Xì *@,7** Y©=
They have to go to market. Xì [,7** YLg â ¹Z
She had to wake up. X åZ ,7** Yv YÐZ
He has to finish the work. Xì [,7**™åx »ÐZ
We shall have to take food. X Ç} ,7** 3…
Exercise
X ‹ã*!i÷weñx Ó( 1)
XÙ#sŸzÅyZÔ÷D Yñ*0 tÛ ~V©VâzŠ Å÷yzç( 2)
XÙ w[p[pgzZ ¯BV+h×'™Ägt ‚ÃVß VÅkZgzZweñ-qZÙC( 3)
X ¯¿kŠ kŠ Ái Z Á,6weñ-qZÙC( 4)
126 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çß¶m†i
w!÷yzçModals passive vioce
be Q weñQ ¶Ã¬ Ð &ƒaÆ ä¯Passive voice Å Modals
:÷hMÈ b§kZ Z¿Xì *@Y*c Ñ verb 3rd form ~%yW gzZ
Subject + modal + be + verb 3rd form +by + object.
Active voice Passive voice
I can do this work. This work can be done by me.
You must do your work. Your work must be done by you.
You should help him. He should be helped by you.
May I help you? May you be helped by me?
Who will shut the door? By whom will the door be shut?
Can you help me? Can I be helped by you?
Why can he not beat Why can he not be beaten by him?
him?
Exercise
X C{°‡»ä¯Passive voice Ã Modals( 1)
Q Ô ¯ ¿ÆActive voice Modals ¬ ~ Ýzg ÅVß VÑ*! {gÃè( 2)
XÙ sp~Passive voice ._Æ}°‡¹Z
127 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çÞç2
Ú Adjective
p°Å Adjective
¹ Adjective ÐZ Ôì *@C ]:Sz ]ÌÅ Pronoun Ë*c Noun ËÂ
X ¯wÑ( à+ig ) Red penX Zh˜Ñ» ( kgƒ) Black horse:‰Ôì *@Y
X ÷9J WÅ Adjective
†c Ú k0+iR,6z,6 Proper Adjective 1
eÚ KáZÃs Wk0+iR Adjective of Quality 2
~g ZlÚ KŒ »s Wk0+iR Adjective of Quantity 3
~Š Z®Ú s Wk0+iR Adjective of Number 4
{g á÷ ZGÚG k0+iRk},R÷ñ~ e Demonstrative Adjective 5
-+Go©$
ö Ú k0+iRkç~,RkŸ Distributive Adjective 6
ò ZZÚ k0+iRkÐzÚS Interrogative Adjective 7
°ŸZÚ k0+iR±} i7 Possessive Adjective 8
Exercise
?ì ÅnÅ¾ Adjectiveā CtgzZÙp°Å Adjective( 1)
?÷H HgzZ÷Ä Parts of Speech( 2)
?÷H HgzZ÷X Adjective( 3)
128 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çß¶3µ
=°ÅV©x ÓÅ Adjective
p°Å Proper Adjective( 1)
@* Y ¹ Proper Adjective Ã Adjective áZz W“ ÐProper Noun
Xì
Proper Noun Proper Adjective
India Indian
China Chinese
America American
England English
p°Å Adjective of Quality( 2)

Adjective Ð ZÔì *@ƒx¥-8g *c ðZ,'*c ðYZ Å NounËÐ AdjectiveT
:‰Ôì *@Y¹ of Quality
He is a fat man. Xì òŠ W*Nñ-qZ {z
I have a red pen. Xì ¯wÑ-qZk*0 }÷
p°Å Adjective of Quantity( 3)

ÐZ Ôì CY ðC g Zl Å NounËÐAdjective T
Adjective of
sÜÉ ;YYH7g ÑÃXÔì *@YHwEZ~VÈZ,ZÃkZÔì *@Y¹ Quantity
:‰Ôì Ë$YðCg Zl
129 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Some milk |ŠzŠ¼

Enough water ã*0 °»
p°Å Adjective of Number( 4)

Xì*@Y¹ Adjective of Number ÐZÔìCƒx¥ŠZ®ÐAdjectiveT
Two pens. X ¯zŠ
Second prize. X x ÅZ ZuzŠ
p°Å Demonstrative Adjective( 5)

Demonstrative ÐZ Ôì *@™ {g á÷Z s§ Å q *c ¿Ë Adjective
ˆÆyZgzZ This. That. Those. These. :÷g et Xì *@Y¹ Adjective
:‰Ôì ~gz¢**ƒ» NounËZg ¯
This pen. X ¯t
That house. X y{z
Those books. X ÁÂ&ƒ{z
These girls. X VH±&ƒt
p°Å Distributive Adjective( 6)

DistributiveÐ Zì *@CÆ™µ Z µ ZÃ âZ *c m¾ZÔ)®)Ë adjective
ÆyZgzZ Each. Every. Either. Neither.:÷g et Xì *@Y¹ Adjective
:‰Xì ~gz¢**ƒ» NounËˆ
Each boy X »±ÙC
Every girl X Å±ÙC
Either book. X -qZÙCÐ~V1ÂVâzŠ
130 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Neither book. X 7ðÃÐ~V1ÂVâzŠ
p°Å Interrogative Adjectiveí( 7)

Interrogative Adjective ÐZì *@Y HwZÎÐAdjective T
**ƒ » NounËˆ Æ kZ gzZ What. Which. Whose.:÷ &tXì *@Y¹
Xì ~gz¢
Which game. X ö‚yÃ
What time Ü z¾
‰
Whose pen. X ¯»¾
p°Å Possessive Adjective( 8)

ÐZÔì *@CmÐq*c ¿Ë Adjective
:‰Ôì *@Y¹ Possessive Adjective
My brother. X ð¸Z÷
Our books. X ÁÂ ~g ø
Exercise
?Ù p°ÅV©x ÓÅ Adjective( 1)
X ¯BVÅkZ+h×'\W~ÝzgÅVß Vˆ~ŠB‚Æp°ÅV©-qZÙC( 2)
131 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çß¶ã2
Degree of Adjective
Þ »~Ú *c ZgŠÆÚ
.
ð*0 ā¶~ ]ÌªAdjective ~«£ÆNoun }uzŠ~Noun -qZ
z¨£ » b§kZ~ VÈZ yZX ì CƒC{Š *c i ðÃgzZì CƒCÁq ðÃ:‰Ôì CY
Þ »~ ]Ì ( y,mg 9 Á ) Comparison *c ( ~/¤Ÿ ) Degree Ãä™:i Zñ
.
Xì *@Y¹
:÷kÿÕ&Å Degree of Adjective
{E ©EG$
5
CZ f ÿG ( ~/¤ek~i7) Positive Degree( 1)
:‰Ôì *@YHyÒÃ]gß-ZÅÚÉ ;ì *@ƒ7:i Zñz¨ £»ÚË~kZ
This is a good boy. Xì »±YZ-qZt
That is a black boy. Xì »±Ñ»-qZ {z
{E ©EG$
‰ÿG5 ( ~/¤ekg9Á ) Comparative Degree( 2)
Comparative a Æ kZXì *@Y H:i Zñz ¨ £ yxgŠ Æ Vzq zŠ ~ kZ
H óÚ/L *c Ð
ó LÀ,F » than X ÷ D ÑThan ˆ ÆAdjective ÆDegree
:‰Ôì *@Y
This pen is better than pen Xì YZÐ¯kZ¯t
Khalid is fatter than Hamid Xì *NñÚ/Åæq−{
132 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
E ©EG$
{
5
ÀÿG ( ~/¤eká,6Î) Superlative Degree( 3)
a Æ kZ Xì *@Y H :i Zñz ¨ £ yxgŠ Æ Vzq +ZZi Ð & *c & ~ kZ
wEZ » Of~ˆLLgzZXì *@Y*c ÎTheå¬ÐSuperlative Degree
:‰Ôì *@YH
Delhi is the biggest city of India. XìàZ,(Ð&ƒ»y*y‹Š
He is the blackest boy in the class. Xì »±Ñ»Ð&ƒ~k¯{z
Exercise
XÙ#sŸzÅ Degree of Adjective( 1)
XÙp°Å&ƒ÷9XÅ Degree( 2)
XÙ7BVñƒD Ci§»wEZÆDegreeVÐ( 3)
X ¯BV+h×'~ÝzgÅVß V{gÃè( 4)
133 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çÞæ^j‰
}°‡Æä¯ Degree
Superlative gzZ Comparative Degree ÐPositive Degree
:÷sf `gŠ}°‡ÆTÔì CYð¯ Degree
gzZ Comparative Degree Ð äJ ,(er ~ %yWÆAdjective ÒZ ( 1)
gzZ rsÜ ÂƒÐ¬e /¤ ZgzZXì CY0Superlative Degree Ð äJ ,(est
À
: õG/ŸG&ŠBVXì kÐäJ,(st
Positive Meaning Comparative Meaning Superlative Meaning
Bold ã bolder ã{Š *c i boldest ãÐ&ƒ

Cold ZQ colder ZQ{Š *c i coldest ZQÐ&ƒ
Fine YZ finer YZ {Š *c i finest YZÐ&ƒ
White C whiter C{Š *c i whitest CÐ&ƒ
Â ƒ Consonant ðÃ¬ Ð kZ gzZ ƒ Y ~ %yWÆAdjective Ë( 2)
D Î iestaÆSuperlativegzZ ier™ UÃ YaÆä¯ Comparative
À
: õG/ŸG&ŠBVX ÷
Dry È drier È{Š *c i driest ÈÐ&ƒ

Easy y‚ W easier y‚ W{Š *c i easiest y‚ WÐ&ƒ
Lazy I» lazier I»{Š *c i laziest I»Ð&ƒ
Pretty ]gß[p prettier ]gß[p{Š *c i prettiest ]gß[pÐ&ƒ
134 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
% W Âƒ Vowel ¬ Ð kZgzZƒConsonant ~%yWÆAdjective Ë( 3)

y
:‰÷ïŠ™Þ.eÃ ConsonantÆ
Big Z,( bigger Z ,({Š *c i biggest Z,(Ð&ƒ

Sad kZŠ Z sadder kZŠ Z {Š *c i saddest kZŠ ZÐ&ƒ
Thin ‹ thinner ‹{Š *c i thinnest ‹Ð&ƒ
gzZ m o re a ÆC o m p a ra tiv e ~ qzÑÆ Ad je c tive ¼ ( 4)
X ÷ïŠ Î mostaÆSuperlative
Honest g ZŠyZZ more honest g ZŠyZZ {Š *c i most honest g ZŠyZZÐ&ƒ

Foolish s ¸ç more foolish s ¸ç{Š *c i most foolish s¸çÐ&ƒ
Useful q{+ZÃ more useful q{+ZÃ{Š *c i most useful q{+ZÃÐ&ƒ
D W word µ Z µ ZaÆdegree VÐ~ T÷ ,Z Adjective ¼ ( 5)

:‰Ô÷
Bad [Z%y worse [Z%y{Š *c i worst [ Z%yÐ&ƒ

Far gzŠ farther, gzŠ {Š *c i farthest gzŠÐ&ƒ
further
well YZ better YZ {Š *c i best YZÐ&ƒ

Good YZ better YZ {Š *c i best YZÐ&ƒ
135 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Exercise
?ì x ** H »:i Zñz¨ £ë *!~]Ì( 1)
XÙ#sŸzÅ}°‡Æä¯~/¤e2?÷9XÅ Degree( 2)
gzZ C o m p a r a t i v e ÐP o s i t i v e A d j e c t i v e sf `gŠ ( 3)
X ¯DegreeSuperlative
Dark. Hard.Able. Free. Hot. Red. Heavy . Busy.
Different. Beautiful.
136 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çÞæ^ã:]
wEZT §» Adjectiveë Z¼
ā#ZÔ Åˆ*c ˆ:ì *@ƒÀ,F »kZgzZì *@CÃÜ‰z :Later, Latest( 1)
gzZX ZuzŠ :ìÀ,F » LatterÔì *@™#sŸzÅci7ÅqË LastgzZ Latter
X ~%yW:ìÀ,F » Last
I reached the station later than he. X àˆÆkZ,6øZ~
What is the latest news? ?ì H¸( { i *@) ÅˆÐ&ƒ
Ours is the last house in the street. Xì y~%yWÐ&ƒZgø~‹
Both Khalid and Rashid are my X ÷ &„zŠ }÷VâzŠ ”ZggzZ−{
friends. The former is an actor, X²á÷ ZuzŠgzZìg» ZŠ Z-qZª
latter a poet.
ā #Z ì *@ƒ a Æ VâzŠ g Z+0Y ) gzZ g Z+0Y wEZ » Older. Oldest( 2)
*c Î¬ ÐNoun ¹ZXì *@ƒaÆŠ ZÛZÆyZ+0{-qZ wEZ » Elder. Eldest
&ƒÔ »¬Ð&ƒ:ìÀ,F »&ƒyZX *@Y*c Î7ThanˆÆEldersÜgzZì *@Y
X ÷`gŠBVX Z ,(Ð&ƒÔ ** Z,6Ð
I am older than my brother Khalid. X Vƒð¸Z,(»−{~
This is the oldest building in the city. Xì ]g qãZ,6Ð&ƒÅàt
You are the elder brother of Hashim. Xƒð¸} ,(Ð&ƒÆÖ;?
She is the eldest girl in family. Xì Å±~,(Ð&ƒ~yZ+0{{z
Å-qZÐ~V»zŠwEZ » Farther:( gŠg ¯ÔgŠÛ) Farther. Further( 3)
:‰X {Š *c igzZ¼ì *@ƒÀ,F » Furtherā#Zì *@ƒaÆäeÃäƒgzŠ {Š *c i
137 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Mumbai is farther from Delhi than Patna. ìgzŠ {Š *c iÐ‹Š~«£Æ`~
The hunter went farther and farther. X HŠ`gzŠ °»~k~g D

We shall say further. XÐB1¼+h×'ë
You are writing further. XƒìgÉgzZ¼ ?
:( Œ Z ÔÐWÔœ ) N e x t X ( -qŠ ,4Ð &ƒÔÆg ûM È) N e a r e s t ( 4)
Å#sŸz Åci7 ÐNext ā#Z ì *@Y HaÆäC O Š ,4wEZ » Nearest
:‰Ôì CY
We took the thief to the nearest police á øZ:7 RÛŒÐ &ƒÃgaë
station. X‰
She goes to the nearest school. Xì CY wjZ O Š ,4Ð&ƒ{z
The barber's shop is next to the post XìÐWÐyuZ ey»zŠ Åð**
office.
My wife lives in the next house. Xì Sg~ykŒ Z ~ç~÷

\M
ª AffirmativewEZ » Some :( ðÃÔ ã } Z ) Any ( ¼Ô ê ) Some ( 5)
ªInterrogative gzZ tªNegativewEZ » AnygzZì *@Y H~ VÓµ
Xì *@YH~VÓDZÎ
I have some pens. X ÷¯¼ k*0 }÷
she drinks some milk. Xì q|ŠzŠ Zhð{z
G'
You have not got any money. Xì 7…ðÃk*0 }g é£+
Is there any difficult in the lesson? ?ì ~g ZØŠ ðÃ~$kZ H
ì „ -qZ È » VâzŠ :( -qZÙCÔ ~g} z } Z ) Every X ( -qZÙCÔ ÝS ) Each ( 6)
ÐzŠ sÜwEZ » Everyā#Z ì *@ƒaÆ {Š *c iÐ zŠ *c zŠ wEZ » Each %Z
138 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
)Every gzZì *@Y HwEZaÆŠ Z®³Each ,i Z {z´Ôì *@ƒaÆ {Š *c i

À
X õG/ŸG&ŠBVXaÆŠ Z®³
Fur boys can sit on each bench. X ÷hMÖÆ±g e,6 l-qZÙC
The two girls had each a mango. X åx Wk*0 Æ-qZÙCÐ~VY±VâzŠ
Every seat was occupied. X ¶ðƒ~½LÃ-qZÙC
Every boy in this class has a book. Xì [ Âk*0 Æ±-qZÙC~{ ÇkgŠ kZ
gzZ X VâzŠ *c Ô -qZ Ð ~ zŠ : ì È » Either :Either. Neither ( 7)
:‰X 7ðÃÐ~VâzŠāì È» Neither
You can go by either road. XƒhMYÐuvËÐ~VâzŠ ?
On either side of the road the trees X¸ñƒÑ #|gŠ}g )VâzŠÆuv
grew.
He took neitheside. X s§kZ:gzZ Zƒs§kZ: {z

Neither of the two teams could win X mAÛ7òšÌðÃÐ~VâzŠ
the match.
ā #Z ì *@Y H yÒ ÃgZlÐMuch( ¹Ô ã ó Ô ã) Much. Many( 8)

:‰Ôì Cƒ#sŸzÅŠ Z®ÐMany
I have much money withe me. XìBzg¹k*0 }÷
How much money do you want? ?ceBzg H"
Many women were there? X ‰V;z'gú~g ‚¹
How many men were there? ?¸Š%ÄV;z
X ÷ D™ÙCªÃg Zlp ÖZ &ƒt : ( ÞTà ) Little. A Little. The Little( 9)
ì ŠñÌ[Z ‚ Zhðāì È » A LittleX,'Z,'Æäƒ:āì È» Little
139 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
À
X õG/ŸG&ŠBVXì 7Ì{z[ Zpåk*0 ÆkZ ‚Z hðāì È» The LittlegzZ
He had little money. X åBzg ( ,'Z,'Æäƒ: ) Á¹k*0 ÆkZ
A little money is better than none. Xì 4Ðäƒ:¼Bzg ‚ Zhð
I spent the little money I had. X *c Š™ a%yD åk*0 }÷ DBzg ‚ Z hðDä~
äƒ: Á¹ Ô Zhðāì È » Few( - °) Few. A Few. The Few ( 10)
p‚ Z hðāì È » The Few gzZg ZlÏ~hðāì È » A Few Ô,'Z,'Æ
À
: õG/ŸG&ŠBV÷D™ÙCªÃŠ Z®p ÖZVÐtX &ƒÆ&ƒ
He has few friends. X ÷&„zŠ Á¹ÆkZ
G'
A few days rest will do you great good. X ÇƒÆ¹a }g é£+x Zg W»VâŠ} hð
The few friends she has are all poor. X ÷$d¾&ƒ{z÷ÆkZ&„zŠÐ} hð
:‰ÃŠ Z® FewergzZì *@Cg ZlLess:( Á ,gz°Ô:) Less. Fewer( 11)
We do not sell less than five kilos of sugar. X Û7ìÁÐúõ*0 ë
Fewer students passed this year than last Á~«£Æw‚Ôw‚kZ
year. X ñƒk*0 D(¨¤
» &ƒ yZ : Such'that X Such'as X So'as X As'as( 12)
À
X õ/GŸG&ŠBVXā 6'„(Z :ì *@ƒÀ,F
She is as pretty as her sister. ÇÅkZāÎì ]gß[p„âZ {z
He is not so clever as his brother. Xì ð¸»kZā Aì 7g âƒÚ Z {z
He is not such a good player as his brother. ð¸»kZā Aì 7~h î YZ Ú Z {z
This lesson is not such difficult that this book. X [ Âtā Aì 7ÂÚ Z$t
Exercise
XÙ w[p,6kZQ ?ì nÅ¾tā CgzZÙp°Å Adjective( 1)
140 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çã9ŠÞ]
÷0( [gz+iZ ) Adverb
p°Å Adverb
†ŸZ~pÆÚgzZ÷0Ô÷ª Verb, Adverb, Adjective Â
Xì *@Y¹ AdverbÐZÔ ñC¤SÅkZgzZ}™
He came here. X *c WVŒ{z
He is very good boy. Xì »±YZ¹{z
He ran very fast. X Ç ¸!¹{z
( good) Ú Very ~¿ }uzŠ Ô ~ pÆ( came) ÷here ~¿ ¬
Xì ;g™†ŸZ~pÆ( fast)÷0Very~¿}ŠgzZ~pÆ
{°‡
Ë #Z gzZ Xì *@Y*c ¯A d v e r b ™ h l y ~ %yWÆA d j e c t i v e â À
i Ã yÜ‰z D h ly Âƒ Consonant ðÃ¬ Ð kZgzZƒy ~%yWÆAdjective
À
X õ/GŸG&ŠBVX ÷ïŠw+$~
Adjective Meaning Adverb Meaning
Bad Z,' Badly Ðj§~,'
Poor $d¾ Poorly R¾
Ready g» Readily ~g »
Happy lp Happily ÐÙp
141 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
9Å÷0
÷9&Å Adverb
\L
{Š ‚÷0 [gz+iZÞ> ê Simple Adverb 1
!ßñ÷0 [gz+iZká ~g Relative Adverb 2
ò ZZ÷0 [gz+iZkÐzÚS Interrogative Adverb 3
Exercise
XÙ p°Å Adverb( 1)
X Z™g ÑÃV©x ÓÅkZ ( 2)
?ì nÅ¾ Adverb( 3)
X Cx **ÆV©x ÓÅ Part of Speech ( 4)
142 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çã:^‰
{Š ‚÷0 Simple Adverb
Ì9ÅkZ j§J W¸gzZì ˆÅp°Ð Vh§J WÅ Simple Adverb
Xì sf `gŠ,ÅTÔ÷CB
ãâ i÷0Adverb of time( 1)
sf `gŠt Ôì *@Y¹ Adverb of time ÐZÔì *@Y *c CÜ‰z »x »ËÐ ÂT
:÷
After ïZ úÔˆ ago Í} Z ¬
early àg Z ~¢ late 4 Ð,kŠ
now z** ÌZÔ[ Z then +Š LÔQÔ$A
soon yÎ ÌZÔ ~¢ today }eI `W
tomorrow zgñI À{ÒW recently àÂ~g ÌZÔ~wq
shortly OgØ $ k
d immediately à $feò Z wÒZ °Ô Zg ¯
afterwards kegzïZ ˆÆkZ Since kèE _L Ð#Z
Instantly à Ó÷S çÔZg ¯ already ~ e}gwW Ð¬
:÷sf `gŠBVÅkZ
I came late. X *c WÐ,kŠ~
He came early. X *c W~¢{z
Do it now. X z™ÌZÐZ
Write to her today. X„` WÃkZ
The holidays will begin tomorrow. X ÏVƒqzÑÀVI
143 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
ãk÷0 Simple Adverb of Place( 2)

@* Y¹ Simple Adverb of PlaceÐZÔì *@ƒD»(Åä™x »ÐÂT
:÷sf `gŠtgzZXì
everywhere , ~z~g} z} Z
k OYÔ(ÙC backward egzà z ZÔú
away } zZ s§-qZÔgzŠ anywhere , ~zã} Z
k }
far gÃ - ÔgzŠ
J near ,ã
k - Š ,4
q
above z[ Z Ñ*!`gŠ below ß! sf `gŠ
nowhere , zâ
k 7} without ^ ƒ ZŠ ~z %
up \R 6, zZ down yƒ Z e n
in yS g+0Z out ^ƒ W gzŠÔÙC*!
here ,„
k OŠ ZÔVŒ there , }Š
k V;z
ahead ŠR ~h Ç ZÔÐW
À
X õ/GŸG&ŠBV
Come here. X ƒ WVŒ
Stand there. Xƒg} 9V;z
Get out. X ƒ YÙC*!
She is in the house. Xì ~y{z
Sit down. X ƒ YÖn
144 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
~Š Z®÷0Simple Adverb of Number( 3)

Simple Adverb of ÐZ ÂÔ ì Zƒû% H x »ā ì *@ƒ x¥t Ð Â T
X ÷sfzgqXì *@Y¹ Number
once ÷z g*!-qZ twice õZ ðH$N g(Ôg *!zŠ
thrice õZê g*!& always m, zwW Z‡Ôå
never gzä 7L seldom xe− { Ç{ ÇÔLL
often @z ÒZ frequently à S ~Û ÚÔg *!g *!
secondly à ,Ï ZuzŠÔ **U thirdly à eê ZŠÔ {*U
again ”Z {g *!zŠ daily à} e : Zizg
ever gz~ Z å rarely à ¦}g g rL
\M
sometimes Z*N ê ì ÇÔ LL
À
X õG/ŸG&ŠBV¼ ÅkZ
See you again. XÐQ
You are always late. XƒD WÐ,kŠå?
She comes daily. Xì CW: Zizg {z
He went there once. Xì HŠû%-qZV;z{z
I never abuse. X VƒêŠ7à ÇL~
145 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
j§÷0Simple Adverb of Manner( 4)

Simple Adverb of Ð Zì *@ƒx¥i§*c à e »ä™Æx » ËÐ ÂT
X ÷`gŠ~VzSÅsf Ôì *@Y¹ Manner
thus kŠ 6, gîkZÔçO so Î „V-ÔgŠkZÔ Â
well sz Ðj§iZ badly às Ðb§~,'
gladly à åHG5Ò¯ ÙpÙp à uY quickly Zg¯ÔÐ~¢
certainly à í*Nu —"Ôgz¢ clearly à,kÿ®L s ™s ™
conveniently à M•z è E ±M Ðã‚W hard eg ; Ðœ
:BV
You have done it well. X HÐÇÃx »kZä?
Sadly he went from here. X HŠkZŠ ZÐVŒ{z
He did that work happily. X Hx »ÐÙpäkZ
She works gladly. Xì C™x »ÙpÙp{z
I write quickly. X VƒqÐ~¢~
! òZ÷0Simple Adverb of reason( 5)

Simple Adverb of ÐZ Ôì Cƒx¥zz Åäƒ *c ä™Æx » ËÐ ÂT
:÷sfzgqtXì *@Y¹ Reason
So Î akZ therefore g ¯,k~Š akZ
E 4X
on account of s W$.z» ZyzZ ÐzzÅ hence øG45 ÐVŒ
GE
consequently à S÷Ã :Ô îGE@G-4&Ô Z åE<XÅ
146 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
:BV
I therefore, went there. X HŠ`V;z~akZ
I am ill, so I can't come . X Y W7akZÔVƒg F~
The bank is closed on account of Sunday. XìÈJÐzzÅäƒgZ ÂZ
I am not well hence I am unable to go. Y W7~akZÔì 7ÇË~÷
~g Zl÷0Simple Adverb of Degree( 6)

Simple ÐZ ì Cƒ x¥ª *c g Zl Å ä™ *c äƒ Æ x » ËÐ Â T
:÷sf `gŠp ÖZm{¼ÆkZXì *@Y¹ Adverb of Degree
very ~g} z Ô ð•ZÔ¹ Much ã ] ÒÔ{Š *c i
more gñ gzZÔVzÛ‚ZÔ+h×' too I ÌÔ,i Z {z´
quite $ Ã
f gz¢ÔuZuÔx ÓÔÇ*! little Þ à
T Á¼Ô ‚ ZhðÔ‚ Zg f
rather gŠ}g ‚ ZhðÔs Ü,'ÔI partly Og *0 ~z%bÔgŠË
EN
fully à ÿ¡ x ÓÔZg ‚Ô}g7 wholly àwz ¯-q Ô,6gîå
so Î ~i Z+0ZÏZÔ„V- any ã} Z - Z¼Ô¼ ÔðÃ
q
enough 6} Z ¹ÔwëÔ °» pretty K~,6 â½Ô÷zÁÔgŠË
almost & ñwW
† F, {Š *c iÔâ½ as m, Z āVaÔO@Ô(zÔ6
:BV
He is very well. Xì Ç¹{z
This work is hard enough. Xì Â¹x »t
His house was partly destroyed. X HŠ H{ n,6gî~z%byk»kZ
He was fully prepared. X åg »å{z
He was almost drowned. X åZƒ*!ze â½{z
147 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
CmZ÷0Simple Adverb of Affirmative( 7)

Simple Adverb of ÐZ ì *@ƒ x¥ **™ *c **ƒ » x » ËÐ Â T
Xì *@Y¹ Affirmative
GG
Yes ö V; surely àgì éG5©G3©8Ô—"
GG
Certainly à í*Nu %ZÔªZzX G truly à z,R éG5©G3©8Ô ãs
:BV
Yes I will do. X ÇVz™~V;
Surely he will come. X ÇñW{zG
Certainly she is thief. Xìga{z—"
~g ïZ÷0Simple Adverb of negation( 8)

Simple Adverb of ÐZ Ôì *@ƒ x¥ **™: *c **ƒ : » x » ËÐ Â T
Xì *@Y¹ negation
no â 7 not ^â 7
nay ä 7Ç*!Ô7ÔVƒVzZ never gzä 7L
:BV
I do not know her. X } Y7ÐZ~
No, not at all. X 7Ç*!Ô7
I never see you. X Vƒ8 Š7L"~
148 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Exercise
XÙ p°Å Simple Adverb( 1)
X Cx ** »V©x ÓÅkZ ( 2)
~ÝzgÅkZgzZÚgt ‚ÃVß Vˆ~Š~KÆSimple Adverb-qZÙC( 3)
XÙ w[p[p™ ¯BV+h×'
149 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çã9ŠÒ]
!ßñ÷0 Relative Adverb
p°Å Relative Adverb
@* Y ¹ R e l a t i v e A d v e r b ÐZ Ô ì *@Y Z h Ã VÓ zŠ Ð V/X
Antecedent »kZì *@ƒÌZ ªNoun -qZ¬Ð Relative AdverbXì
:÷`gŠ Relative Adverb¼Xì *@W„~@ÖÆVÓzŠåtXì *@BU%ª
When +z #Z where ,k~z V˜
why ñZz ÐzzÅTÔVY how z; ù
À
: õG/ŸG&ŠBVÆkZ
This is the place where we live. X ÷TgëV˜ì({z¸
I shall tell you why he failed. Zƒ>VY{zā ÇVƒ C"~
I remember the day when he was born. åZƒZa{z#ZìŠ *c yŠ {z=
We know how you did it. X HùÐZä?ā÷… Yë
Exercise
XÙ p°Å Relative Adverb( 1)
?÷Ä {zgzZì nÅ¾ Adverb( 2)
XÙ~~ ,môZÀ,F »kZQ ¯¿ÆkZ~zŠg Z¬~ÝzgÅVß V( 3)
150 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰7]çã9‰ê
ò ZZ÷0 Interrogative Adverb
p°Å Interrogative Adverb
å t Xì *@Y¹ Interrogative Adverb ÐZ ì *@Y HwZÎÐ V/X
X ÷sf `gŠtXì *@W~qzÑÆVÓ
Where V¹ why VY
when '“ how far gzŠX
how many ( Š Z®ñZ,')Ä how much ( g ZlñZ,')Ä
how long ( Ü‰zñZ,')Ð'“ how often g *!X
wherefore aTÔa¾ÔVY whence 6, gî¾ÔÐV¹
whither ~(ªq¾Ô,6x £¾
:BV
Where are you going? ?÷ìg YV¹\ W
When did she sleep? ?ðÎ'“{z
How are you? ?÷ù\ W
Exercise
G
g© !
X C ê »kZgzZXÙp°Å Interrogative Adverb( 1)
XÙ w+h×'ÅkZ~ÝzgÅVß V( 2)
151 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çã9Šm†i
Þ »~÷0Adverb Comparison
.
X ÷DƒZgŠ&ÌÆAdverbb§Å Adjective
E{©EG$
CZ f ÿG5 k~i7 Positive Degree 1
E{©EG$
‰ÿG5 k},6Á Comparative Degree 2
E{©EG$
ÀÿG5 ká,6Î Superlative Degree 3
:÷kÿÕ© »Å&sf `gŠsÜÐ~V©x ÓÅ Adverb%Z
Adverb of time.
Adverb of degree.
X ÷sf `gŠ°Z ¸ÆyZ Adverb of manner.
Ð äh est gzZ Comparative Ð äh er ~ %yWÆAdverb ¼ ( 1)
Xì CY0Superlative Degree
Fast ! Faster !{Š *c i Fastest !{Š *c i¹

Hard J Harder J{Š *c i Hardest J{Š *c i¹
Long M Longer M{Š *c i Longest M{Š *c i¹
aÆComparative ~qzÑÆkZ ÂÔì *@ƒly~%yWÆAdverb T ( 2)
Xì *@Y*c J ,( mostaÆSuperlativegzZ more
Positive Meaning Comparative Superlative
Clearly 6, gîs ™ more clearly most clearly
Slowly Ð× W more slowly most slowly
Swiftly Ð~! more swiftly most swiftly

152 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
7^© »~Adverb ‰Now, then, where, there, Once ( 3)

Xì k
~ VªVÐÉ ì 7³{°‡ðÃaÆä¯ ÿÕ© »Å Adverb ¼ ( 4)
X ÷D Wp ÖZµ Zµ Z
Positive Meaning Comparative Superlative
Badly Ðj§~,' worse worst
Ill gF worse worst
Much {Š *c i more most
Well YZ better best
Exercise
?÷9XÅkZgzZ ?÷ë£ Adverb Comparison( 1)
?÷k7Å¾¾gzZ÷kÿÕ© »Å Adverb¾¾( 2)
X C}°‡Æä¯Comparison( 3)
Åä¯ DegreeÅkZÆ™lÂdverb Ð ¹*c [ Â~ Ýzg ÅVß V( 4)
XÙ w
153 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çã9‰ç2
wEZT §Æ Adverbs ë Z¼
Positive wEZ » VeryÐ ~ VâzŠ yZ
( {Š *c i¹ Ô¹) Very, Much( 1)
gzZ Xì *@YH¬ Ð (ing form) ÔPresent Participle gzZ Degree
¬ ÐPast Participle gzZ Comparative Degree wEZ » Much
Xì *@YH
He returned very quickly. X HŠ W:Zz~¢¹{z
This story is very interesting. Xì ¯,6~,(ã¹t
Hamid writes much slower than Khalid. Xì q× W{Š *c i−{Ðæq
I am much obliged to you. X VƒgZ /¦]¹»\W~
X ÷D YKwEZ~%yWÆ¿VâzŠt( ¬):Before, Ago ( 2)
I have never seen such a dog before. X ¬Š7LÂ (Z¬ÐkZä~
Have you seen her before? ?ì ¬Š¬ÐZä?H
He left this house three years ago. X å*c Š hg„¬w‚&yktäkZ
Yes, I saw her two years ago. X å¬Š¬w‚zŠÐZä~V;
» at once gzZ XiŠ -qZ Ôg *! -qZ ì *@ƒÀ,F » once :Once, at once( 3)
X ~¢ÔZg ¯
I go to Delhi once a weak. X Vƒ*@Y‹Šg *!-qZ~‹~
Leave the class-room at once. X ƒ YòZg ¯Ð{ ÇkgŠ
154 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
» EnoughX åÔÇ*!ì *@ƒÈ » Quite:Quite, Enough, Too( 4)

À
X õG/ŸG&Š#sŸzÐVß VX {Š *c iì È» ToogzZā
ó Ú Z ó°» ì
L x|
I am too tired to walk. X Y7^āVƒHŠëÚ Z~
He is rich enough to buy a car. Xì Y+h%yg»-qZāìg ZŠwâ Ú Z {z
My success in the examination is quite certain. Xì DÇ*!! x» ~÷~yJZ
Exercise
:÷H H Adverbs ëZ¼ ( 1)
X CwEZi§» Before, Ago( 2)
XÙyÒtÛyxgŠÆVery, Much( 3)
X ¯BV+h×'Œ,6AdverbÑ*!`gŠ~ÝzgÅVß V( 4)
155 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çã9Šßnµ
g Ysw( ci7~,6) Preposition
p°Å Preposition
ÐPronoun *c Noun }uzŠgzZì *@W¬Ð Pronoun *c Noun ËÂ
X ÷ë PrepositionÐZÔì *@™ÙCªm»kZ
„Å Preposition
:÷9&Å Preposition
\L
ci7~,6Þ> ê
{Š ‚g Ysw Simple Preposition 1
'“%g Ysw ci7~,6+& ƒ *0 Á Compound Preposition 2
³**'“%g Ysw ci7~,6!Û Phrase Preposition 3
p°Å Simple Preposition ( 1)

Simlpe ÐZ Â÷ Dƒ ŠG{z ª hMY K7} •ÆPreposition T
:÷sf `gŠ Ôì *@Y¹ Preposition
at $ Z
f ( ykñZ,')~Ô,6 by ñ*! =g fÔ$dÛŒÔk*0
for g¯ āakZÔaÆ from xzÛ s§i ZÔÐ
in yS ~Ôg+0Z of szZ 6, ÔÆÔ»
to I -
J on yzZ 6, zZÔ,6
out ^ƒ W Ù *!
C through zê Ð$+ Y-qZÔÐs§
till Þ
T - Ü‰zkZÔ-J#Z
J with |ŠÌ B‚
156 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
after ïW ˆ under g+& Z ~g+0ZÔn

over gzÔzZ Ñ*!Ô,6zZ since kèE _L Ð#Z
down yƒ Z e n up \Z 6, zZ
:BV
I live at Deoband. X VƒLgÈ- Š~
The kite went up the sky X ˆ¬~y W,6zZX
The ball is under the table. XìnÆ×t
She climbed on the tree. X S%m,6#|gŠ {z
Study with me. Xð,7B‚}÷
We see you after sleeping. XÐÐ?ˆÆäÎë
p°Å Compound Preposition( 2)

™ Î b e *c a ~ qzÑÆN o u n , Ad j e c t i v e , Ad v e r b T
kZ Xì *@Y¹ Compound Preposition ÐZ Ôì *@Y *c ¯ Preposition
X ÷sf `gŠ Preposition m{¼Æb§
about ^ ƒ *!Z ~}g *! above z[ Z Ñ*!{gÃèÔ,6zZ
across iz™ Z g *0 g WX Y,F Zh Z amid åH $LZ ~@ÖÔ~yxgŠ
E
around + ƒ ZgZ
& k*0 k WÔŠ/¤Šg Z beneath ôG-G4&! n
beside + ‚!
[ k*0 Ô-qŠ ,4 behind ð; ! ú
beyond h! g *0 ÆÔs§~uzŠ between +z$# yxgŠ
below ß! sf `gŠ along - ßZ
8 UëÔ,'Z,'ÔB‚
among /Z yxgŠÆâZ *c m¾Z+ZZiÐzŠ
amongst & /Z
† yxgŠÆm¾Z *c âZ {Š *c i¹
157 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
:BV
Tell me something about him. X ƒ C¼=~}g*!ÆkZ
They are swimming across the river. X ÷ìg¾~~+0vß{z
Distribute these sweets among students. X zŠ™„V× ‹t~V9(¨¤
There was a shady tree over my head. X å#|gŠg ZŠt‚-qZVŒ,6u}g ø
He was sitting between his father and mom. X åZƒ´~@ÖÆ{−ZzgzZ−ZzLZ {z
p°Å Phrase Preposition( 3)

Xì *@Y¹ Phrase Preposition ÐZì *@Y *c ¯ ™5Ð p ÖZ+ZZiÐ -qZ
Å Simple Preposition gzZ ì *@ƒ Simple Preposition z%b ZuzŠ » kZ
X ÷sf `gŠ Phrase Prepositionm{¼Xì *@ƒwEZ „b§
Phrase Prepositions È ãç
According to I-8 ŸgÃZ # ®Ô._Æ
Z
Along with |ŠÌ -8ß Z B‚Æ
Because of s WiÃ! L ÆÔÐzzÅ
:
By means of s Wíñ*! )g fÆ
By reason of s Wyi ~gñ*! L Æ
:
BY virtue of s Wagzñ*! ) *!Æ
¯
By way of s W}Ì ñ*! Ðj§Æ
for the sake of s W¹~Šg ¯ aÆ
In addition to I×~ e RyS {z´ÆkZ
In(on) behalf of s Ws ;! yS Ð$+ YÅ
158 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
In comparison of s Wyi ~,6ÁyS ~«£Æ

In course of s WkgÃyS yxgŠÆ
In favour of s Wgz±yS ~hÆ
In front of s W$.ÛyS t ‚Æ
In order to Igeg WyS Ðn¾ÅÔaÆ
In place of s WNyS (Å
In regard to Ieg Ç~gyS 0Æ
In spite of s W$V *0 öZyS ë *@ÔŠz*!Æ
E‚
Instead of s WÁø$S ñOÆ
On account of s W$. ƒ » ZyzZ 0Æ
With a view to I- ~zR|ŠÌ B‚ÆbÃkZ
With reference to Ißgs§|ŠÌ Ðá ZjÆ
With regard to Ieg Ç~g|ŠÌ 0Æ
Due to I-~ e ¯Ô ._Æ
À
X õ/GŸG&ŠBV
In case of danger come to me. X ** YWk*0 }÷?~]gßÅ}ç
Do it according to his order. X z™ÐZ ._Æ¬ÆkZ
Put the pencil in place of that. XÅg,6(ÅkZÃR
He faced many problems in X H o‚ »] )¹yxgŠÆ^LZäkZ
course of his travel.
c* present Participle X ÷Dƒ ÌParticiple Preposition ¼

Simple Preposition ÌwEZ » kZ X ÷ D Y ñ¯ ÐPast Participle
159 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
:÷sf `gŠtXì *@ƒb§Å

Participle Preposition È ãç
Barring jg *! ñƒD ZI:zÂÞ.‡
Considering jg +[‚Á āÃ7ÆkZ
Concerning ûuÁ $"*!Ô~}g *!Æ
During j g-~ e ~z ZÔyxgŠÆ
Excepting ”L;-qZ ]*!ÔÃsÔz´Æ
Excluding j e³o Z {z´Æ
Including j e³yS wË/
Not-withstanding j #kS |ŠÌ ^â Šz*!Æ
Pending jñ 7gŠÔg¨,kiÔ {z´Æ
Saving j ÌÐ ZÎâ Ô ZÎ
Regarding j eg Ç~g p Ò/Ô!ZfÔ0Æ
:Ù±5BV
During my stay in Agra, I met him FÐ kZ ~ yZgzŠÆ x ª {/¤ W}÷
many times. X 5g *!
Concerning his officer's behaviour, he ÐZ 0Æ ¿i§Æ WWÆ kZ
should not resign. cebŠ7±Z
Exercise
XÙp°Åg Ysw( 1)
XÙ#sŸz÷9XÅkZ ( 2)
XÙ w+h×'\ W,6kZ~ÝzgÅVß V( 3)
160 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çã9‰^nã2
Õsw( ×B”Á ) Conjunction
p°Å Conjunction
m{ m{¼ Xì *@Y¹ Conjunction ÐZ Ôì *@5 Ã VÓ *c V/zŠ Â
:÷sf `gŠ Conjunction
Conj È ãç Conj È ãç
And hZ gzZ for g¯ ªÔāÔa
nor gâ 7 but $
# 1Ôp
both B1 ÌÔVâzŠ or gzZ c*
until Þ yR
T - #Z
J as well as m, Rsz,mR VW,'+h×'Ô Ì
E
since ø4]L i ZÔˆÔÐ yet $
f M Šz*!Ôë*@
after ïZ ˆ else ?Z ¼gzZÔ:gz
if sS / Z
¤ because iÃ! āakZ
though z*@ p/¤ that $ Š
f ā
H
till ÿ&L - #Z
J although zZŠwZ p/¤ Z
unless :yR - $A
J before g¯! ¬
when +z ā#Z as m, R akZÔā 6
why ñZz VY where , ~z
k V¹
how z; ù
161 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
À
: õ/GŸG&ŠBV
He is wise and brave. XìgŠ ·gzZq={z
He is weak but not timid. Xì 7wŠ ,)1ìgz${z
I waited until it got dark. X Hg OZä~-JäƒZƒ+0Z
He has a fat body, yet he is weak. Xìgz$ÌQì *Nñ{z
The shop was closed so I could [Â ðÃ~ a kZ ¶È y»zŠ
not buy the book. X e+h%y7
Exercise
?÷ë H~~ ,môZÃÕsw( 1)
?ì *@ƒx » H »kZ ( 2)
?÷Ä {z( 3)
XÙ w[p\W,6kZ~ÝzgÅVß V( 4)
162 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çã9‰<‰
Àsw( ×àc,RyZ ) Interjection
p°Å Interjection
V/Xg ÖZ »]÷ZpgzZ]*!._Ô]‚ˆZÔ]ÑìáZzàZxŠ-qZgzZ-7 eZ~wŠ
:÷sf `gŠp ÖZÆb§kZXì *@Y¹ Interjection¹ZÔì *@YHÐ
Hurrah! Huzza! ha!ha! ;;Ô ZçE 8XNÔ Zç8XN Ùpg ÖZ ñZ,' ! {Zz{ Zz
Alas! Ah! O! Oh! Ah ò{ WÔ{zZÔzZÔ{ WÔÖZ §g ÖZ ñZ,' !aaa! k\Z
me!
Bravo! Well done! ÔyeszÔz},' g ÖZ Æ Ï+hI y4 ! YZ ¹

aÆ !vZ
Ha! What! ^ZzÔ; ÀñZ,' ! [p„H ! H
Hello! O! Ho!Hey! ñ;ÔƒÔzZÔì aÆäg å ! ¿ñZ
IF$L H$N E
Pooh! Tut-tut! Tush! kS Ô ø Ôl ð Ô II Ô{ ðF$N Šz]Ð !ô(zZ ! ÚMŠ
Pish! Stuff! Bosh! lðE$NÔ ýH$
6XL 6XN
Hum! Hem! Humph! F .6XMÔ ê Ô ê
ï g ÖZ »µ !ƒ{zZ ! Vƒ
Y
Good bye! Farewell! szg ÃÔ ñ*! åH Ń ƒq Z.}Ôq ZŠß Z ! ÷ºë ÂYZ
Lo! Look! Listen! ! Ôé Ô èE _L Á Ôuß Ôß aÆä™zá ! [ » ñZ
Hush! Behold! ®ƒ
Y±N YN
Good heavens! Good eÍe ð Ôßz„e ð± aÆ3g c* Z.}3g
God!
Fie-fie! Shame! ôÔ°° aÆÒ ìÒ

163 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
7mðÃÐ VÓ » yZ X ÷ D W~ qzÑÆ ¿ p ÖZ ÆInterjection

Exclamatory ¹Z Ô÷ Dƒ p ÖZ ÆInterjection ~ VÓ XXì *@ƒ
™G$
XÙ±5BVXì *@Y*c Î( !)yK¶îG0E4EC ~%yWÆkZgzZì *@Y¹ Sentence
Alas! He is dead. X HŠ%{z!k\Z
What a fine day! !ì yŠ]gß[p„H
Bravo! You have played well. Xr YZ¹?! { Zz
How honest you are! ! ÷gZŠyZZÄ\ W
Exercise
?ì nÅ¾tā CtñƒD™p°Å Interjection( 1)
X ‹Ãp ÖZx ÓB‚Æãç?÷ÄÀszw( 2)
X ¯BVÅkZ+h×'\W~ÝzgÅVß V( 3)
164 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çã9‰\]
g] ( kã°yS ) Infinitive
p°Å Infinitive
ÆkZāìtyTÅkZ~zŠgZXì *@Y¹g]ªInfinitiveÃ^-Z Å Verb
X {)zCÁÔ** 3:‰Xì *@ƒó** L~%yW
:‰Ôì *@Y*c ÎTo~qzÑÆVerb1st formāìt{°‡»ä¯ÃkZ
To eat. ** 3
To sleep. **Î
To say. I
gzZ Ad j e c t i v e LgzZ ì *@ƒ ,6 gîÆN o u n LwEZ » I n f i n i t i v e
À
X õG/ŸG&ŠBVÔ,6gîÆAdverb
To read is a good habit. Noun Xì ]Š ¬hZ-qZ −,7
To tell a lie is a sin. Noun Xì { Hk Ü1^Ñ
This is not the time to play. Adjective Xì 7Ü‰z»Ét
Give me a pen to write. Adjective X zŠ¯-qZ=aÆ™
He allowed him to go. Adverb X ~Š]i YZÅäYÐZäkZ
They went to see the Taj. Adverb X ‰ Ú Šû` *@{z
7To ~ yZ ÂN W Infinitive Verb /¤ Z ˆ Æ X Ô÷ ,Z ]â £¼
X *@Y*c Î
:ˆÆAuxiliary verb÷yzçsf `gŠ ( 1)
Shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, do,
165 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
XÙ±5BVX {)z did, does, must, need, dare,

You need write it. Xì ]gz¢Å™ÐZ"
She should study. Xce**™·_ÐZ
:ˆÆVerb sf `gŠ ( 2)
X ( 9 Š ) seeX ( 7ú) hearX ( **™kC ) feelX ( bŠ]i YZ ) letX ( ** ¯) make
X ( 8¢ ¸) notice X ( **™ {@x) observe X ( 9 Š ) watch X ( ** Î à 1) bid
X ( ** Z%l ) StealX ( **™lp ) pleaseX ( 'Y) know
He sees him steal a pen. Xì 8 Š D Z%l ¯-qZÐZ {z
Let us go for a walk. X zŠ äY=Ô…
You sow me sing a song. X ¬Š D Ç ** ÇuZ=ä?
She made me laugh. X *c Š ´=äkZ
:ˆÆ(]z%b) Phrasessf `gŠ ( 3)
would rather X ( ì 4) had rather X ( åce( **™ ) ) had better
X ( ì 4) rather than( ì 4)
I would rather die than beg. Xì 4** Y%Ð`â „a}÷
You had better stop smoking. X åce )gÐä™uÈZ"Z
:÷sf `gŠ Ôì *@ƒw!zszcªActive & PassiveÌ~g]
Forms Active Meaning Passive Meaning
Present to see aÆÚ ŠÔ9 Š to be seen * Y ¬Š

Present to seeing xg8 Š to have seen *ƒZƒ8 Š
Continuous
166 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Perfect to have seen ƒ NŠ

= to have been * Y1NŠ
seen
Perfect to have *ƒZƒ8 Š

Continuous been seeing
Exercise
XÙ yÒÐZÔƒ]â ¥ÌÃ\W0ÆkZgzZÙp°Å Infinitive( 1)
X ¯ Infinitive verbkÁi Z Á™ Î to ~qzÑÆVerb 1st( 2)
w+h×'~ Ýzg ÅVß V,6 yZ Ôì *@Y H7wEZ » to ˆÆ Vzq XX ( 3)
XÙ
ÐVerb+h×'\Wñƒpngt ‚Ã'Ñ*!{gÃè( 4)
X ¯ Active Voice & Passive Voice Infinitive
167 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]æ†jãÞ]
g]ÌZ ( +&gY ) Gerund
Xì *@W ó** LÌ~%yWÆpzŠg ZÆkZXì *@ƒb§Å InfinitiveÌGerund
:‰Ô÷ïŠ Î ing~%yWÆVerb 1st formāìti§»ä¯ÃkZ
Sing singing ** Ç
Eat eating *3
Talk talking **™]*!
LgzZ ,6 gîÆO b j e c t LÔ gîÆS u b j e c t L~ ¿G e r u n d
À
X õG/ŸG&ŠBVÅ-qZÙCXì *@ƒwEZ,6gîÆPreposition
Walking in the morning is useful. XìÆ§Å ð Subject
Swimming is a good exercise. Xì whZ **¾ Subject
He likes telling the truth. ì *@™IÜ1s {z Object
She loves reading novels. ì C™I−,7wz** {z Object
Ramu was punished for stealing the car. X ˆ~Š ZwÃñZg,6ä™~gag » Preposition
A horse is fond of running a race. ì (g »ähzŠ~«£Zh˜-qZ Preposition
Exercise
X C{°‡»ä¯ÆkZñƒD™p°Å Gerund( 1)
XÙ#sŸzÔì *@ƒwEZ,6gî¾¾ Gerund( 2)
?ì *@ƒÀ,F H~zŠg Z » Gerund( 3)
X ¯ GerundÐkZgzZÙ lˆ Verb~[ÂKZ\ W( 4)
168 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]æ†j‰
LÚ ( Þ> ÏKg *0 ) Participle
p°Å Participle
kZXì *@Y¹ Participle ÐZÔì *@™x » »VâzŠ AdjectivegzZ VerbÂ
:÷9&ÅkZXì Verb Adjective x ** ZuzŠ »
wqLÚ Present Participle 1
èâ LÚ Past Participle 2
åLÚ Perfect Participle 3
p°Å Present participle

¹ Present ParticipleÐZÔì *@ƒx¥xg Dƒ»x »ÐParticipleT
singing. :‰Xì *@Y*c ¯ ™ Î ingB‚ÆVerb 1st form LÚtXì *@Y
À
X õ/GŸG&ŠBVX talking. speaking.
Seeing the police, the thief ran away. X Ç ¸ga™NŠÃ:7
He saw a boy singing. X ¬Š D ÇÃÆ±-qZäkZ
keeping the book we ran. X} hzŠëñƒ} ñ[Â
p°Å Past Participle

Past ÐZÔì *@ƒ x¥ **ƒ å » x » ÐP a r t i c i p l e T
~ed, en, d, t ~%yWÆVerb 1st form LÚt Xì *@Y¹ Participle
Ðbuild‰Xì *@ƒ~verb 3rd formâ ÀtXì *@ƒ~^Å ZƒÎ-qZ ðÃÐ
À
X õG/ŸG&ŠBVX {)zspokenÐspeak X built
169 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Salma is a girl loved by all. X¸D™g \ &ƒ&ì Å±-qZ>

A burnt child dreads the fire. Xì *@3spÐv W^Zƒ°-qZ
He has a broken bat. Xì šZƒ*NIk*0 ÆkZ
p°Å Perfect Participle

Za x|» äƒ qzÑ »x »}uzŠˆÆäƒ åÆx »-qZÐParticiple T
~ qzÑÆVerb 3rd ÐZ Xì *@Y¹ Perfect Participle ÐZ Ôì *@ƒ
À
X õ/GŸG&ŠBVX ÷D ¯™ Î Having
Having won a prize, Mena felt happy. X ÅkCÙpäf™AÛx ÅZ
Having done my work I went to sleep. X HŠ`äÎÆ™x » CZ~
Having seen the cat he ran away. X Ç ¸{z™NŠÃ©
:ì sf `gŠ Ôì *@ƒActive & Passive VoíceÌ~ Participle
Form Active Meaning Passive Meaning
Present Beating ñƒt© being beaten ñƒD YWÄÔ ñƒW¢

Past beaten ZƒC×
Perfect Having ™ù having been ™$2
beaten beaten
Exercise
XÙ#sŸzÅV©ÅkZñƒD™p°Å Participle( 1)
g Ñ" ÅLÚ\ W~ Ýzg Å}°‡Æä¯ ÆV©VÐÅ Participle ( 2)
XaJ e~Active & PassiveÃVß V yZgzZX ¯BV
170 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]æ†j`Ò]
Ézp°p ÖZ ( ÀKg W ) Articles
p°Å Articles
c* Article ¹Z Ôì *@Y HwEZ » a, an, the ¬ Ð ÌZ ª Noun Ë
:÷9zŠ ÅkZXì *@Y¹ ( k,3ó,R~ e ) Determiners
X p°sw ( M,°~ e ) Definite Article ( 1)
XÉsw ( M,°~ eyS ) Indefinite Article ( 2)
Definite Article
Xì *@YHaÆœ£sf `gŠwEZ »kZX ÷ë Definite ArticleÃ the
:÷D Î TheÂÔƒ** ¯†cÃ{ðÌZª Common NounË#Z ( 1)
This is the book. Xì [Â„zt
The bird is beautiful. Xì ]gß[p *c %m ( m{ ðÃ )
X ÷D™wEZ » the Âì CƒŠ Z%±~g7ÅkZÐNounË#Z ( 2)
The crow is black bird. Xì {+0,6Ñ»-qZ ( ZÃq â ) ZÃ
The loin is wild animal. ìgâ Y1-qZè( » â )
~ ,mz*Š ÔV1ÂIè Ô`gÎÔ+0e ÔVzg (ÔV%ÔVzg *ÔVzg«ÔVzh N ÔV- +0( 3)
ÐVñ** #z ãZ+0{ ÔVñ**Æ ]Zg ¶Z Ôy WÔ}i ÔVÂg q]g *@ÔVkg *0 Ï( ÔV1Â
X ÷D Îthe¬
The sun. `gÎ The Holy Quraan. u *0 yWÛŒ
The Taj. û` *@ The Congress öô»
171 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
The Himalaya. h N Dø The Rajputs. ]‡Zg

The Indian Ocean yd The Muslims. ›
The times of India *c +& Zs WZ*N The Indian ã*y
X ÷D Î the¬ÐÚ ÂƒÚðÃ¬Ð,]g *@Ë#Z( 4)
The great Akbar. X { á÷Š *!º Zx
The great Ashoka. X { á÷uØZx
Xì *@YHwEZ » the¬ÐSuperlative DegreeÅ Adjective( 5)
The best boy. X »±YZÐ&ƒ
The finest book. X [ ÂhZÐ&ƒ
kZ ÂN YaŠ Z%vßx ÓÆÚkZ)g fÆÚªAdjective Ë#Z ( 6)
X ÷D Î the¬ÐNoun
The rich are always happy. X ÷Tglpåg ZŠwâ
The poor are always in trouble. X ÷Tg~ã.,6å$d¾
}™+E}uzŠ ÂÔì ;g W{™+EÐW»kZQì [ƒg *! -qZ¬{™+E »q Ë#Z ( 7)
X ÷D Î the ~
There are two goats and three cows. ÷N Ç&gzZ}–zŠ
The goats are thin but the cows are fat. X ÷KññÇp÷«Š Â}–
X ÷D Î the ¬Ðv,FŠ°( 8)
She is the first girl. Xì Å±«{z
The second boy in the third row. X »±ZuzŠ~g ·~Š
X ÷D Î the¬Ðp ÖZá Zzä™Zax|»{)zVÐÔVâzŠ :%zŠ°( 9)
The two boys are lazy. X ÷I»Æ±VâzŠ
172 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
The three books are good. X ÷hZÁÂVÐ

,]g *@kZ ÂÔì *@ƒ **™yÒ Ð mÆËÃPz m{Æ ,]g *@Ë( 10)
X ÷D Î the¬Ðx **Æ
He is the Abul Klam. Xì ( gH6)xæZ1Z {z
He is the Hatim Tai. Xì ( M6) ð¤?q{z
Indefinite Article
:÷sfzgqwEZÆyZXì *@Y¹ Indefinite ArticleÃ a,an
Xì *@YHwEZ » a,anaÆä™Zax|»{ð( 1)
A girl. X Å±-qZ ( ÌðÃ )
An apple. X LÂ-qZ ( ÌðÃ )
uZzÆVñ**ÆVzq à Zz ãY Åg Ñª Countable Singular Noun( 2)
X ÷D YKwEZ~\
a boy. X »±-qZ an orange. X { nV-qZ
a girl. X Å±-qZ an inkpot. X ] ZzŠ-qZ
X ³,7{g *!zŠ-qZ$aÆ+ YÃwEZ µZñÆa & an:^â
* YH: wEZ » Article
:ì *@YH7wEZ » ArticleB‚ÆNounsf `gŠ
XB‚Æ†cÌZª Proper Noun( 1)
XB‚ÆªÌZª Abstract Noun( 2)
À
: õ/GŸG&ŠBV
Delhi is the capital of India. Xì ãJ.]ZgÅy*y‹Š Proper
Laughter is the best medicine. Xì ZzŠ hZÐ&ƒ« Abstract

173 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
wEZT §» Article
c* VzqzŠgzZXì *@YHwEZ » Articleû%„-qZaÆäCÃq-qZ *c ¿-qZ
À
: õG/ŸG&ŠÐVß VtÛgzZ#sŸzÅkZXû%zŠaÆì¼~}g *!ÆV˜
Her cloth is a white and black. Xì Ñ»¼gzZC¼ Z À »kZ
He has a white and a black book. Xì [ Âà »-qZgzZC-qZk*0 ÆkZ
Exercise
?ì *@ƒÈH » Article( 1)
?÷Ät( 2)
XÙyÒÐ,Ô÷png]â ¥Ì \W~}g *!ÆyZ ( 3)
+h×',6 kZ\ Wñƒ pngt ‚ÃyZ Ô÷ ˆ~Š BV ~KÆ#sŸz Å°Z ¸( 4)
XÙ w
174 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]æ†jè
x » *@Š ¬( ½ Zwz@Öì ) Habitual Actions
p°Å Habitual Action
x » ~Š ¬ ªHabitual Action ÃyZ Ô ÷ D YK ,6 gîÆ w©gzZ ]Š ¬ x »
:÷sf `gŠ}°‡Æä¯ÃkZXì *@Y¹
X ñY H: wEZ » the ¬ Ð ¦{ðÌZ ªCommon Noun Plural ( 1)
:w V
¿x ¬ Meaning Habitual Meaning
The boys play. X ÷ÈÆ± Boys play. X ÷D™|Æ±
The cats run. X ÷ChzŠV‚ Cats run. X ÷C™ZhzŠV‚
The birds sing. X ÷CÇV*c %m Birds sing. X ÷C™ *c ÇV*c %m
~ wq Uâ i a Æ ä™yÒ w©z ]Š ¬ Å†cÌZ ª Proper Noun( 2)
Xì *@YHwEZ » ( IåH )H'¾ Ri S ) is accustomed toˆÆSubject
Khalid is accustomed to play. Xì *@™|−{
Hamid is accustomed to sleep. Xì *@™ *c Îæq
wEZ » Used toˆÆSubject~µaÆäC]Š ¬~èâ Uâ i ( 3)
:Ù±5BVXì *@YHwEZ » did not used to~tgzZ÷D™
He used to play. X å*@™|{z
She used to sing a song. X ¶C™ *c Ç ** Ç{z
I did not used to come daily. X å*@W7: Zizg~
She did not used to go her house. X ¶C™ *c Y7y CZ {z
175 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
À
: õG/ŸG&ŠXì *@YHwEZ » wouldñOÆused to [ Z~~ ,môZ+h.]
He would play. X å*@™|{z
She would sing a song. X ¶C™ *c Ç ** Ç-qZ {z
Exercise
?÷ë H~~ ,môZÃÂáZzäCx » ~Š ¬( 1)
?÷ñ,7}°‡Ä ä\W~}g *!Æä¯Ã Habitual Actions( 2)
w[p,6 kZ™ ¯ BV+h×'\ W~ Ýzg ÅVß Vˆ~Š ~ KÆVz°‡VÐ( 3)
XÙ
176 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]æ†j`ni
wEZ »ÄŸZ ( °z,R:R ) Use of Apostrophe
p°ÅÄŸZ
[™s§Å−{Ã[ Â-qZ ë‰Ôì ÄŸZx ** »ä™[™$+ Y ~uzŠÃÂ-qZ
À
X õG/ŸG&ŠBV~~ ,môZÅkZX [ ÂÅ−{ā÷ë ñƒD™
Khalid's book [ ÂÅ−{ Hamid's pen ¯»æq
Book of Khalid [ ÂÅ−{ Pen of Hamid ¯»æq
:÷j§zŠÆÄŸZ~~ ,môZ
XÆ™wEZ » of~@ÖÆVÈZzŠ ( ³Z )
XÆ™wEZ » s~@ÖÆVÈZzŠ ( [)
s pQÔÐNÑÃDZs pÆzŠg Z¬b§Åy*!i! ²āìti§»wEZÆof
À
X õG/ŸG&ŠBVÅkZXÐKÃ
Pen of Rashid ¯»”Zg Fan of Salma 6»>
Wife of Zaki ~çÅÅf Book of a boy [ ÂÅÆ±-qZ
:‰ÔÃDZs pQÔÐNÑÃs pÆzŠg Z¬āìti§»wEZÆs
Rashid's pen ¯»”Zg A boy's book [ ÂÅÆ±-qZ
Zaki's wife ~çÅÅf Salma's fan 6»>
S Ôì *@Y HwEZ »yK¶ Apostrophe B‚ÆsÜ‰zÆÄŸZ)g fÆS
» ™ Æ kZ Ôì *@Y¹ Apostrophe s ÐZ Ð L9o Å kZ Xì *@Y –,6zZÆ
Xì sf `gŠi§
Apostrophe ,6zZÆkZ~%yWˆÆ™ÃkZ Âì Singular Noun/¤ Z ( 1)
177 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
À
Xì ~Vß VÅ,6zZā‰X õG/Ÿ És p™É sQÔ Î
–7s ZuzŠaÆÄŸZ ÂÔì sÐ¬~%yWÆsingular Noun/¤ Z ( 2)
Xì *@Y*c Š ÎyK¶ Apostrophe,6zZÆs ÏZÉ ;ì *@Y
grass' colour - g »kv
8 glass' water ã*0 »k†
Class' table ×»{ ÇkgŠ carcass' smell 1ÅVØÑÅVzgâ Y
ÄŸZ Âì HŠ *c ¯Plural ™ Î s ~%yWÆTì Plural Noun ,Z/¤ Z ( 3)
*c Š *c Î Apostrophe ,6zZ ~ %yWÆs áZz ¦ ÏZÉ ;*@Y –7s ZuzŠ a Æ
Xì *@Y
Boys' books ÁÂÅVÃ± Girls' pens ¯ÆVY±
Kings' India { á÷Š *!Æ*c +& Z Toys' a child ä[Æ^
Exercise
?÷ë£ ÄŸZ ( 1)
?÷j§ÄÆÄŸZ~~ ,môZ ( 2)
XÙ#sŸzÅVh§VâzŠÆÄŸZ ( 3)
X CāÜ»kZÔì J ,7ä\W¼~}g *!ÆApostrophe s( 4)
XÙ w+h×'ÅkZ~ÝzgÅ]â ¥KZ\ W( 5)
178 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]æ†jaç2
Direct & Indirect Speech
~s$eZzggzZŠ$eZzg
:ì *@YHÐb§zŠÀ,F »qË*c ã),FÅ]*!Åá Zzì Ë
~ p ÖZÆ ÏZÃ]*! Åá Zzì/¤ Z ª ( @` kS l,]Z e ) Direct Speech ( 1)
X ÷ë Direct SpeechÐZ ÂñY¹
p ÖZ LZÃ]*!ÅáZzì Ë/¤ Zª( @`kS l,]Z eyS ) Indirect Speech( 2)
Xì *@Y¹ Indirect Speech ÐZ ÂñYHyÒx|sÜ ªÔ ñY¹~
À
: õ/GŸG&ŠBV
Direct Meaning Indirect Meaning
He says, āì H{z He says that āì H{z

''Salma is ill.'' XìgF> Salma is ill. Xìg F>
He said, ''Arif is sg ¬ā ¹äkZ He said that Arif sg ¬ā ¹äkZ
playing''. Xì ;gö was playing. X å;gö
TÃx¯ÆkZgzZXì *@Y¹ Reporter ÃkZì CY Å ã),FÅ] *! ÅòŠ WT
*@Y HyÒ Ã]*! TgzZX ÷ ë Reporting Verb ÐZ Ôì *@Y H qzÑÐVerb
Xì *@Y¹ Reported Speech ÐZÔì
Ã Reported Speech Xì *@Y *c Î ( , ))Ãˆ ÆReported Verb
Xì *@Y–Z,(swª»kZgzZì *@Y–g+0ZÆ( '' '') Inverted Commas
Khalid says, ''Shahid is well''.
Reporter Reporting Verb Reported Speech
179 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
* ¯Indirect ÐDirect
t ÂÔì *@Y¹ Direct Speech&Ô ñY HyÒ~p ÖZÆÏZ/¤ ZÃ]*! ÅË
Xì y‚W{Š *c i ( ÷ë Indirect Speech&)Ðä™yÒ~p ÖZ LZ
:÷9bÅVÓÐg ±ZÆ^z¯gzZ#|‚
¿µ Affirmative Sentence 1
¿t Negative Sentence 2
Xì *@Y¹ Assertive SentenceÃVâzŠyZ
¿DZÎ Interrogative Sentence 3
¿îG0.À7 Imperative Sentence 4
¿Ô<Z Exclamatory Sentence 5
¿×¬Š Optative Sentence 6
VÓ-qZÙC Ñ*!{gÃèaÆ%+$~Indirect SpeechÃ Direct Speech
:÷CYÅV´pÅ b§&sf `gŠgzZ÷D YñCZwßZµ Zµ ZB‚Æ
X ~pÅwdZ ( 1)
X ~pÅ,]J( 2)
X ~pÅp ÖZáZzä™ÙCªO Š ,4 ( 3)
Xì 7~t òZÆÐW,Å-qZÙC
180 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Exercise
?÷ëÃ¾ Direct & Indirect Speech( 1)
?ì *@Y¹£ Reporter( 2)
?÷ë£ reporting Verb( 3)
?ìŠ Z%HÐReported Speech( 4)
?÷Cƒ9XÅVÓ ( 5)
?ì CYÅ~pÅ b§XaÆ%+$~IndirectÃ Direct( 6)
X Cx **Æ~pÅ b§VÐyZ ( 7)
181 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰7]æ†jã3µ
Assertive Sentence
:÷}°‡sfDøaÆ%+$~IndirectÐDirect ÃkZ
X ÷ï Š UÃ Commaá ZzäWˆÆReporting Verb ( 1)
X ÷D Î thatˆÆReporting Verb( 2)
X ÷ïŠ UÌÃ Inverted Comma ÆReported Speech( 3)
Small Ã Capital Letter á Zz¬ ÆReported Speech ( 4 )
Small LetterÃkZ Âƒ Proper Noun *c íI {z/¤ Zp;÷ ïŠ w+$~Letter
X D™7sp~
ðÃˆ Æ kZ /¤ Z p;*@Y Ñ+$ 7L Tense » Reporting Verb ( 5)
sÜåX ÷ ïŠ w+$~ told, tells, tell Ã say, says, said Âƒ Object
Xì m+$Tense» Reported Speech
~p~wdZ
Âƒ~ Future Tense *c Present Tense /¤ Z Reporting Verb( 1)
X *@YÑ+$7Tense» Reported Speech
Present Meaning
Direct Xì ;gö*™āì H{z
He says, ''Karim is playing''.
Indirect He says that Karim is playing. Xì ;gö*™āì H{z
Future
Direct She will say, '' Hamid beats''. Xì *@g â æqāÏ¾ {z
Indirect She will say that Hamid beats. Xì *@g â æqāÏ¾ {z
182 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ô Reported SpeechgzZƒ~Past Tense/¤ Z Reporting Verb( 2)

~ Past ._Æj§sf `gŠ ÌÃ Reported SpeechÂƒ~ Present
:÷ïŠw+$
X ~Past IndefiniteÃ Present Indefinite( ³Z )
X ~Past ContinuousÃ Present Continuous( [)
X ~Past Perfect Ã Present Perfect( ` )
Direct He said, ''Khalid goes to Xì *@Yy−{ā ¹äkZ
home".
Indirect He said that Khalid went to X HŠy−{ā ¹äkZ

home.
Direct I said to my friend, ''You are ìg Y{/¤ W?ā ¹Ð&„zŠ LZ ä~

going to Agra''. Xƒ
Indirect I told my friend that he was ;g Y {/¤ W{zā *c C Ã&„zŠ LZ ä ~
going to Agra. Xå
G+'
Direct The clerk said, '' I have done X Vƒ[™x » Zg é£ ~ā ¹äÒ
your work''.
Indirect The clerk told that he had X å[™x » Z÷{zā *c CtäÒ

done my work.
Direct He said, ''The cat has been Xì „g ChzŠÐ]zŠ ©ā ¹äkZ

running for two hours''.
Indirect He said that the cat had been X ¶„ghzŠÐ]zŠ ©ā ¹äkZ

running for two hours.
183 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Æj§sf `gŠÃkZ Âƒ~ Past Tense /¤ Z Reported Speech( 3)

:÷ïŠw+$._
X ~Past Perfect Ã Past Indefinite( ³Z )
X ~Past Perfect ContinuousÃ Past Continuous( [)
~pðÃ~ Past Perfect Continuous gzZ Past Perfect p ( ` )
X D™7
Direct He said, '' I went to H wjZ~¹äkZ
Š Indefinite
school''. Xå
Indirect He said that he had gone wjZ {zā ¹ä kZ Past perfect
to school. X å [Y
Direct He said, '' He was playing Å {z ā ¹ ä kZ Continuous
football''. X å;göw*!
Indirect He said that he had been Å {z ā ¹ ä kZ Past Perfect
playing football. X å;g nw*! Continuous
Direct He said, ''He had gone to Y ‹Š {zā ¹ä kZ Past Perfect

Delhi''. X å[
Indirect He said that he had gone Y ‹Š {zā ¹ä kZ Past Perfect
to Delhi. X å[
Direct He said, '' I had been zŠ ~ ā ¹ ä kZ Past Perfect
waiting for two hours''. ;g *@™g OZ Ð ] Continuous
Xå
Indirect He said that he had been ] zŠ {zā ¹ä kZ Past Perfect
waiting for two hours. å;g *@™g OZÐ Continuous
184 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Reported gzZƒ ~ Past Tense /¤ Z Reporting Verb ( 4)

Future ÆReported Speech Âƒ ~Future Tense Ô Speech
X ÷ïŠw+$~ ShouldÃ ShallgzZ WouldÃ Will:÷yzçÆTense
Direct He said, '' I shall help him''. X ÇVz™ŠæÅkZ~ā ¹äkZ
Indirect He said that I should help him. X ÇVz™ŠæÅkZ~ā ¹äkZ
Direct He said, '' He will sit''. X ÇÆ{zā ¹äkZ
Indirect He said that he would sit. X ÇÆ{zā ¹äkZ
Reported gzZƒ ~Past Tense /¤ Z Reporting Verb ( 5)
Î {)z Would, should, might, must Ð „¬ ~Verb ÆSpeech
X m+$7Tense»VÓ,Z ÂƒZƒ
Direct He said, '' You should help the ã™Šæ Å $d¾"ā ¹ ä kZ
poor''. X ce
Indirect He told(me) that I should help ã™ŠæÅ$d¾=ā *c C=äkZ
the poor. X ce
Direct He said, '' She must work hard''. Xce **™x »JÐZ ¹äkZ
Indirect He said that she must work hard. Xce **™x »JÐZā ¹äkZ
~ kZ Âƒ ˆÅyÒ ]Š ¬ ðÃ *c ðC! ðÃ~ Reported Speech /¤ Z ( 6)
X Cƒ7~pðÃÅ Tense
Direct He said, '' The earth is round''. Xì wÍ}iā ¹äkZ
Indirect He said that the earth is round. Xì wÍ}iā ¹äkZ
Direct He said, '' Sugar is sweet''. Xì Cƒ·ìā ¹äkZ
Indirect He said that sugar is sweet. Xì Cƒ·ìā ¹äkZ
185 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
~p~,]J
Personal ~p~uzŠaÆ ä™sp~ Indirect Ã Direct Speech
sÜ~ptā ì t ]*! g¨Þ.‡ {Š *c i Ð &ƒ,6 VŒ Xì CY Å ~ Pronoun
First & sÜ b§ ÏZ X ì CY Å ~ Pronoun ÆReported Speech
~Third PronounXì CYÅ~p~ PronounÆSecond Person
:÷sf `gŠ}°‡Æ~pÅ,]JXì CYÅ7~pðÃ
my,I, ªFirst Personal Pronoun ðÃ~ Reported Speech ( 1)
~Reporting Verb ÐZ ÂÔƒ -qZ ðÃÐ ~ our, us, w e, me,
:÷ïŠw+$ÐSubjectÃ First Personal PronounkZÔì Subject
Direct He said, '' I am a boy''. X Vƒ»±-qZ~ā ¹äkZ
Indirect He said that he was a boy. X å»±-qZ {zā ¹äkZ
Direct They said,'' We are students''. X ÷D(¨¤ëā ¹äV,Z
Indirect They said that they were students. X¸D(¨¤{zā ¹äV,Z
Ã I ª First Pronoun á Zz äW~ Reported Speech ~ kZ
~uzŠ b§ÏZ Xì *c Š w+$ Ðhe ªSubject áZz äW~Reporting Verb
Xì HŠ *c Š™sp~TheyÃ We~wV
ªSecond Personal Pronoun ~ Reported Speech /¤ Z ( 2)
/ Z gzZ X ÷ s+$ ÐObject ÆReporting Verb ÐZ Âƒ (you,your)
¤
Å™ ÎÒ ,'#sŸzÅTÔì *@Y1™nÛ ObjectðÃ ÂÔƒ:Šñ~Â Object
Xì CYÅ~p._ÆkZQÔì Ë$Y
186 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Direct He said to me, '' You are my Xƒ&„zŠ}÷?ā ¹ÐíäkZ

friend''.
Indirect He told me that I was his X å&„zŠ »kZ~ā ¹ÐíäkZ

friend.
Direct He said, '' You are late''. Xì ˆƒ,kŠ"¹äkZ

Indirect He said (to him) that he was X ¶ˆƒ,kŠÐZā ¹ÐkZäkZ
late.
H Ñ+$ ~I ._Æme ñW~Reporting Verb Ã You ~¿¬ Æ kZ

Š
ðÃ~Reporting Verb āVa ~ wV ~uzŠXì I ^ZÃ Å me āVY Ôì
ÅÐ (to him) #sŸz ÅkZ~Indirect Speech a kZ Ô å:ŠñObject
Xì he ^ZÃÅ himāVY ;ì HŠÑ+$ÐheÃ you._ÆhimgzZì ˆ
ª Third Personal Pronoun /¤ Z ~ Reported Speech( 3)
X CYÅ7~pðÃ~kZ ÂÔƒ-qZ ðÃÐ~ (he, she, it, they)
Direct He said, '' He is a good boy''. Xì »±YZ-qZ {z¹äkZ
Indirect He said that he was a good boy. X å»±YZ-qZ {zā ¹äkZ
Direct Karim said, '' They are playing ''. X ÷ìgö&ƒ{z¹ä*™
Indirect Karim said that they were playing X ÷ìgö&ƒ{zā ¹ä*™
~pÅp ÖZá Zzä™ÙCªO Š ,4

O Š ,4āì CY Åt ~p~ŠaÆ%+$ ~ Indirect Ã Direct Speech
±5~u-qZÃkZX ÷ ïŠ w+$ ~ p ÖZáZz ä™ÙCª ~gzŠÃp ÖZáZz ä™ÙCª
XÙ
187 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
p ÖZÆ O Š ,4 ãç p ÖZÆ~gzŠ ãç
this t that {z
these & t
ƒ those & {z
ƒ
here VŒ there V; z
to day `W that day yŠkZ
now ÌZÔ[Z then ~ˆÔQ
to night ]Zg ` W that night ] ZgkZ
tomorrow À the next day À{ÒW
yesterday À the previous day À¸*
last night ]Zg RÛŒ the previous ]Zg«
night
next day yŠŒ Z the following yŠáZzäW~ˆ
day
ago ¬ before ¬
just ÌZ then Q
come *W go *Y
thus b§kZ so Â
hence ÐOŠ ZÔÐVŒ thence ÐOŠ QÔÐ(k Q
hither VŒÔs§kZ thither V; z
-J
188 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
À
X õ/GŸG&ŠBV
Direct He said, '' today is Sunday''. Xìg Z ÂZ ` W¹äkZ
Indirect He said that that day was Sundday. X åg Z ÂZyŠ {zā ¹äkZ
Direct He said, '' She will buy now''. X Ï}+h%yÌZ {z¹äkZ
Indirect He said that she would buy then. X Ï}+h%y$A{zā ¹äkZ
Exercise
b§XaÆ%+$~IndirectÃ Direct~Assertive Sentence( 1)
?ì CYÅ~pÅ
?÷ñ ,7°Z ¸Ä ä\W~ekZ ( 2)
?÷}°‡H HÆ~pÅwdZ ( 3)
?ì Cƒ~pb§¾Å,]J( 4)
?÷s+$b§¾~p ÖZä™ÙCª~gzŠÃp ÖZá Zzä™ÙCªO Š ,4( 5)
X ¯BV+h×'~ÝzgÅVß Vˆ~Š~#sŸzÅ}°‡ÙC( 6)
189 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]æ†jnã2
¿DZÎ Interrogative Sentence
D YKg (Z j§sf `gŠaÆ%+$~IndirectÐDirect ÃVÓDZÎ
X÷
:÷DƒÆb§zŠ¿DZÎā÷`| ,7\W
X¿ DZÎáZzäƒqzÑÐAuxiliary Verb, Primary Verb( 1)
X¿á ZzäƒqzÑÐÂDZÎªwh_family( 2)
Ã saidªReporting VerbÜ‰zD ¯ IndirectÃV©VâzŠÆVÓDZÎ
DZÎ~%yWgzZ *@YH7wEZ Ì» that2X ÷ïŠw+$~enquired*c asked
Xì *@Y*c Î( X )÷e ñOÆ( ?)yK¶
Âƒ ;g ƒ qzÑ ÐModal auxiliary Verb *c Primary ] DZÎ /¤ Z ( 1)
~ ~pÅ ,]J gzZ wdZ ¹*!Xì *@Y H wEZ » whether *c if ,6 ( Å that
Xì *@YHp Ò»°Z ¸‰KyÒ~Assertive
Direct He said to me, '' Are you reading ?ƒìg| ,7[ Â ?H ¹=äkZ
book?''
Indirect He asked me if I was reading [ Â ~ Hā Y7 Ð í ä kZ

book. X å;g| ,7
Direct I said to him, '' Do you need my ÅŠæ ~÷"H ¹Ð kZ ä ~
help?'' ?ì ]gz¢
Indirect I asked him whether he needed ~÷ÐZ Hā Y7 Ð kZ ä ~
my help. X ¶]gz¢ÅŠæ
190 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
ÐZ ÂÔƒ ;gƒ qzÑÐwh_family¿DZÎÆReported Speech/¤ Z ( 2)

X ÷ ïŠ UÃ ( ó ó L L ) +zZz ªInverted commas sÜÜ‰z D ¯indirect
Xì *@YHp Ò»°Z ¸‰KyÒ~Assertive ~~pÅ,]JgzZwdZ ¹*!
Direct He said to me, '' What are you ?ƒìg 3H ?¹ÐíäkZ
eating?''
Indirect He asked me what was I ;g 3 H~ā Y7 Ðí ä kZ
eating. Xå
Direct She said to me, '' Where are ?ƒìg {gV¹ ?¹ÐíäkZ
you living''?
Indirect She asked me where was I ;g{gV¹~ā Y7ÐíäkZ
living. Xå
Direct I said to him, '' Why did you ?ñzgVY ?¹ÐkZä~
weep?''
Indirect I asked him why had he wept. c* zg VY {zā Y7 Ð kZ ä ~
Xå
Exercise
?÷DƒÆb§Ä¿DZÎ( 1)
?÷}°‡HÆ%+$~IndirectÐDirectÃV©VâzŠ ÅVÓDZÎ( 2)
XÙ w[p™ ¯BV+h×'\W~ÝzgÅVß Vˆ~Š ( 3)
191 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]æ†jj‰
¿îG0.À7 Imperative Sentence
a Æ ä™ sp~Indirect ÐDirect Ã Imperative Sentence
:÷j§sf `gŠ
requested, proposed, Ã said ÆReporting Verb ( 1)
Ð {)z ordered, advised, suggested, urged, forbade,
÷ïŠw+$._Æx|Æreported Speech
Î to ¬ Ð kZ ª íInfinitive Ã Verb ÆReported Speech ( 2)
X ÷ï Š
X ÷D™wEZ » not to™ UÃ do notÆNegative Sentence( 3)
Direct He said to me, '' Please give me =ã*!$ñZ,'¹ÐíäkZ
your pen''. XØŠ¯CZ
Indirect He requested me to give him my Å¶ŠÐZ ¯CZÐí ä kZ
pen. X Å&„ ZpgŠ
Direct The teacher said to me, '' Show xƒ CZ = ¹ Ð í ä f *Z
me your homework''. X ƒ 3Šugz
Indirect The teacher ordered me to show »ä3Š ugzxƒCZ=äf *Z
him my homework. X *c Š¬
Direct The teacher said to the students, gØ ¹Ð V9(¨¤ ä f *Z
'' Do not make a noise". X ƒ îÖ#
Indirect The teacher asked the students äî:gØÃV9(¨¤ ä f *Z
not to make a noise. X ¹aÆ
192 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
]» Reported Speech ÆImperative Sentence /¤ Z ( 4)

:÷D CZ j§sf `gŠ Âƒ;gƒqzÑÐlet
Proposed, suggested, Ã said ÆReporting Speech ( ³ Z )
X ÷s+$._Æx|Ðrequested
D Îthat~@ÖaÆähÃ reporting SpeechgzZ Reported( [)
X÷
X ÷D Î should™ UÐZQ *c Ô÷ïŠ ¯to let™ Î to ¬Ðlet( ` )
Direct He said to me, '' Let us play the É l *@… ¹Ð í ä kZ
cards''. X zŠ
Indirect He proposed to me that we l*@…ā *c Š {gt= ä kZ
should/to let/ play at cards. Xc e o
Direct The teacher said, '' Let him go''. X zŠ äYÐZ ¹äf *Z
Indirect The teacher ordered to let him go. X *c Š¬»äYÐZäf *Z
(Å let gzZ wished(Å said ÂƒÙCª**™Ô]i YZ)g fÆlet/¤ Z ( 5)
X ÷D™wEZ Ìto letgzZX ÷D Ñ might be allowed*c might
Direct The student said to the ÅäY=ā ¹Ð f *Z ä D(¨¤
teacher, '' Let me go now ''. X , Š]i YZ
Indirect The student requested the ]i YZ ÅäYÐ f *Z ä D(¨¤
teacher to let him go then. X Å&„ ZpgŠ Å
Direct I said to her, '' Let me go to X zŠ äYwjZ=¹ÐkZä~
school''.
Indirect I wished her that I might be = ā ÅÙCª éZpÐ kZ ä ~

allowed to go to school. X ñY~Š]i YZÅäYwjZ
193 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Exercise
?÷°Z ¸H HÆ~pÅVÓîG0.À7( 1)
X ¯BV+h×'~ÝzgÅVß V\ W( 2)
194 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]æ†j`ã:]
¿Ô<Z Exclamatory Sentences
¹Z Xì *@Y H yÒ kˆZ +h” » {)z × *c ]ª ÔaÔ Ùp ð•Z ~ VÓ yZ
X ÷°Z ¸sf `gŠaÆä¯IndirectÐDirect
» nTQ X ÷ D Ñ exclaimed ( Å said ~Reporting Verb( 1)
{)z with joy, with sorrow, with surprise †Ô ._Æ kZƒ kˆZ
X ÷D Ñp ÖZ
Xì *@Y*c Š Î( X )÷e™ UÃ ( ! )yK¶Ô<ZÐ%yW( 2)
X ÷D™wEZ » thataÆähÃVÓVâzŠ ( 3)
Direct The boys said, '' Hurrah! Xì ”À! { Zz¹äVÃ±
Tomorrow is holiday''.
Indirect The boys exclaimed with joy that X ¶”Àā ëÐÙpÆ±

the next day was a holiday.
Direct The general said, '' Alas! We are X ðƒ“…! k\Z ¹äw¾
defeated''.
Indirect The general exclaimed with {zā ¹ ñƒ D™k\Z ä w¾

sorrow that they were defeated. X¸ñ3“
Exercise
+h×'~ Ýzg ÅVß V ˆ~Š ñƒ png ~ ‚f ÃVz°‡Æ ~pÅVÓÔ<Z ( 1)
XÙ w[p[p™ ¯BV
195 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çn‰^Þ]
¿×¬Š Optative Sentence
ÐDirect ÐZXì *@Y H g ÖZ » Õ+h” Ë *c ¬Š +$ Ô ¬Š )g f Æ VÓ yZ
:÷D CZ j§sf `gŠaÆä¯indirect
Ð g ±Z Æ x|Æ ¿Ô Ã s a i d ñƒ ñW~R e p o r ti n g V e r b ( 1)
X ÷ïŠw+$~{)z wished, blessed, cursed, prayed
X ÷D Î÷e ñOÆyK¶( !)~%yWÆ¿( 2)
X ÷D™wEZ » that LLaÆähÃVÓVâzŠ ( 3)
Direct My mother said to me, '' May D"Z.} ¹Ðí ä Vâ ~÷
you live long''. X} Š/
Indirect My mother prayed that I might /D= Z.}ā Å ¬Š ä Vâ ~÷
live long. X}Š
Direct He said, '' If I were a minister!'' X *@ƒî~! l» ¹äkZ
Indirect He wished to be a minister. X Å ÕÅäƒîäkZ
Exercise
?÷ë£]×¬Š ( 1)
?ì *@YÑ+$ù~IndirectÐDirect¹Z ( 2)
X ¯BV+h×'\WñƒD™w~ÝzgÅVß V( 3)
196 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çn‰]
îE@6X Spelling
~ ~ ,môZāVY ;ì *@W»X 9ÆkZ³%Â-qZaÆVß ZzIy*!i ~ ,môZ
]â ¥PÐáZjkZakZXì *@YgzZ¼ J ,7 gzZì *@Y¼ –āì *@ƒ(Z9zÒZ
p ÖZk˜ZzŠ,6VŒXnYÅ Spelling 9~ÝzgÅyZā *@Ô÷ìgY‘~sf
XÚg~‚fÃ
½ E ^N
¨
L
p°Å§Ñ( ø ) Suffix
Âƒ~%yWÆÂË ** ht /¤ ZXì *@Y *c ¯ Â * ðÃ™hB‚ÆÂ}uzŠÃÂ-qZ
Xì *@Y¹§Ñª SuffixÐZ
½ EL
¡
p°Å—‚ ( ø ~,6) Prefix
Âƒ~ qzÑÆÂË** ht/¤ ZXì *@Y*c ¯ Â*ðÃ™hB‚ÆÂ}uzŠÃÂ-qZ
Xì *@Y¹—‚ª PrefixÐZ
~ kZ Âƒ VowelðÃ¬Ð kZgzZƒ ConsonantðÃ~%yWÆÂË/¤ Z ( 1)
X ÷ïŠ™ doubleÃsw~%yWÜ‰zD h§Ñ ª Suffix
Cat cattish ^ »© sad saddest kZŠ Z¹
gun gunner ÑZzä`tzÈ refer referred ] Y!Zj
control controller ÑZzä™1‡ permit permitting ]i Y Z
ïŠ UÃ e Ü‰zD h ing~kZ Âƒ Silent {zgzZƒ e ~%yWÆÂË/¤ Z ( 2)
X÷
move moving *™'•w live living xg {+0i
197 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
hope hoping yZ receive receiving *™wßz

suffix ðÃÑZz äƒ q zÑÐ consonant~ kZgzZƒ e ~%yWÆÂË/¤ Z ( 3)
X ÷D U7Ã eÂÔ ñYZ h
enlarge enlargement ¬ engage engagement sz^
force forceful gzÜ‰¤ hope hopeful g ZŠyZ
( suffix) ¨Ñ ablegzZ ous~ kZ Âì *@W ge *c ce~%yWÆÂË/¤ Z ( 4)
X ÷pngg Z ÛŒ,'Ã e Ü‰zD h
change changeable , +5 p
k courage courageous gzÈ
replace replaceable spÞ.‡ outrage outrageous : Óª
~ kZ Âì *@W Consonant ðÃ¬ Ð kZgzZì *@W y ~%yWÆ Â Ë/¤ Z ( 5)
X ÷ïŠ™sp~i Ã yÜ‰zD h suffixx Ó{z´Æing
beauty beautiful ]gß[p ugly ugliest ]gß+$
marry marriage ~Š á÷ copy copied Ü
Ü z D h ingÂì *@W VowelðÃ¬Ð kZgzZì *@W y~%yWÆÂË/¤ Z ( 6)
‰
X D U7Ã y
pray praying *™]Š „ say saying I
pay paying *™ ZŠ Z play playing o
X ÷ï Š ¯ful™ Ul-qZ » fullÂƒ** h full~%yWÆÂË/¤ Z ( 7)
beauty beautiful ]gß[p hand handful ½¯
hope hopeful Z Û‚ZyZ grate grateful qyˆZ
X ÷ïŠ UÃ L -qZÜ‰zD h suffix~kZ Âƒ LL %yWÆÂË/¤ Z ( 8)
all+ways always å skill+full skillful ]g'
198 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
will+full willful ~¡ all+most almost â½

Xì *@Y*c Ñ u åˆÆ q( 9)
queen ãZg quite ªZz question wZÎ
kZ Âƒ„g WÅ seei ZzWÅTÔì *@W eiˆÆkZgzZì *@W c¬~ÂË/¤ Z ( 10)
Xì *@W iQì *@W e ¬~
deceive bŠāðŠ conceive OÎ perceive *™kC
X ÷D h eQÔ÷˜ i¬Â,™Zai ZzWÅ ee™ïieÂðÃ/¤ Z ( 11)
believe ¢ achieve *™Ýq field yZy
ion™ U eÅ%yWaÆä¯ nounÐ kZ Âƒ ate~%yWÆVerb Ë/¤ Z ( 12)
X ÷D Î
calculate calculation [ˆ educate education ½
dictate dictation 5Z legislate legislation yâ ‡
aÆä¯ ¦Å noun,Z Âƒ x, ch, sh, ss ~%yWÆnounË/¤ Z ( 13)
X ÷D Î es~pluralÆkZ
box boxes tz1 fox foxes ~×&ß
catch catches *ñ match matches ¨£
bush bushes ~h Ä brush brushes l,'
class classes zgŠ grass grasses kv
X ÷ïŠw+$~yÃ ieÂƒ** h ing~kZgzZƒ ie~%yWÆÂË/¤ Z ( 14)
lie+ing lying xgeg tie+ ing tying −+0*!
die+ing dying *%
Plural ÅkZ Âƒ ConsonantðÃ¬Ð kZgzZƒ y~%yWÆÂË/¤ Z ( 15)
199 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
X ÷ïŠw+$ÐiesÃ y aÆ¯
flay flies Vª story stories V*¹
sky skies y W city cities à
ïŠ w+$~ves Ã fe*c fÜ‰z D ¯pluralÅkZ Âƒfe *c f~%yWÆÂË/¤ Z ( 16)
X÷
half halves JŠ W thief thieves ga
wife wives V*c ç knife knives ¸e
¦Å kZ Âì Consonant ðÃ¬ Ð kZgzZì *@W o ~%yWÆ Â Ë/¤ Z ( 17)
X ÷D J ,(es~%yWÜ‰zD ¯
hero heroes z‹ mango mangoes xW
potato potatoes ßW tomato tomatoes R, Q
Exercise
?Ù p°Å§ÑgzZ—‚( 1)
XaZ eÝzg,6Vh§ÆX( 2)
X ¯BV+h×'\WñƒD™w~ÝzgÅVß V( 3)
200 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çn‰^Ò]
* ¯p ÖZ Word Formation
Ã™~ Part of Speech }uzŠ™w+$ÐPart of speech -qZÃÂË
X ÷ë Formation of word
zŠ p ÖZ gzZ Xì *@Y¹ Primary Word ¹Z Ô÷ Dƒ ~ ^ÝZ KZ p ÖZ
Word Xì *@Y¹ C o m p o u n d W o rd ¹Z Ô÷ D Y ñ¯ ™ 5ÃV/
:÷j§zŠÆFormation
Xì *@Y*c ¯Â ZuzŠ-qZ™ J ,(ÃÂË~qzÑÆÂLª Prefix( 1)
Dis+like dislike de+part depart un+happy unhappy
Xì *@Y*c ¯Â™ J ,(ÂðÃ~%yWÆÂLªSuffix( 2)

bold+ly boldly friend+ship friendship happy+ness happiness
:÷kÿÕsf `gŠ Å Word FormationÐVh§VâzŠ Ñ*!{gÃè

X ** ¯ Noun ÐVerb( 1)
X ** ¯ Verb ÐNoun( 2)
X ** ¯ AdjectiveÐNoun( 3)
X ** ¯ NounÐ Adjective( 4)
X ** ¯ VerbÐAdjective( 5)
X ** ¯ AdverbÐ Adjective( 6)
X ** ¯Compound Word™hÃp ÖZ+ZZiÐzŠ *c zŠ ( 7)
X ÷„g WÐW]¬Å-qZÙC
Exercise
?÷ë£ Word formation( 1)
X Cx **ÆVh§]‚ÁÐÁ\W?÷j§ÄÆä¯p ÖZ ( 2)
201 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çn‰^ne
( 1) ** ¯ NounÐVerb
~%yWÆVerb
th, ure, age, ment, sion, tion, ance, ence, y,
Xì *@Y0 NounÂ » VerbÐä™~p~uzŠ LgzZÐäh {)z er, al,
Verb Noun Meaning Verb Noun Meaning
Enter Entry ` Zg+0ZÔ¼ZŠ Discover Discovery Ä*c gŠ

Attend Attendance ~¢q Guide Guidance ðú{g
Collect Collection {íf Explain Explanation # Ÿz
s
Decide Decision ê Compel Compulsion 4Š,'i
Agree Agreement ~qŸg Develop Development ¹,F
Carry Carriage ~g ZÎ Marry Marriage ~Š á÷
Fail Failure ò » ** Depart Departure āZzg
Grow Growth g ZzZa Heal Health ¡
Arrive Arrival VÔæW Deny Denial g ïZ
Read Reader ~g ‡ Work Worker gzŠ×'
( 2) ** ¯VerbÐNoun
ÆwVX ñY *c Š(«ZÃ}°‡Ñ*! {gÃèāìt Âi§-qZ » ä¯Verb ÐNoun
{z Ð %yWÆ Noun Ôì *@Y *c J ,( szw aÆ%+$ ~Noun Ã Verb ,6 gî
Ð E n t r y ‰ Ô Ç ñYƒ sp~V e r b Â » N o u n {z ÂñY *c Š U szw
de, be, im, en, —‚g~ qzÑÆNoun āìti§ ZuzŠgzZX {)zEnter
202 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
ize, ise, ify, en, le, ate §Ñg~%yWÆNoun b§ÏZX ì *@Y *c Š Î {)z
Xì *@Y*c Š J,({)z
Noun Verb Meaning Noun Verb Meaning
Peril Imperil ÜZ e~{ç Part impart >ÔbŠ

Fool Befool * ¯ÛZ force enforce *™g6
Part Depart *ƒ : Zzg Grass Graze * 3kv
Joy Enjoy ¢
8 ¯ Deed Do *™
Hand Handle *ñ Creator Create *™ ZaÔ **¯
EIg!
Person Personify **™úB Gas Gasify *™kZ‡
Custom Customise * ¯` Zzg Apology Apologise xe]gm
Critic Criticize *™W Magnet Magnetize ÜZ e ,WZFï
Habit Habituate ÜZ e]Š ¬ Song Sing *Ç
Blood Bleed yyp
( 3) ** ¯Adjective ÐNoun
ish, tic, ed, en, less, able, ous, rn, ,6gîÆ¨Ñ~%yWÆNoun
X ÷ D Y ñ¯ Adjective Æ™~pgzZ¼gzZ™h {)z ly, al, ful, y, ical
À
X õG/ŸG&ŠBV
Noun Adjective Meaning Noun Adjective Meaning
Melody Melodious yÒZlp Study Studious ·_

Comfort Comfortable {Šx Zg W Credit Creditable ¢Þ.‡
Breath Breathless ZƒC¡; Help Helpless g ÇŠæ"
203 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Wood Wooden » ~Ç Earth Earthen Zƒ¯»è

Limit Limited Šzö Wretch Wretched xª{Š *c i¹
Athlete Athletic D Ô~ ¸
ú Drama Dramatic ðâ Zg e
+
Child Childish îE0F4FC E Book Bookish !Â
Class Classical ~g £ Type typical »i§KZ
Silver Silvery ú~+0e Water Watery !W
Sorrow Sorrowful ¿Š Use Useful Æ
Person Personal CZ f Nation National ò¸
Sister Sisterly ÜÇ Friend Friendly : *zŠ
West Western !f South Southern 0Š
Lady Ladylike :b Six Sixth Ù
( 4) ** ¯NounÐAdjective
/ Z ,6 gîÆ ¨Ñ ~ %yWÆAdjevtive
¤
ance, th, ity, ty, acy, dom,
Â » Adjective ÂÔì CY Å ~p¼ +h×'gzZ ì *@Y*c Š J,( {)z ness, ence
Xì *@Y0Noun
Adjective Noun Meaning Adjective Noun Meaning
Free Freedom ~Š Zi W Wise Wisdom ~q=

Equal Equality ~,'Z,' Royal Royalty „á÷
Accurate Accuracy ðC Adequate Adequacy î×ÔgZŠ Ãz
Curious Curiosity ® Superior Superiority ~ ,F,'Ôtº
True Truth ðC Strong Strength Ü ¤
‰
204 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Abundant Abundance ‚¹ Brilliant Brilliance /‡Ô$- ;f

Absent Absence ~¢q) Confident Confidence z½
Bitter Bitterness Ø Zz/š
? Bold Boldness Å *!"
( 5) ** ¯Verb ÐAdjective
—‚g~ qzÑgzZ {)ziate, ize, en, ify §Ñg~%yWÆAdjective
Xì *@Y*c ¯Verb™h {)z em, en
Adject Verb Meaning Adject Verb Meaning
Pure Purify *™u *0 Just Justify * ZI#Z Zz

Black Blacken *™Ñ» Hard Harden *™J
Civil Civilize * ¯[v Special Specialize *™mº
Different Differentiate *™ Za& ¸ Humble Humiliate *™?f
Able Enable *™y‚ W Noble Ennoble *™i ZÛu
Bitter Embitter *™ZaÒ Bold Embolden *™8Š
( 6) ** ¯ Adverb ÐAdjective
Xì *@Y0 Adverb {zÂì *@Y*c Š h ly/¤ Z~%yWÆ Adjective
Adject Adverb Meaning Adject Adverb Meaning
Able ably Ðb§hZ Poor Poorly 6, gîR¾

Short Shortly $ k
d Wide Widely 6, äe} ,(
( 7) ** ¯p ÖZ'“%Compound Word
yZ X ÷ D Y ñ¯ Compound Words ™ h Ã Primary Words
( *gâ D ) Hyphen ~ @ÖÆV/VâzŠ L:ì *@Y –Ð b§zŠÃp ÖZ ñƒ} h
205 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Xì *@Y–„™5%Æ HyphenLgzZì *@Y*c Š *c Î

:÷9&Å Compound Words
Compound Noun ( 1)
Compound Adjective ( 2)
Compound Verb ( 3)
X ÷ÿÕ] ‚Å Compound Noun

Xì *@Y*c ¯™hÃ nounzŠ Compound NounL( 1)
Town+hall Town hall Foot+ball Football
Back+ache Back-ache Card+board Cardboard
Xì *@YZhÃ NoungzZ AdjectiveL( 2)

Black+board Blackboard Round+table Round-table
White+house White-house Strong+room Strong-room
Xì *@Y*c 5Ã NoungzZ VerbL( 3)

Brek+fast Breakfast Push+chair Pushchair
Cut+throat Cutthroat Tell+tale Telltale
Xì *@Y*c ¯™hÃ NoungzZ GerundL( 4)

Drawing+room Drawing-room Looking+glass Looking-glass
Rolling+stone Rolling-stock Washing+machine washing-machine
Xì *@Y*c ¯™h AdverbQVerb¬L( 5)

Break+in Break-in Draw+back Draw-back
Go+ by Go-by Send+off Send-off
Xì *@Y*c ¯™h VerbQ Adverb¬L( 6)

206 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
In+come Income Out+come Outcome
Out+let Outlet Out+cast Outcast
Xì *@Y*c ¯™hÃ NoungzZ Preposition L( 7)

After+noon Afternoon Down+fall Downfall
In+side Inside Off+day Off day
X ÷ÿÕõ*0 sf `gŠ Å Compound Adjective

X™hÃ ParticiplegzZ NounL( 1)
Man+eating Man-eating Soul+searching Soul-searching
Opening+time opening-time Mind+expanding Mind-expanding
Xì *@YZ hÃ AdjectivegzZ NounL( 2)

Breast+high Breast-high Blood+red Blood-red
Life+long Life-long World+wide World-wide
Xì *@YZhÃ AdjectivezŠ L( 3)
Dark+blue Dark-blue Red+hot Red-hot
Blue+black Blue-black Luke+warm Luke-warm
Xì *@YZhÃ ParticiplegzZ AdjectiveL( 4)

Ready+made Ready-made New+found New-found
Wide+spread Wide-spread Full+grown Full-grown
Xì *@Y*c ¯™hÃ ParticiplegzZ AdverbL( 5)

Long+suffering Long-suffering Down+hearted Down-hearted
Never+ending Never-ending Ever+lasting Ever-lasting

207 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
:÷ÿÕ&sfzgqÅ Compound Verb

Xì *@Y*c ¯™5Ã VerbgzZ NounL( 1)
Back+bite Back-bite Brow+beat Brow-beat
Ear+mark Ear-mark Type+write Type-writer
X ÷D ¯™hÃ Verb-qZgzZ Adjective -qZ L( 2)

Full+fill Fulfil Dry+clean Dry-clean
Safe+guard Safe-guard Soft+drink Soft-drink
Xì *@Y*c ¯™hÃ VerbgzZ AdverbL( 3)

Over+hear Overhear Under+take Undertake
Over+throw Overthrow Under+go Undergo
Exercise
?÷ë£ Word Formation( 1)
?÷D Yñ¯ùo ÖZ ( 2)
÷ñ,7j§Ä ä\ WÆä¯o ÖZ ( 3)
XÙ {™+E »Vh§ëZ ?( 4)
208 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çn‰]†i
wEZ »]Y,
Ì~~ ,môZ b§ÏZÔ÷D Yw+$pÆ÷Ð%+$Æ,~y*!i! ²b§T
x » »,%`sw~ y*!i ! ²b§TgzZX ÷ D Y w+$pÆ Verb Ð%+$Æ,
D™x » »,ÌPreposition ªgY szwÌ~ ~ ,môZ b§ÏZ Ç*! Ô÷ D™
X ÷ìg YbŠ~sfwdZ¼Æb§kZX ÷
g Ñ wdZ ãç
1 Act upon **™¿
2 Accused of * Y*c Šg Z ÛŒ>%»x%`Ë
3 Accused by ** Y*c Šg Z ÛŒxF)g fÆË
4 Agree with *ƒ5Ð¿Ë
5 Agree to **™t · Z,6,m?Ë
6 Apply to bŠ&„ZpgŠÃË
7 Apply for bŠ&„ZpgŠaÆx »Ë
8 Ask for ‰â
9 Ask after Þ7~}g *!Æ¡ÅkZ *c ¿Ë
10 Appeal for **™&„ZpgŠaÆqË
11 Appeal against *™&„ZpgŠs ÜÆê*c ZwË
12 Answer to bŠ[ZÃË
13 Answer for *ƒ{Š[ZaÆ~g ZŠóf Ë
209 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
14 Attend to bŠzÂ
15 Attend upon bŠx ZÖ#.}
16 Back up ** J ,(,j
17 Back out *™ °Ü{°z
18 Blush at **ƒ{qÑ,6] *!Ë
19 Blush with **ƒ{qÑ
20 Blow out * u™g â -7Y
21 Blow up ** Z h ZÐ/
22 Break away *ƒµ Z
23 Break down **ƒÈ
24 Break out l -7 eZ
A
25 Beg of **™ iZÐË
26 Beg for **™ iZaÆqË
27 Bring about ** ÑÔ ** ¯
28 Bring up *™lgz,6
29 Blinded to ** W:ÃÍ»Ë
30 Blinded by **ƒJ+0ZÐqË
31 Call at * Y,6yÆkZaÆYÐË
32 Call off **™ »Ô **™Šg
33 Call on * YY
34 Call out **g å
210 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
35 Call in *™ ¦( {)znÛŒ)
36 Call up **™y¯8
37 Carry on ´g ~g Y
38 Carry out 'â ¬
39 Come out *™w*@ÙE
40 Come upon N‡· Z
41 Come on * WÔ)
42 Come by **™ÝqÔ ** *0
43 Cut off )zg~@Ö
44 Cut short *™ »¬ÐÜ‰z
45 Cut down **™ÁŠ Z®
46 Deal in *™]g ˆ
47 Deal with **™]g ˆB‚ÆË
48 Do away with ** *0 Zg Ö
49 Do by *™g(Ztzg
50 Do for **™¼aÆË
51 Do up −+0*!
52 Dispute with *™Z×ÐË
53 Dispute about **™ Z×,6] *!Ë
54 Differ with *™s %ZÐ¿Ë
55 Differ on **™s %Z,6qçñË
211 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
56 Differ from *ƒZÐqË

57 Die of **%L:Æ~g FË
58 Die from *%ÐL:gzZË
59 Displeased with **ƒØÐ¿Ë
60 Displeased at *ƒØ,6] *!Ë
61 Eat in to ** ÎBk
62 Egg on *‚ Z
63 Enlarge on Ü1-J,kŠ,6qçñË
64 Explain away ** ¯** ·
65 Eager for *ƒø
66 Eager to **ƒø»ä™Ãx »Ë
67 Exchange for Ü+$qðÃÐqË
68 Exchange with *™spqðÃÐË
69 Enquire of Þ7] *!ðÃÐË
70 Enquire in to *™ï
71 Fight for **±aÆÑË
72 Fight against **±s ÜÆ]*!*c ¿Ë
73 Fall back C¢ú
74 Fall behind * Y{gú~¹,F
75 Fall in **ƒZ9~íÑ
76 Fall off *ƒÁ
212 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
77 Fall out *™Z×

78 Fly out Hk ¸ÙC*!Ð~¢
79 Fill in **½(à {
80 Fill out *½xg Ã
81 Figure on **™ðZg Wkª
82 Figure out ÜïpÔ '
83 Get along xg™Vï
84 Get away Hk ¸™ò
85 Get down * ,F ZÐ{)z~g ZÎË
86 Get on **ƒg ZÎ~~h Ç
87 Get through *ƒ[x»Ô **™Zg7
88 Grieve at **™§,6] *!Ë
89 Grieve over *™§»¿Ë
90 Give in 'âg ;
91 Give way * Yƒ[ Z%y
92 Go back ** Y(Ô ** Y:Zz
93 Go off Y ÐÆ}Š
Ð
94 Go out @
95 Go without * `x »%ÆqË
96 Go wrong **ƒ[ Z%y
97 Hang around o˜Š/¤Šg ZÆËÆÈ¯
213 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
98 Hang on xg\
99 Hold on **ñ™¾
100 Hold good xgÍÑÔ xgß e
101 Hold true **ƒs
102 Hold up bŠuzgÔ bŠ Î,kŠ
103 Hunt for −+&ðe
104 Hear of »Ø
105 Indebted to **ƒyN»¿Ë
106 Indebted for **ƒyN,6] *!Ë
107 Introduce in to * hq5
108 Issue from _ÂÙC*!Ð(Ë
109 Jump at **™wJ
110 Jump to ¢
8 ê~~i *!¢
111 Join up **ƒC½
112 Join in *ƒïá÷
113 Keep away xggzŠ
114 keep off xggzŠ
115 Keep on ´g ~g Y
116 Keep out ´gÙC*!
117 Keep up ´gì‡
118 Keep to xgíÐ]Š ¬*c ] *!Ë
214 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
119 Keep in )zg

120 Keep down ´g~1‡
121 Lay down bŠ ±Z
122 Lay off bŠ UÐx »aÆÜ‰z¼
123 Let loose ** hg¡e
124 Let out bŠ,6tZ™
125 Look upon '
126 Look after *™w¸NŠ
127 Look in to 8¢{ ,^Y
128 Look up 9Š
129 Look for **™lˆ
130 Make for −,(s§Å
131 Make out '
132 Make over *™v
133 Make of ** *0 ™
134 Makeup *¯
135 Pay attention bŠzÂ
136 Pay off *™å[ˆ
137 Play on ** O
138 Play with *™ ã{C
139 Play down **™x »ë Z
215 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
140 Put on <

141 Put off Ü*N
142 Put out *u
143 Put up )gÔ **I
144 Put together ** h Ô **™ ‰Z
145 Run up −,(
146 Run over ** Yg/¦,6zZÔ**ƒ,m_
147 Run out **ƒ»
148 Run on xg~g YÔ »
149 Run after **™Üˆ¬
150 Run across NÐt · Z
151 Run into **ƒ]‡5‡· Z
152 Run errands ** àx
153 Run short of *ƒå
154 Run through **g â { óÐ~¢
155 Step up ** J ,(g ëg
156 Step down * hg{Ç
157 Set in **ƒqzÑ
158 Set out * ,7ò
159 See to 8¢~g ZŠóf
160 See off **™Ág
216 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
161 Stand by *™Šæ

162 Stand down **ƒg ZŠ,'&„ŠÐ~g ZzyZ
163 Stand over **ƒ™,6u
164 Throw out *™gà**
165 Throw up bŠ ±Z
167 throw away bŠÅÐ„Zz,6Ñ
168 Throw about ¦OŠ ZOŠ Z
169 Take down ¢
8 É
170 Take for Î™
171 Take in * 3*c bŠāðŠ
172 Take off **½yZ h Z
173 Think of *ƒñZg ðÃ
174 Think out ** ¯/µ™ aÎ
175 Try on 9 Š™X
176 Try out 9 Š™`
177 Turn about *¢{n
178 Turn against **ƒ} 9s ÜÆË
179 Turn around o˜Zg7
180 turn back C ú
¢
181 Turn down bŠ Z’
182 Turn on *™ß e
217 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
183 Turn out *™Za

184 Turn up )W-7 eZ
185 Turn off *™È
186 Talk to **™]*!ÐË
187 Talk about **™{™+E »]*!*c §ZzË
188 Work off ** *0 Zg ÖCgCg
189 Work for *™x »aÆË
190 Work out **™i
Exercise
?÷H] Y,~ ,môZ ( 1)
?÷D™Za]Z ,WZ H,6p ÖZ ~ ,môZ preposition ( 2)
JE"
X èG45 ‚B‚ÅpŒ,6 ,ÆyZp ÖZ ~ ,môZ¼ ( 3)
218 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]çn‰]…ç2
yZŠ/¤Å÷Conjugation of Verbs
:÷ÿÕg eÅ÷ā÷`| ,7¬\W
Present Form ( 1)
Past Form ( 2)
Past Participle Form ( 3)
Ing Form ( 4 )
~ŠgzZ ~uzŠÐ^«Xì *@Y¹Ì^ inggzZ^~ŠÔ^~uzŠÔ^«ÃyZ
Æ÷ËË%ZÔì 7{°‡¬ðÃaÆä¯ÆyZpÔ÷D Y ñ¯ ÷Æ^
~%yWÆ÷TLLgzZXì CYð¯ ^~ŠgzZ ~uzŠ™ Î tQ *c ed *c d~%yW
,ZwdZ¼gzZXì CYð¯^~ŠgzZ ~uzŠ™ Î ied*c id ™ UÃ ykZÔì *@ƒ y
X ÷Tg „-qZ~VªVÐ Ô÷Ì
ã*!iŠ Z®âZ ÅyZÃ\ WXì ~gz¢Rg~qzÑÃVšyZaÆI~ ,môZågzZ 9
ÏZXì Ë$0H^~ŠgzZ ~uzŠ ÅkZāÃÎ{ i Z+0Z™NŠÃ÷\WÐ TÔ Ïƒã™Š *c
XÐ,™Š *c ã*!i¹Z\WÔ÷ìg YbŠwdZ¼nÐÑ
1st form Meaning 2nd form 3rd form ing-form
Arise *ƒ—Ô 3Z arose arisen arising
Awake H Y
k awoke awaken awaking
Abuse bŠ à Ç abused abused abusing
Advise bŠ {gt advised advised advising
Ask Þ7 asked asked asking

219 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Arrest *™g ë/¤ arrested arrested arresting
Answer bŠ[ Z answered answered answering
Allow bŠ]i YZ allowed allowed allowing
Appoint *™· appointed appointed appointing
Appear * WÃ appeared appeared appearing
Act *™x » acted acted acting
Add * h added added adding
Admire *™x Z Z admired admired admiring
Bark )È barked barked barking
Bake *å baked baked baking
Bath *. bathed bathed bathing
Beg ‰â „ begged begged begging
Believe *™¢ believed believed believing
Behave *™g (Ztzg behaved behaved behaving
Bleed yyp bled bled bleeding
Bless ‰â ¬Š blessed blessed blessing
Break *hÂ broke broken breaking
Bring *Ñ brought brought bringing
Boil Ü*!Z boiled boiled boiling
Boast *g ‰ ! boasted boasted boasting
Borrow 8 g JŠ Z
¢ borrowed borrowed borrowing
220 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
build *™y built built building
Burn S burnt burnt burning
Buy *+h%y bought bought buying
Bid bŠ¬ bade bidden bidding
Bind −+0*! bound bound binding
Blow »» Zƒ blew blown blowing
Bite R» bit bitten biting
Bend * qÔ D bent bent bending
Behold 9Š beheld beheld beholding
Begin *™qzÑ began begun beginning
Choose *™IÔ Í chose chosen choosing
Cling ] clung clung clunging
Come *W came come coming
Call *g å called called calling
Carry * Yá carried carried carrying
Catch *ñ caught caught catching
Clean *™s ™ cleaned cleaned cleaning
Close *™È closed closed closing
Check )zg checked checked checking
Climb −%m climbed climbed climbing
Clap * Oà *@ clapped clapped clapping

221 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Copy *™Ü copied copied copying
Collect *™ ¦ collected collected collecting
Complain *™$eD complained complained complaining
Complete *™å completed completed completing
Cook *å cooked cooked cooking
Count *™g Ñ counted counted counting
Confuse * ,7~ŠŠ ,F confused confused confusing
Consult bŠ b & consulted consulted consulting
Cover Ôe covered covered covering
Crow bŠ-8 *! crowed crowed crowing
Cross *™g *0 crossed crossed crossing
Creep -g crept crept creeping
Cry *` cried cried crying
Dig *ŠÅ dug dug digging
Do *™ did done doing
Draw n drew drawn drawing
Drink C
Á drank drunk drinking
Drive *` drove driven driving
Decorate *= decorated decorated decorating
Dance O** danced danced dancing
Deceive bŠāðŠ deceived deceived deceiving

222 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Decide *™ê decided decided deciding
Discover *™lˆ discovered discovered discovering
Dip * Î©¨ dipped dipped dipping
Divide *™„ divided divided dividing
Dream 9 Š[ Zp dreamed dreamt dreaming
Eat *3 ate eaten eating
Earn *¾ earned earned earning
Enter *ƒ4ZŠ entered entered entering
Employ ´g™â employed employed employing
Explain *Œ explained explained explaining
Examine "Y examined examined examining
Face *™¨ £ faced faced facing
fail *ƒx » ** failed failed failing
Fear *g e feared feared fearing
Feed *î fed fed feeding
Fell * Z/¤ felled felled felling
Flee H ¸
k fled fled fleeing
Fight *± fought fought fighting
Finish *™å finished finished finishing
Fine * Î**â %` fined fined fining
Float *¾ floated floated floating

223 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Find *™lˆ found found finding
Fly *hZ flew flown flying
Forbid *™I forbade forbidden forbidding
Forget * YwÈ forgot forgotten forgetting
Freeze *™ßÔ**) froze frozen freezing
Graze *%l grazed grazed grazing
Gather *™ ‰Z gathered gathered gathering
Get * *0 Ô **™Ýq got got getting
Give bŠ gave given giving
grind = ground ground grinding
Go *Y went gone going
Hang * d\ hung hung hanging
Hide *Ö hid hidden hiding
Hold *ñ held held holding
Have ´g had had having
Hate *™]Ð hated hated hating
Hear ú
7 heard heard hearing
Help *™Šæ helped helped helping
Improve *g J‡ improved improved improving
Invite bŠ]úŠ invited invited inviting
Join * 5Ô **ƒïá÷ joined joined joining

224 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Jump *ŠÃ jumped jumped jumping
Keep ´g kept kept keeping
Kill *g â killed killed killing
Knit C
à knitted knitted knitting
Kneel DÞ.ÆÖ knelt knelt kneeling
Know 'Y knew known knowing
Love *™g \ loved loved loving
Like *™I liked liked liking
Listen ú
7 listened listened listening
Learn G learnt learnt learning
Leave * hg left left leaving
Marry *™~Š á÷ married married marrying
Make *¯ made made making
Move *h moved moved moving
Meet *™] ‡5 met met meeting
Mend *™&„gŠ mended mended mending
Mix *5 mixed mixed mixing
Name ´gx ** named named naming
Need *ƒ]gz¢ needed needed needing
Nip R» nipped nipped nipping
Obey 'â ¬ obeyed obeyed obeying

225 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Open ÜÅ opened opened opening
Order bŠ¬ ordered ordered ordering
Oppose *™¿# opposed opposed opposing
Pay *™ ZŠ Z paid paid paying
Play o played played playing
Pray *™]Š „ prayed prayed praying
Peep „Ä peeped peeped peeping
Pull n pulled pulled pulling
Promise *™{°z promised promised promising
Quarrel *× quarreled quarreled quarrelling
Rain *ƒlg *! rained rained raining
Reply bŠ[ Z replied replied replying
Reach ) reached reached reaching
Receive *™ÝqÔ ***0 received received receiving
Resign bŠ ±Z resigned resigned resigning
Return *ƒ:Zz returned returned returning
Say I said said saying
Sell Š sold sold selling
Save *X saved saved saving
Send ' sent sent sending
Stop )zg stopped stopped stopping

226 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Sleep *Î slept slept sleeping
Talk *™] *! talked talked talking
Tell I told told telling
Teach * J ,7 taught taught teaching
Think OÎ thought thought thinking
Trust *™z½ trusted trusted trusting
Touch *g touched touched touching
Use *™wEZ used used using
Understand ' understood understood understanding
Walk » walked walked walking
Wash *ðŠ washed washed washing
Wait *™g OZ waited waited waiting
Work *™x » worked worked working
Watch *™ ãZô watched watched watching
Wish *™éZp wished wished wishing
Wed *™~Š á÷ wedded wedded wedding
Worship *™ Y7 worshipped worshipped worshipping
Yield *q yielded yielded yielding

227 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
X Cƒ7~pðÃ~kZÔ÷Tg„-qZ~VªVÐwdZ¼
Bet * ÎoÑ bet bet betting
Cost * Î7 cost cost costing
Let * hg let let letting
Read −,7 read read reading
Bid bŠ à 1 bid bid bidding
Shed *· shed shed shedding
Cut R» cut cut cutting
Set *ƒ[z¾ set set setting
Put ´g put put putting
Exercise
?÷CƒÿÕXÅ÷Ðg ±ZÆyZŠ/¤ ( 1)
XÙyZŠ/¤åÅkZgzZ ÙŠiyK¶Ã÷ÐQÆ[Â ~ ,môZ Ë( 2)
228 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ðf‰ 7]æ o‰^3µ

.
G '
'z¹gzZ}gzõ( 'gzz,6Ô ø e ~ Z ) Idioms & Proverbs
p°Å Idioms & Proverbs
ë ]z¹gzZ {gzõÃkZ Âì *@YHyÒ~ V/¿Ãî Zz ËgzZ]*!ŠÆVÎ,'#Z
ì CY| ,(ö YÅkZÐä™wEZ~,k’*c wew1x ¬KZ'z¹gzZ}gzõtX ÷
Xì ~gz¢**™Š *c ã*!i¹ZÔ÷ìg YbŠ}gzõ¼~sfX
Add fuel to fire )r#,6¥
Apple of one's eye Zg*@»çW
An axe to grind **™ J¦ß Z CZ
Beat about the bush „;ÅOŠ ZOŠ Z
By hook or by crook t‰
Black and white ~^~,k’
Build castles in the air * ¯³ðZƒ
Cats and dogs g JŠ N
Eat one's words ¢
8 :Zz]*!
Few and far between **ƒ+0e»Ï
Hen pecked xÝ»zg
Jack of all trades Ññ®ÙC
Kill two birds with one stone g DzŠÐ¾-qZ
Crocodile tears ²WÆ^ñ^Ñ
229 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
A friend in need is a friend indeed ñWx »Ü‰zÆ]gz¢ {z&„zŠ

A rotten sheep in facts the whole flock ì C™{nÃ[Ñ*@}g7T-qZ
As you saw so shall you reap ã½+zã™Ü
Better kate than never + W&„gŠ+hW,kŠ
h
Empty vessels make much sound ì *@g â j e¹òŠ W{ä
Ill news travels apace ì Ä!{Š *c i¸~,'
Many a little makes a mickle ŠØò *c gŠ {¢{¢
Necessity is the mother of invention ì Vâ ÅŠ XZ]gz¢
Well begun is half done YZx ZÂYZi ¸W
Still waters run deep ÷s1Áq=
Need know no law ì gZz™¼&ƒ~g6
Where there is a will there is a way { ZgV;z{ eV˜
Exercise
X CÈ»VÂz¹gzZ] Zgzõ( 1)
X ‹]g Zzõ¼Æ~ ,môZ ( 2)
XÙ wEZ~,k’gzZWKZÃ]ZgzõyZ ( 3)
230 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
~~ ,môZgzZÐ~ ,môZ
ÆÀ,F
wßZ
231 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
6njòna p^nße oÒ 1×Ûq

:ì Cƒb§kZMK,FÅTÔì „-qZˆ~Š CãÅ¿~y*!i ~ ,môZ
X {)z]0( 4)+wB( 3)+÷ ( 2)+¶Ã( 1)
Vzg e yZgzZ X ÷ D Y ñ*0 gz¢÷gzZ ¶Ã ªÜÁzŠ Ái Z Á~ ˆ ~Š Cã Å¿
Åsf X ÷ CW~Šz ÿÕlyZ ÅVÓÐzz Å ±ŸZÆ ]0m<*! ;ÜÁ
vZ Y á÷yZ Ô ÏñY ÅÒÃÅä™Ýq]â ¥Ð mÅVª ãkZx ÓyZ~ VzS
X \¬
ÙçÃËÚ …æ] ØÂ^Ê ( ØÃÊ

À,F~ÝzgÅVá´Å TensegzZì CY~ŠzÂ,6Tense: â iÆVÓ~÷
]â ¥+h×'¼X ÷ ˆ~Š™7~ ],Ô]¬åÐ áZjkZgzZ Xì *@Y H
X ÷„gYÅ7VŒ
:÷9g eÅ÷
~¼÷ [gzk } iyZ,R Transitive Verb 1
xiÑ÷ [gzk} iyZ,RyS Intransitive Verb 2
YE
³**÷ [gz ëE5½5ÅL Linking Verb 3
Y X
yzç÷ [gz ëE5G4F5ÒG54*c ~°/¦zZ Auxiliary or Helping verb 4
232 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Transitive Verb ~¼÷

ÐŠæÅ}uzŠ Ëx »āì *@ƒx|(ZgzZì *@ƒ ÌwBB‚Æ¶Ã~~¼÷
:÷j§FÆ3 ,FÆVÓ,ZXì ;gƒ
1X{°‡
:BŠBVX ÷D Ñn~ŠÅ÷™ ÎGet/ got ÂLaÆä¯~¼÷
I will get operated. X Çƒ;gƒc,6WZ÷
He had got punished. X ¶ˆ~Š ZwÐZ
Khalid had got a book read. X ðZð,7[Âä−{
A girl had got the food cooked. X *c Z´** 3äÅ±
X 2{°‡
»VÓ,ZXì *@Y HwEZ » Made Â~kZāìti§ZuzŠ »ä¯t®÷
:ì *@ƒb§kZÀ,F
Subject+ made+Object+ Infinitive without TO
Xì ;g WÐWi§»kZ Âì ** ¯w!t®÷/¤ ZXìi§»ä¯szct®÷t

:BV
The boy made the girl laugh. X *c ´ÃÅ±äÆ±
Zaid made Khalid beat. X *c ZêÃ−{ä+hi
I made him sleep. X *c sÐZä~
He made me swim. X *c Zz¾= äkZ
233 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
i§»ä¯w!t®÷X 3{°‡
X Çƒb§kZÀ,F »kZ Âƒ~^Åw!t®÷
Subj+ H.verb+ made+ infinitive with TO.
XB‚ÆTo g]+made+÷yzç+¶Ãª
Khalid is made to laugh. Xì ;g Y*c ´Ã−{
Zaid is made to beat. Xì *@Y*c ZêÃ+hi
Goats are made to graze. X ÷„g YðZ%l V*c –
Latters were made to write. X¸‰ ñZoè
X 4{°‡
X Çƒb§kZÀ,F »kZÔì *@ƒx|» ó óiZ L L~t®÷T
(1) Subj+ can/could+ have+ object+ past participle.
(2) Subj+ can get/ could get+ object+ past participle.
(3) Subj+ could have got+ objective+ past participle.
:BV
I can have a letter written. X VƒYZâ~
I can get a letter written.
He can have his children read. Xì YZð,7ÃV”LZ {z
He can get his children read.
I could have a letter written. X åYZâ~
I could have got a letter written.
He could have his children read. X åYZð,7ÃV”LZ {z
He could have got his children read.
234 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
X 5{°‡
X Çƒ,6j§sf `gŠÀ,F »kZ ÂÔì x|» óc
ó eL /¤
L Z~~¼÷
(1) Subject+ should have+ object+ past participle.
(2) Subject+ should get+ object+ past participle+
(3) Subject+ should have got+ object+ past participle.
:BV
Khalid should have the work done. Xce8¢Z™x »Ã−{
Khalid should get the work done.
I should have the food taken. Xce8¢3** 3=
I should get the food taken.
Khalid should have got the work X åce8¢Z™x »Ã−{
done.
X 6{°‡
past Ã o b j e c t i v e ā ì t ]*! ë Z {Š *c i Ð &ƒ ~À,FÆ ~¼÷
ˆÆpast participle Ã objective /¤ ZXì ~gz¢** Ñ¬Ðparticiple
À
: õG/ŸG&Š~wVÃtÛkZÔ ÇñYw+$p»]ÂÔÐNÑ
Khalid should have the work done. Xce8¢Z™x »Ã−{
Khalid should have done the work. Xce8¢ÉâŠpÃ−{
I could have a letter written. X åYZâ~
I could have got a letter written.
I could have written a letter. X åYÉâŠp~
I could have got written a letter.
235 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
xiÑ÷ Intransitive Verb

Tense ¾{zāì °» 9 Št sÜÜ‰zÆ3 ,FÆkZXì xi Ñ÷n~uzŠ Å÷
xiÑ ÷āì *@ƒ (Zg rL%Z Ô Ç ñY HÀ,F » kZ ._Æ ÏZQXì Zƒ wEZ ~
À
: õG/ŸG&ŠBVXì *@YHÐw!÷À,F »szc
It is known to all. Xì x¥Ã&ƒt
A meeting was held in my Madarsa. X ðƒ)-qZ~Ðgæ}÷
His pen was lost. X HŠƒË¯»kZ
I were married. X ˆƒ~Š á÷~÷
³**÷Linking Verb
:÷7]¬ÅT ì CW~ŠzI,FÅ¸zZ‰Ð³**÷
¸zZJ
LinkinggzZ ñY HwEZ Linking Verb ˆ ÆSubject ~ VÓ X
HwEZ {)z Adjective *c Noun ðÃÉ Ôƒ HŠ H: wEZ Verb ðÃˆÆVerb
Ã¸ā#Z Ôì subject x ** ~ ,môZ » Z‰Ô÷ D Y¾ ¿áZz¸Z‰¹Z ÂÔƒ HŠ
Xì *@Y¹ predicate
1X{°‡
Æ ¦ *c uZzÆ ÏZ Ô ~ ^Å Pronoun *c ƒ~ ^Å Noun { Zp Subject
:‰ÔÇñYHwEZ » Helping Verb._
Khalid is a teacher. Xì f *Z-qZ−{
He is a teacher. Xì f *Z-qZ {z
Those are girls. X ÷VH±&ƒ{z
236 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
You were a professor X¸Wz,6 -qZ\ W

I was a student X åD(¨¤-qZ~
They were children. X¸a&ƒ{z
2X{°‡
kZXì *@ƒ~^Å ( to+verb. Verb+ing) ó ó** L gL ]Ö#´L Subject
:÷ÿÕ&Å3 ,FÆ
X ÌZBÚ + ÷yzç+ g]( 1)
Subject ( Infinitive - to +Helping Verb+ Adjective/ Noun.
À
: õ/GŸG&ŠBV
To write is a good work. X ì x » YZ r
To smoke is harmful. Xì {ŠyvCÁ$fr
To play was a good habit. X ¶]Š ¬hZ o
X ÌZBÚ + ÷yzç+ g] ( 2)
Subject ( Infinitive - ing +Helping Verb+ Adjective/
Noun.
À
: õ/GŸG&ŠBV
writing is a good work. X ì x » YZ r
Smoking is harmful. Xì {ŠyvCÁ$fr
Playing was a good habit. X ¶]Š ¬hZ o
( 3)
It+ Helping Verb + Adjective/ Noun + Infinitive - to
À
: õ/GŸG&ŠBV
237 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
It is a good work to write. X ì x » YZ r

It is harmful to smoke. Xì {ŠyvCÁ$fr
It is a good habit to play. X ¶]Š ¬hZ o
3X{°‡
@* ƒ~g YÌZ {z|gŠpÔì 4÷Ðg ±ZÆ^ Ôì Cƒ+Z#|‚ÅVÓ¼
:Çƒb§kZÀ,F »kZXì
Subj+ has/ have/ had +been+ Noun/ Adjective.
He has been a teacher. Xì ;g f *Z {z
I have been a poet. X Vƒ;g²á÷~
Salma had been a student. X ¶„gc¤>
4X{°‡
À
: õG/ŸG&Š~wV¹ZÔì *@YHwEZÐb§FÃVÓÆ¸zZ‰~zŠg Z
Xì SgQZƒ( 4)Xì @QZƒ( 3)Xì CƒQZƒ( 2)XìQZƒ( 1)
Xì LgC|ŠzŠ ( 4)Xì 4C|ŠzŠ ( 3)Xì *@ƒC|ŠzŠ ( 2)XìC|ŠzŠ ( 1)
:‰Xì *@ƒ» b§„-qZÀ,F »&ƒyZ
Air is cool. 'Zƒ
Milk is white. '|ŠzŠ
5X{°‡
Xì *@YHwEZ » It is aÆäCÌñgzZ ~gzŠÔÜ‰z~)Z]
:wVÅÜ‰z
It is raining. Xì „gƒlg*!
238 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
It is fog. Xì Zº
:wVÅ~gzŠ
It is five KM from Delhi. XìgzŠa¢³õ*0 Ð‹Š
It is near to Patna. Xì $dÛŒÐ`
:wVÅÜ‰z
It is morning. Xì Ü‰z»x á÷
It is evening. Xì ð
6X{°‡
@* ƒwEZ » It â À~3 ,FÆ~ ,môZaÆkZÔì Lg {æ7¶Ã~VÓzŠg Z¼
Xì
It is said. Xì *@Y¹
It is regretted. Xì k\Z
7X{°‡
Xì *@ƒwEZ » There aÆäCÃ(ªSpace ~)Z]
:w V
There is a man. Xì òŠ W-qZ
There was a home. X åy-qZ
8X{°‡
,Z~zŠg ZXì *@ƒ~^ÅÄŸZ â À Ôì r‚gx|»! Subjectg rL
¯zŠ k*0 ÆkZÔì Å±-qZk*0 }÷ā‰Ôì *@YHwEZ »Âó ók*0 L L,F{Š *c i~VÓ
X Çƒb§kZÀ,F »¿Æb§kZX ÷
239 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Sub+ Noun/ Pronoun+has/ have +others

:BV
Khalid has three children. X ÷a&Æ−{
I have a girl. Xì Å±-qZ ~÷
The mosque has two menars. X ÷Dƒ}g fzŠÆK
She has a glass. Xì k†-qZk*0 ÆkZ
Xì *@ƒ wEZ » Have aÆ ¦gzZ Has ~uZzaÆ äC !āìgŠ *c
» ¦zuZzÆ ]0ì *@ƒg ±Z » ¦zuZzÆ ( Subject ¶ÃaÆ äÑ ¦zuZz
X *@ƒ7g ±Z
wEZ » Possess aÆäC!ÅkZÔì Cƒ à Zz s¥zïq b§ÏZ
Xì *@ƒ
TÔì *@YHwEZ Ì» Has gotgzZ Have got ÂgzZ-qZaÆäC!
À
: õG/ŸG&ŠBVXì ðƒå!~„wqāì *@ƒÈ»
I possess a book. Xì [Â-qZk*0 }÷
Salma possess a pen. Xì ¯-qZk*0 Æ>
Khalid has got a home. Xì y-qZk*0 Æ−{
They have got mobiles. X ÷b*!ñk*0 Æ&ƒyZ
10X{°‡
kZÀ,F » kZ Xì *@ƒ ~ ^Åg Y sw ó Ð
ó L LgzZ ó Ãó L Là BÖ#´Subject L
X Çƒb§
Subject+ Verb+ other words
:BV
240 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
I have to go home. Xì ** YyÃí

She has to cook food. Xì ** ¯** 3ÐZ
Khalid has to write. Xì rÃ−{
They are not able to read. X *@Y7J ,7ÐyZ
XvZY á÷yZÏN WÆhabitual action '*!+h×'ÅekZ
11X{°‡
» An *c A B‚ÆkZ ÂƒÚªAdjective sÜ~¸ªPredicate #Z
X ÇƒwEZ » An gzZ A Q ÂƒÌNounB‚ÆÚ/¤ Zp;Çƒ7wEZ
That note book is red. Xì wÑ8 »{z
that pen is good. Xì YZ¯{z
That is a red note book. Xì 8 »wÑ{z
That is a good pen. Xì ¯YZ {z
12X{°‡
Œ,6p ÖZDZÎPhrase gzZì *@ƒ~ ^Å Phrase ]z%bSubject L
Xì *@ƒb§kZÀ,F »VÓ,ZÔ÷Dƒ
Phrase+ H. verb+ Noun/ Adjective
:BV
What to do, is a problem. XìX-qZtÔ,™ H
Where to go, is unknown. Xì 7ØtÔN YV¹
Whom to say, is unknown. Xì 7x¥tÔ}Ð¾
How to tell, is unknown. X 7ØÔN Cù
241 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Z åE<XÅÔì *@ƒß **™wEZ » {)z It *c This aÆÀ,FÆótó L L~ VÓÆb§kZ

Xì ßr What to do, it is a problem ā rb§kZÐZ
^â
ìti§»ä™À,FÆp ÖZDZÎ{)zX }ùX N Y V¹X ,™ HX Vz™ H
:ā‰Ôì *@YHwEZg]QgzZ to ˆÆp ÖZDZÎā
What to do. X ,™ HX Vz™ H
How to say. whom to say. X }Ð¾X V¼ù
13 {°‡
:Çƒb§kZÀ,F »kZXì *@ƒ]åñOÆ]z%bSubject L
Sentence+ H. verb+ other words.
:BV
I am ill, is known to all. Xì x¥Ã&ƒtÔVƒg F~
He is rich, is known to all. XìgtÔìg Z−â {z
Salma is a girl, is known to all. X ÷… Y&ƒtÔì Å±>
I am a teacher, he knows. Xì } Y{ztÔVƒf *Z-qZ~
Xì ßwEZ » this *c it aÆÀ,FÆótó L LÌ~VÓ,Z
X 14{°‡
Xì *@ƒb§kZÀ,F »kZÔì *@ƒ~^ïzæSubject ¶ÃL
Sub+ who/ that+ verb+ verb+ other words
:BV
242 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
The children who are playing, are ÆÐgæ {z Ô÷ìgöa

Madras's students. X ÷D(¨¤
A man who work hard, gets [x» {z Ô÷ D™œvß
success. X ÷Dƒ
The girl who is here, is my wife. Xì ~ç~÷{zÔì VŒÅ±
The Madarsa that is there, is big. Xì Z,({zÔì V;zgæ
L ZzäW~¿}uzŠ Ì~VÓyZ
Xì *@YH7À,F » ótó L LÔ ó ó{zL á
15X{°‡
7À,F ðÃ~zŠgZ »kZÔ÷D YK qzÑÐThat ÂSubject ¼Æ~ ,môZ
À
: õG/ŸG&ŠBVÔì ;geÃ|ªFact {zāì *@WaÆäCÃ]*!kZsÜtÉ‰*@ƒ
That he is poor. Xì $d¾{z
That I am a student. X VƒD(¨¤~
243 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
kÏe^_Ú 6nÚ ]‚jfÚ ^m ØÂ^Ê ØÃÊ

ekZXì ~gz¢ ** Y *c *0 “ _yxgŠÆ÷Æ kZgzZ Z‰ *c ¶Ã ªSubject
~°Z ¸ÆsfXì *@Y3gwìm{~~ ,môZ ~g £» ` WT÷sf `gŠ°Z ¸äÆ
Ô ÇñYHwEZÂ»¶ÃsÜÐ~VâzŠ¶ÃgzZ Z‰aÆsubject§{Å ã‚W
X N â Û±5°Z ¸X ÇƒŠ Z%ÌZ‰ÐT
1X{°‡
( wV)ì ~gz¢M+ 7~÷gzZ¶ÃÐg±ZÆ¦zuZz
The dog growls when he is angry.
The dogs growl when they are angry.
2X {°‡
7,WOÃ“ _ {z ;Vƒ: g DÆ WZ Ð p ÖZ áZz äWyxgŠÆ ÷gzZ ¶Ã
X D™
The dog, who is chewing on my jeans, is usually very
good.
3X{°‡
gîx ¬Ð äYWyxgŠÆ÷gzZ¶Ã( ]·%³** )]z%b Œ,6ÄŸZz*gsw
X Dƒ7i Z+0Z ,WZ,6“ _,6
The colors of the rainbow are beautiful.
4X{°‡
Ô Ç ñY 3gˆÆ÷å ¶Ã Âì *@ƒ qzÑÐL L ''here *c ''there'' ] ðÃ#Z
244 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Xì C,7]gz¢Åä™#|ÙÐj§9Ã÷Z åE<XÅ
There is a problem with the balance sheet. Here are the
papers you requested.
5X{°‡
D™ê » wEZÆ ÷&„gŠ . ÷ D W7¬ Ð ÷ÌLÔ¶Ã ~ ¿DZÎ
Xì ~gz¢8¢™#|Ù9Å¶ÃÜ‰z
Does Lefty usually eat grass? Where are the pieces of
this puzzle?
6X{°‡
CY ÅwEZ ^à Zz ¦Å÷,6 gîòÀÂÔì HŠ *c Š h ÃVE Ã zŠÐ and Â /¤ Z
Xì
The cow and the pig are jumping over the moon.
7X{°‡
Ôì Š Z%q*c ¿„-qZÐ VE ÃVâzŠpÔì HŠ *c Š™µ ZÐand ÂÃVE ÃzŠ/¤ Z
X ÇñYHwEZuZz÷Â
Red beans and rice is my mom's favorite dish.
8X{°‡
uZz ÷ÂÔì *@WÂ-qZ ðÃÐ ~ p ÖZÆno *c each, every, ¬ Ð ¶Ã/¤ Z
X ÇñY*c Ñ
No smoking or drinking is allowed. Every man and
woman is required to check in.
245 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
9X{°‡
not gzZ or &nor, either&or, nor, neitherp ÖZgzZ ÷ uZz ¶Ã VâzŠ/¤ Z
X ÇƒuZz÷ÂÔ÷‰bŠ hÐbut also &only
Jessica or Christian is to blame for the accident.
10X{°‡
gzZÔƒ~^ÅuZz*c ¦( DZs p) wB» ( *g *c )ÄŸZïZúā#Z Ü‰zkZsÜ
]z%b {)zsome, half, none, more, all ~kZgzZƒ~^Å;*c ÌZ¶Ã
.ì *@™ç»^Å÷( DZs p*c )wB»*gswÔ~VÓyZ ÂÔƒHŠ HwEZ
All of the chicken is gone. All of the chickens are gone.
X 11{°‡
.ì CƒwEZuZz^Å÷,6gîx ¬aÆÛ- Åöe
Four quarts of oil was required to get the car running.
12X{°‡
not gzZ or &nor, either&or, nor, neitherp ÖZ gzZ ÷ ¦¶Ã VâzŠ /¤ Z
X ÇñYHwEZ ¦÷ÂÔ÷‰bŠ hÐbut also &only
Dogs and cats are both available at the pound.
13X{°‡
not &nor,either &nor,neither p ÖZgzZ ì ¦-qZ gzZ uZz ¶Ã -qZ /¤ Z
¦ *c uZz ÷._Æ¶ÃáZz $dÛŒÆ ÷ÂÔ÷ ‰ bŠ h Ðbut also&only
X ÇñY*c Ñ
Either the bears or the lion hasescaped from the zoo.
246 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Neither the lion nor the bears haveescaped from the zoo.
14X{°‡
Xì *@YHwEZuZz÷â À~,]J~É
Everybody wants to be loved.
15X{°‡
÷~ ( few, many, several, both, all, some) yZ {z´Æ Vz;
X Çƒ¦å
Few were left alive after the flood.
16X{°‡
X ÇñY*c Ñ¦÷~kZ ÂÔì HŠ Hµ ZÐand ÂÃVzg]zŠ/¤ Z
To walk and to chew gum require great skill.
17X{°‡
wEZuZz÷~kZ ÂÔ ñYHwEZ,6gîÆ¶ÃÆ]( gerund)g]ÌZ#Z
X ÇñYHwEZ ¦÷ÂÔ ñY*c Š h and Â~kZ#Z pX ÇñYH
Standing in the water was a bad idea. Swimming in the
ocean and playing drums are my hobbies.
18X{°‡
HwEZuZz÷,6gîx ¬~{)zherd, senate, class, crowd ‰¦ÌZ
Xì *@Y
The herd is stampeding.
247 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
19X{°‡
uZz÷~kZgzZ÷D Yá1‘uZz,6gîx ¬]** ZÄÆ{)zVßz**ÔVIÔV1Â
Xì *@YHwEZ
The Burbs is a movie starring Tom Hanks.
20X{°‡
Xì *@ƒi Z+0Z ,WZ,6÷„¶ÃsÜÔOgŠ *c DwßZî
( }°‡ÆäC/ ) 1X {°‡
:÷`gŠ~sfX ÷j§mºÆäC/~~ ,môZ
(1) subject+ Helping verb+ numeral.
(2) subject+ helping verb+ day/ month/ years+ old.
(3) subject+ helping verb+ number adjective+ hyphen+
old+ noun.
À
õ/GŸG&ŠBV
Khalid is ten. Xì w‚kŠ/Å−{
Khalid is ten years old.
Khalid is a ten-year old boy.
I am twenty. Xì w‚ä/~÷
I am twenty years old.
I am a twenty-year old boy.
Xì ~gz¢** ÎÂ» old ˆÆkZ ÂÇƒwEZÂ» years#Z :^â

248 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
2X {°‡
:÷j§zŠÆäC/Å âZyY"
(1) subject+ helping verb+ numeral+ year+ old.
(2) This+ helping verb+ number adjective+ hyphen+
year+ old+ noun.
:BV
This tree is ten years old. ì ** Z,6w‚kŠ#|gŠt
This is a ten-year old tree.
This book is twenty years old. Xì ãZ,6w‚ä[Ât
This is a twenty-year old book.
@* ƒ7wEZ » j§¬Æ-qZ{°‡ ~j§¬ÆäC/ÅVzqyY"

Xì ßI this tree is ten . this book is twenty. Z åE<XÅÔì
å Â » month /year ˆ Æhyphen ~ zŠi§Æ {°‡kZ b§ÏZ
X Çƒ7¦ÇƒuZzªsingular
3X {°‡
:ìti§»kZX ó ì
ó ;gƒ»w‚ãZ {zLā
L ÷DƒÆb§kZ¿¼
Subject+ helping verb+ getting on for+ numeral.
BV
Hamid is getting on for twenty five. Xì ;gƒ»w‚ææq
Salma is getting on for sixteen. Xì „gƒÅw‚!Î>
249 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
4X {°‡
» @ÖÆw‚ ãZÐ w‚ ãZ {zāì *@Y ¹t ~ TÔ÷ DƒÆ b§kZ¿¼
Çƒb§kZÀ,F »kZXì
Subject+ helping verb+ in his+ teens etc.
Khalida is in her teens. Xì Åw‚{gGÐ{¾{−{
Hamid is in his teens. Xì @ÖÆw‚äÐ{gGæq
( Ü‰zzõg *@) 1X {°‡

c* e m p t y i t ÐZ X ÷ Dƒ qzÑ Ði t ¿ áZz äC Ü‰z gzZ õg *@
Xì *@Y¹ introductory it
It is January. Xì ~g†t
It is my birthday today. Xì yŠ »öZa~÷` W
2X {°‡
ÑZz „ äƒL LX ó óì ÑZz „ tLā
L ƒx|» b§kZ~¿áZz äC õg *@gzZÜ‰z/¤ Z
*@ƒ wEZ » getting on for gzZ just ÂaÆ yZ ÂX ó ì
ó O Ú Z ÇÌZ L LX ó ì
ó
BVXì
It is getting on for five. Xì ÑZz„tõ*0
It is just one. Xì O-qZÇÌZ
250 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Auxiliary or Helping verb
ØÃÊ áæ^ÃÚ
X ÷yzçweñgzZX ÷yzç~ÎZ,6X ÷9zŠ Åyzç÷ā÷… Y\Wā 6
÷sf `gŠp ÖZÆPrimary Auxiliaries
Be. am. is. are. was. were. do. does. did. has. have.had.
~gz¢¼ VŒ X ÷ _ W]¬~g7 ÅTÔ ÷ W‘Tense Ð ÷yzç ~ÎZ,6
X ÷D™g¨,6V§,FÆ÷yzçweñ
(am to.is to. are to. have to etc.) ought to. used to. dare.
need.
X ÷sf `gŠ]¬Å-qZÙC
Will
1X{°‡
:÷j§zŠÆ3 ,FÆkZXì *@ƒx|» ó óiZ L L~TÔ÷Dƒ,Z¿¼
(1) Subject+ can+ infinitive without TO.
(2) Subject+Helping verb+ able+infinitive with TO.
He can read the book. Xì Þ.‡Æ",7[ Â{zBXì Y| ,7[ Â{z
He is able to read the book.
He can cook the food. Xì Þ.‡Æä¯**3{zBXì Y¯**3{z
He is able to cook the food
251 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
2X{°‡
:ìti§»kZ ÂÔì Œ,6x|Æó ì
ó Y0L LÔ ó ì
ó YƒL]
L /¤ Z
Subject+ can be+ noun/ adjective.
:BV
He can be a girl. Xì Y0Å±{z
He can be a teacher. Xì Yƒf *Z {z
I can't be a farmer. X Y07y‚~
She can't be a husband. X Ë$07ÙCØ{z
3X{°‡
ìti§kZ ÂÔƒŒ,6x|Æw *c èâ ¿áZzä™ÙCªŠ Z¦Z/¤ Z
Subject+ was/were+ able+ infinitive. :èâ
Subject+ shall/ will+ be+ able+ infinitive. :w
:BV
I was able to go home X eYy~
They were not able to read the book. Xn| ,77[Â&ƒ{z
They will be able to go home. XÐN *0 Yy&ƒ{z
I shall be not able to sleep. X ÇVj7Î~
4X{°‡
:÷j§zŠÆkZ Âì ;gòx|»hN™:x »ÌñƒDƒA¢&~èâ/¤ Z
(1) subject+ could have+ past participle.
(2) subject+ could have been+ noun/ adjective.
252 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
:BV
He could have been a teacher. X åY0f *Z {z
You could have been my wife. X ¶Ë$0~ç~÷?
She could have recited the Holy Quran. X ¶Ë$,7yWÛŒ{z
We could have written. X¸hMÉë
You could have gone to home. X¸hMYy ?
5X{°‡
:÷sf `gŠ j§Æ3 ,FÆkZ ÂÔì *@ƒx|»ykZ~¿/¤ Z
(1) subject+ may/ might+ infinitive without TO.
Xì *@Y*c ÎÌPossibility / likelihood g rL (2)
:BV
I my go to home today. X VƒYYy ` W~
I might go home today.
It may rain today. Xì ykZ »äƒlg *!` W
It might rain today.
There is possibility of rain today.
There is likelihood of rain today.
6X{°‡
X Ì7( 2)X 7( 1) :÷,¨zŠ~zŠg ZaÆykZx°
Ôì *@Y HwEZ » can not aÆ kZgzZì Cƒ ~ ykZ x°Ç*! ]gß«
Xì *@ƒwEZ » may not aÆkZgzZì CeÃykZ Á]gß~uzŠā#Z
I may not com. X VƒY WÌ7~
253 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
I can not com. X VƒY W7Ç*!~

He may not read. Xì Y| ,7 Ì7{z
He can not read. Xì Y7| ,7{z
7X{°‡
Perhaps / Probably/ It is aÆ ä™ Za x|» ó óeL LÔ ó ó+há÷ L L~¿
Xì *@YHwEZ »p ÖZÆpossible
Perhaps I take food. X Vz3** 3~+há÷
Probably I take food.
It is possible that I take food.
Perhaps he sleeps. X ñYÎ{zì e
Probably he sleeps.
It is possible that he sleep.
8X{°‡
:÷j§sf `gŠÆä™ZapÆgz¢gzZ¢ñOÆykZÔ—~¿
(1) subject+ h. verb+ going+ infinitive.
(2) subject+ h. verb+ going to be+ noun/ adjective.
(3) subject+ must be+ noun/ adjective.
(4) subject+ must have+ past participle.
(5) Tent to one+ that+ sentence.
He is going to success. Xì Yƒ[ x»gz¢{z
He is going to be success.
He must be success.
He must have succeed.
Tent to one that he gets success.
254 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
9X{°‡
āìt{°‡»ä™Zap»—gzZ ykZ
subject+ may have+ past participle.
:BV
You may have heard my name. X Çƒ‹x ** Z÷ä?
He may have read the book. X ÏƒS,7[ÂäkZ
10X{°‡
@* ƒ wEZ Â » ó óeL L*c Ô ó+hó á÷ L L~ zŠg ZaÆ ä™ Za x|»µ~ ykZ ~ wq
Ïƒb§kZ#|‚ÅkZ~~ ,môZÔì
subject+ will have+ past participle.
:BV
You will have read this book. Xì S,7[Âtä\W+há÷
He will have slept. XƒHŠÎ{zì e
He will have gone. XƒHŠ`{zì e
11X{°‡
āìti§aÆä™ZŠ Zx|»kZÔe:ƒ1Ô åykZ »äƒx »~èâ
subject might have+ past participle ( active voice)
subject+ might have been+ past participle (passive voice)
BV
He might have read this book. X CƒS,7[ÂtäkZ
Salma might have written a letter. X *@ƒ–âä>
255 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
He might have been sent. X *@ƒHŠ 5{z

He might have been punished. X Cƒˆ~Š ZwÐZ
12X{°‡
aÆä™ Zax|»kªzykZ~wq: â i
Subject+ would be+ other words.
:BV
I would be twenty. X Ïƒw‚äâ½/~÷
It would be Khalid's book. X Ïƒ[ÂÅ−{{z
256 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
†Ú] Ø Ã Ê
1X {°‡
ì *@ƒb§kZÀ,F »%Z÷
verb+ object
‰
come here. X zWVŒ
Go there. zYV ; z
Xì *@Y*c ÎÂ» Do ~qzÑÆ%Z÷aÆä™Zap~N *@~%Z
Do come here. zWgz¢VŒ?
Do go there. zYgz¢V;z?
2X {°‡
:ƒ~]gßkZ/¤ Z¿Æ%Z
Xñ,7[Â: Zizg{z
XÜ‰zÙC?
ñ¯** 3>
ìti§»kZ Â
(1) subject+ is to/are to+ infinitive.
(2) subject+ shall+ infinitive without TO.
:BV
He is to read the book every day. ñ,7[Â: Zizg {z
He shall read the book every day.
257 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
You are to write every time. XÜ‰zÙC?

You shall write every time.
Salma is to cook food. X ñ¯** 3>
Salma shall cook food.
3X {°‡
:āìti§»ì¼ *!Š Z¬]gzÃVz,(
Let+ possessive pronoun/ noun+ verb.
BV
Let him recite the holy Quran. X ,™]zˆ{z
Let Khalid write. X K#r™−{
Let Salma make tee. X N ¯ñe >
4X {°‡
Çƒb§kZÀ,F »kZ ÂÔ*@ƒ7™f »wB~TÔ÷Dƒ,Z%Z¼
Let+ there+ object.
BV
Let there be work. Xƒx »
Let there be noise. XƒgØ
Let there no be false. Xƒrß
5X {°‡
ā÷Dƒp ÖZt~VÓX
X {)zx™ñZ,'XÆ™ ã*!$X ã*!$ñZ,'
258 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
:Çƒb§kZÀ,F »kZ
(1) infinitive+ object+ comma+ please.
(2) Infinitive+ object+ comma+ will you/ won't you?.
BV
Go home, please. X N Yy\Wã*!$ñZ,'
Go home, will you?
Go home, won't you?
Read the book, please. X ³,7[ÂÆ™ ã*!$
Read the book, will you?
Read the book, won't you?
6X {°‡
Çƒ(ZÀ,F »kZXì CƒÌN *@B‚Ælg Z*~VÓ¼
Please+ do+ verb without TO.
BV
Please do watch. X BŠgz¢\ W
Please do walk. X ágz¢\ W
ÏZXì *@YHwEZ7Â» you aÆ3 ,FÆó ó\W L L~¿Æb§kZ :^â
X 7{)zmust Ô ÇñW„do ÂsÜaÆgz¢b§
7X {°‡
:ì sf `gŠi§»TÔì *@YHg (Zi Z+0ZDZÎõG/ÍG5µä™&„ZpgŠ: Z %b¬
(1) will you+ verb without TO+ please.
(2) Would you+ verb without TO+ please.
259 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
(3) Would you mind+ verb ing.

:BV
Will you read the book?. Zg ZÍ Øi Å ",7 [Â \ W H
Would you read the book?. ?Ð,™
Would you mind reading the book?
Will you go? ?ÐN â ÛZgZÍØiÅ½\WH
Would you go?
Would you mind going?
8X {°‡
aÆlg Z /¦: Z %b¬~ŸDZÎ
(1) Could+ subject+ verb without TO.
(2) Might+ subject+ verb without TO.
(3) Shall+ subject+ verb without TO.
:BV
Could you write? ?Ð,™ØiÅ™\WH
Might you write?
Shall you write?
Could I go to home? ?ÇVzYy~H
Might I go to home?
Shall I go to home?
9X {°‡
À
õG/ŸG&ŠBVXì *@ƒwEZ Ì» Shall we Â-qZaÆ&„ZpgŠ
260 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Shall we go to home with me? ?ÐN YyB‚}÷\WH

Shall we get married? ?Ï,™~Š á÷Ðí\WH
10X {°‡
ā÷D Wp ÖZÆb§kZ~VÓ¼
:ìti§»À,F X ó óÇƒ&ƒoL LX ó óÇƒYZ L L
(1) subject+had better+ verb.
(2) subject+ had rather+ verb.
(3) subject+ would rather+ verb.
BŠBV
You had better study. X ÇƒYZ **™·_aÆ\ W
You had rather study.
You would rather study.
They had better write. X Çƒ&ƒoraÆyZ
They had rather write.
They would rather write.
11X {°‡
Çƒb§kZÀ,F »kZX *@ƒ7¶Ã~VÓáZz]á÷g \¼
Why+ verb.
BV
Why not study now? ?_,77VYÌZ
Why not write just now? ?˜7VYÜ‰zkZ
{z ~ ]gßkZāVY Ô *@Y *c Î 7helping verb ˆ Æwhy ~ kZ :^â
261 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
X ÇñY0]DZÎñOÆlg Z /¦]
12X {°‡
:÷DƒÆÎâkZ¿¼~¬z]á÷g Z*
:ìti§»kZX ávßëX N 3vßë
Let us+ verb.
BV
Let us take food. X N 3vßë
Let us walk. ávßë
±ŸZÆkZX Shall we:÷D Y ñÎp ÖZtg rL~%yWÆ¿Æb§kZ
‰Xì *@ƒ]»{gtzñZg %ÆkZgzZì *@Y0îG0.À7]Ð
Let us eat, shall we? X N 3vßë
Let us walk, shall we? X ávßë
13X {°‡
āì *@ƒ(Zï Z+0Z~VÓ¼
ìtÀ,F »kZXì CYÅ7,m?*c ñZgÐkZ X ó óÇìg ÷ L L
(1) What about+ verb-ing.
(2) How about+ verb-ing.
(3) Suppose+ subject+ verb.
(4) Supposing+ subject+ verb.
:BV
262 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
What about walking? ?Çìg ÷ ø

How about walking?
Suppose we walk?
Supposing we walk?
What about studying? ?Çìg ÷ **™·_
How about studying?
Suppose we study?
Supposing we study?
14X {°‡
ì Cƒb§kZ#|‚ÅVÓÆ]á÷g Z /¦¼
À,F »VÓÆb§kZ ó ó?ñY '“ {zāN C ¹Z L LX ó ó?Vz™ H~āN C =L L
Çƒb§kZ
Imperative+ Wh family( question words)+ verb with To.
BV
Tell me what to do? ?Vz™ H~āN C=
Tell them when they go? ?ñY'“{zāN C¹Z
15X {°‡
X óì ó ŠÎ"X ó ì
ó p" L LX ó ì ó g »" L L
ìti§»kZX ÷DƒÑ ~VÓ¼p ÖZt
(1) Subject+ no use+ verb-ing.
(2) subject+ no good+ verb ing.
:BV
263 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
It is no use sleeping. XìŠÎ" **Î[Z

It is no good watching now. Xìg »"9 Š[Z
It is no use crying now. Xì {+ZÃ"**zg[Z
16X {°‡
ìti§»kZX ó óñY~Š]i YZ=Lā
L ì Ìti§-qZ »]á÷g Z*
Subject+ may be allowed+ verb with TO.
subject+ may be given permission+ verb with TO.
BV
I may be allowed to go home X ñY~Š]i YZÅäYy=
I may be given permission to go home.
I may be allowed to sleep. X ñY~Š]i YZÅäÎ=
I may be given permission to sleep.
264 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Ý^Ò 1Ö]æ p…çfrÚ …æ] l^Â

1X {°‡
aÆä™ZŠ Zx|» ó ì
ó *@,7**™ L L
aÆwq
Subject+ has/ have/ have got+ to+ verb first form.
Subject+ must+ infinitive without TO.
aÆèâ
Subject+ had+ to+ infinitive.
aÆw
Subject+ shall have+to+ infinitive.
Xì *@YHwEZ » can not butgzZ
I have to write. Xì *@,7r=
I have got to write.
I must write.
I had to write. X Z ,7r=
I shall have to write. X Ç} ,7r=
I cannot but write. Xì „r=
2X {°‡
X Çƒb§kZÀ,F »kZÔì *@ƒÂ» ó ì
ó Y,7L L~TÔ÷Dƒb§kZ¿¼
Subject+may have+ infinitive.
:BV
265 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
I may have to write. Xì Y,7r=

He may have to go. Xì Y,7** YÐZ
3X {°‡
:÷sf `gŠÆj§ÆkZ Âì ** CÃäƒ:Æxz²ðÃ~¿Ë/¤ Z
(1) subject+ need not+ infinitive without TO.
(2) subject+ has not/ have not+infinitive with TO.
(3) subject+ has not got/ have not got+ infinitive with TO.
(4) subject+ don't have/ doesn't have + infinitive with TO.
(5) subject+ don't need/ doesn't need+ infinitive with TO.
:BV
I need not go home. Xì *@,7**Y7y=
I have not to go home.
I have not got to go home.
I don't have to go home.
I don't need to go to home.
He need not wash clothes. X ÷DƒäðŠ7} ÀÐZ

He has not to wash clothes.
He has not got to wash clothes.
He doesn't have to wash clothes.
He does not need to wash clothes.

266 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
4X{°‡
:aÆä™ZŠ Zx|» ó ì
ó ** YL LÔì **™ L L
Subject+ has got/ have got+ infinitive.
I have got to go home. Xì ** Yy=
He has got to drink water. Xì CÁã*0 ÐZ
5X {°‡
:ìti§»kZ Âóc
ó e**ƒgz¢Lā
L ÷p ÖZt~¿/¤ Z
(1) subject+ must +infinitive without TO.
(2) subject+ must be+ noun / adjective.
(3) subject+ ought to+ infinitive.
(4) subject+ ought to be+ noun/ adjective.
:BV
He must write a letter. Xcergz¢âÐZ
He ought to write a letter.
We must be polite. Xce**ƒgz¢+á÷…
We ought to be polite.
6X {°‡
:÷}°‡sf `gŠaÆä™ Zax|» ó óåceL L
(1) subject+ should have+ past participle.
(2) subject+ should have been +adjective.
(3) subject+ ought to have+ past participle.
(4) subject+ ought to have been+ noun/ adjective.
267 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
:BV
I should have gone home. X åce** Yy=
I ought to have gone home.
He should have prayed . X ¶ce,7i úÐZ
He ought to have prayed.
You should have been honest. X åce**ƒg ZŠyZZ"
You ought to have been honest.
7X {°‡
L Lì *@ƒÀ,F » kZ Xì *@W Would have *c Will have ~ VÓ LL
:ì sf `gŠ {°‡»kZX ó ì
ó ÕL LÔ ó ì
ó éZp
Subject+ will have/ would have+ object+ infinitive
without TO.
:BV
I will have you get married. X z™~Š á÷ ?āì éZp~÷
I would have you get married.
He will have him go to home. X ñYy{zāì ÕÅkZ
He would have him go to home.
8X {°‡
~¿ā#Zāì *@ƒÜ‰z kZÀ,FtX ó óåÃ L L *c Ô ó ì
is to . are to. am ó Ã LL
Ôì *@ƒÂ» have ˆÆto B‚B‚ÆkZ *c Ôì *@ƒ to. was to. were to.
:Ïƒb§kZI,FÅ¿
(1) Subject+ is to / was to etc+ infinitive.
268 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
(2) Subject+ is to have / am to have etc+ past participle.

:BV
He was to go home. X åÃäYy{z
He was to have gone to home.
I am to sleep. X VƒÃäYÎ~
I am to have slept.
They were to flee. X¸ÃäYv¸&ƒ{z
They were to have fled.
9X {°‡
÷Dƒ,6#|‚kZ¿¼Æ÷
X ¶BìÃäY„ÒÅ±
Çƒb§kZÀ,F »kZ
Subject+ helping verb(is, are, was, were)+ to be+ past
participle.
BV
The girl is to be married. XìÃäY„ ÒÅ±
The girl was to be married. X ¶ÅäY„ ÒÅ±
The boy is to be taught. XìÃäY*c J ,7»±
The boy was to be taught. X åÃäY*c J ,7»±
10X {°‡
āƒ,6#|‚kZ¿/¤ Z
åBì Z ,7** Y„ÒÃÅ±
269 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
:ìti§ÆÀ,FÆkZ Â
(1) Subject+ helping verb(has, have, had)+ to be+ past
participle.
(2) Subject+ helping verb+ got to be+ past participle.
:BV
A girl has to be married. ì Z ,7** Y„ÒÃÅ±
A girl had to be married. åZ ,7** Y„ÒÃÅ±
A boy has to be taught. Xì Z ,7** Y*c J ,7ÃÆ±
A boy had to be taught. X åZ ,7** Y*c J ,7ÃÆ±
A boy had got to be taught.
11X {°‡
÷Dƒ,Z¿¼
Xì YY*c J ,7{z
Çƒb§kZÀ,F »kZ
subject+ can/ may be+ past participle
BV
He can be taught. Xì YY*c J ,7{z
He may be taught.
A letter can be typed. Xì YY–â
A letter may be typed.
X ÇñY*c ÎÂ» could have been (Å can Âƒó óåL LñOÆó ì
ó L /¤
L Z
He could have been taught. åYY*c J ,7{z
270 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
A letter could have been typed. X åYY–â
12X {°‡
:āVƒ~^kZ¿/¤ Z
X ¶ceãYS,7[Â
X Çƒb§kZÀ,F »kZ Â
(1) Subject+ should have been+ past participle.
(2) Subject+ ought to have been+ past participle.
BV
The book should have been read. X ¶ceãYS,7[Â
The book ought to have been read.
The girl should have been beaten. X ¶ceãYÅðî ÅÅ±
The girl ought to have been beaten.
271 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
l^Ï×ÃjÚ
¼ W[ZX¸ìg™g¨,6 V§,FÆ~°/¦zZ weñgzZ ÷yzçÔ ¶ÃÔ÷ë-J[ Z
X ÷D™Ýq]â ¥,6p ÖZÆ{)z÷] 0
1X{°‡
L LX ó a
ó ÆL Lì *@ƒÀ,F »kZX 's sake Q *c for sake of :ì Â-qZ » ~ ,môZ
À
X õG/ŸG&ŠBVX ó§
ó {Å
I sold everything for the sake of @Ö¼ &ƒaÆ ä+h%yyä ~
buying home. X ÑZ e
I sold everything for buying
home's sake.
He bought books for the sake of X ,+h%yÁÂaÆ",7äkZ
read.
He bought books for reading
book's sake.
2X{°‡
ÆkZX „ V- : ì Â-qZÐ ~ yZì *@ƒ wEZ »p ÖZ °ŸZ¼ ~ VÓÆzŠg Z
:÷DƒwEZp ÖZsf `gŠa
(1) At random.
(2) Aimlessly
(3) Without any purpose
:BV
272 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
He wrote at random. X –„V- äkZ

He wrote aimlessly.
He wrote without any purpose.
I said at random. X å¹„V- ä~
I said aimlessly.
I said without any purpose.
3X{°‡
Xì *@YH HwEZÂ» with a view to aÆó a
ó ÆL L
He went with a view to seeing his child. X åHŠaÆÚ ŠÃV”LZ {z
I will go with view to buying my books. X ÇVzYaÆä+h%yÁÂKZ~
4X{°‡
if only. Would that. O that. Oh that.
:Ïƒb§kZI,FX ( Õg ÖZ ñZ,') ó /¤
ó Z L LX ó ó! l»ñZ L L:ì *@ƒÀ,F »V/&ƒyZ
if only/would that etc+ subject+ verb in past simple.
Xì *@ƒ wEZ » were å ÌB‚ÆI. he she ~ VÓÆ kZāìgŠ *c
:BŠBV
If only I were a teacher! ! VzYƒf *Z~l»
Would that I were a teacher!
O that I were a teacher!
Oh that I were a teacher!
273 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
If only he were a king! ! ñYƒ{ á÷Š *!{z/¤ Z

Would that he were a king!
O that he were a king!
Oh that he were a king!
If only he went to home! ! ñY`y{zl»
Would that he went to home!
O that he went to home!
Oh that he went to home!
:Ïƒb§kZI,FÅkZ ÂÔì *@W adjective*c noun ˆÆsubject /¤ Z
o that (etc)+ subject+ to be+ noun/adjective.
Oh that I to be old. X VzYƒJ h1~l»
If only she to be a wife. X ñY0~ç{zl»
5X {°‡
Ïƒb§kZI,FÅkZ ÂñYH~^ºÑg ÖZ » Õ/¤ Z
if+ subject+ past simple+ object+ subject+ past simple+
object
X 7» was Xì *@ƒwEZ » wereÌB‚ÆI. he ~kZā}gŠ *c
:BV
If I were a teacher, I would teach. X *@J ,7ÂÔ *@ƒf *Z~/¤ Z
If I were a student , I would read a X k,7[Â Â*@ƒD(¨¤~/¤ Z
book.
274 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
6X{°‡
À
: õ/GŸG&ŠÃp ÖZsf `gŠÆ~ ,môZ
as. since. Seeing that. Now that. considering that.
in that. in as much as .
À
õG/ŸG&ŠBVXāVa:÷pÆ&ƒyZ
As I am poor, I could not go to home. $ ¾~ā Va
d
Since I am poor, I could not go to home. ~a kZ ÔVƒ
Seeing that I am poor, I could not go to home. X eY7y
Now that I am poor, I could not go to home.
Considering that I am poor, I could not go to home.
In that I am poor, I could not go to home.
In as much as I am poor, I could not go to home.
As she is a girl, she got married soon. Ôì Å±{zāVa

Since she is a girl, she got married soon. Å kZ a kZ
Seeing that she is a girl, she got married soon. X ˆƒ~¢~Š á÷
Now that she is a girl, she got married soon.
Considering that she is a girl, she got married soon.
In that she is a girl, she got married soon.
In as much as she is a girl, she got married soon.
ó akZ L LþÂÑZzäW~VÓ,ZÔāìgŠ *c
Xì *@YH7À,F » óā
275 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
7X{°‡
'Â¼'Â¼
wEZ p ÖZ sf `gŠ ~ ~ ,môZaÆ Tì Cƒ wEZ I,FÅ b§kZ ~ zŠg Z
:÷D YK
What with. Partly because of. Partly on account of.
Partly owing to.
:BV
What with weakness and what with poverty he Â¼ gzZ ~gz$ Â¼
can't walk. ^ {z Ð zz Å R¾
Partly because of weakness and partly because X Y7
of poverty he can't walk.
Partly on account of weakness and partly on
account of poverty he can't walk.
Partly owing to weakness and partly owing to
poverty he can't walk.
What with work hard and what with study he is ðJ ,7 ¼gzZœÂ¼

success. [ x» {z Ð zz Å
Partly because of work hard and partly because Xì
of study he is success.
Partly on account of work hard and partly on
account of study he is success.
Partly owing to work hard and partly owing to
study he is success.
276 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
8X {°‡
wEZ » past gzZ future ~VÓVâzŠÆkZX ógó *!-qZ L ì
L *@ƒÀ,F » once
BŠBVXì *@ƒ7
once you go to home, you get relief. XÐz*0 x Zg W ÂÔÐzYyg *!-qZ/¤ Z
Once you speak, you learn. XÐzYJÂÔÐß1g *!-qZ/¤ Z
9X {°‡
unless
X ó ó7-J#Z L LX ó ó7/¤ Z L L:ì *@ƒÀ,F »kZ
À
õ/GŸG&ŠBV
Unless you work hard, you can't 7[x» Â Ðz™ 7œ ?/¤ Z
success. XÐƒ
Unless you read, you can't pass. XÐƒ7k*0 ÔÐð,77?-J#Z
10X {°‡
Provided. Provided that. On condition that. So long as.
À
X õG/ŸG&ŠBVX óª
ó ÆL Lì *@ƒÀ,F »&ƒyZ
I can give you this book provided you buy it. [ Ât "~
I can give you this book provided that you buy it. Vƒ Y }Š
I can give you this book on condition that you buy it. X z+h%y?ªÆ
I can give you this book so long as you buy it.
277 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
She can get married provided the boy is educated. ì Ë$™~Š á÷ {z

She can get married provided that the boy is J ,7 »± ªÆ
educated. Xƒ–
She can get married on condition that the boy is
educated.
She can get married so long as the boy is educated.
11X {°‡
X Vz™: *c Vz™ X}™: *c }™ì e
Xì CYÅwEZI,Ft~~ ,môZaÆ3 ,FÆ¿Æb§kZ
Whether..... or not.
À
: õ/GŸG&ŠBV
Whether I read the book or not I k*0 ~ Vð,7 : *c Vð,7 [Â~
will pass. X ÇVzYƒ
Whether he play or not, he has to X Ç} ,7** Yyr: *c rì e{z
go home.
12X {°‡
Even if. No matter.
X ó:ó VY L LX ó ó„@ L L:ì *@ƒÀ,F »V/VâzŠyZ
À
: õ/GŸG&ŠBV
Even if she forget me, I will be love her. g \ ~ Ô ñY wÈ= „@ {z
No matter she forget me, I will be love her. X ÇVƒg *@™
278 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Even if I go from here, You continue sing a * Ç \W ÔVzY ` : VY ~

song. X ÷g D Ç
No matter I go from here, You continue
sing a song.
13X {°‡
L ìtï§-qZ~zŠg Z
X ó óÌHì eL LX ó óÌH Lā
:Ïƒb§kZI,FÅ¿aÆä™ZŠ Zx|» b§kZ~~ ,môZ
Verb+ as+ subject+ will+ sentence.
BV
Speak as you will, I will not answer. X ÇVzŠ7[Z~Ôß1ÌH ?
Cry as she will, she can't pass. X Ë$ƒ7k*0 ÔñzgÌHì e{z
14X {°‡
X óƒ
ó Ì¼ L LX ó ¼ L ìtï§-qZ~zŠg Z
ó Ì¼ì eLā
:÷^,FFÅ¿aÆä™ZŠ Zx|» b§kZ~~ ,môZ
(1) verb+ what+ subject+ will+ sentence.
(2) whatever may happen+ sentence.
(3) come what may+ sentence.
:BŠBV
Say what you will, I will not give money. 7… ~ Ô¼ Ì¼ ?
Whatever may happen, I will not give X ÇVzŠ
money.
Come what may, I will not give money.
279 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Say what you will, I will go. X ÇVzY~ÔƒÌ¼ì e

Whatever may happen, I will go.
Come what may, I will go.
15X {°‡
(1) in spite of + noun.
(2) despite + noun.
(3) for all his+ noun.
XŠz*!ÆX ñƒ TgÆL Lì *@ƒÀ,F »&ƒyZ
:BV
In spite of the book I didn't read. ä ~Šz*! Æ [ Â
Despite the book I didn't read. X J ,77
For all the book I didn't read.
In spite of the food he is hungry. {z Ìñƒ Tg ** 3
Despite the food he is hungry. Xì »È
For all the food he is hungry.
16X {°‡
X s§~uzŠ÷z's§-qZV˜Lā
L ì CYÅwEZ¨-qZ~zŠg Z
:÷D Wp ÖZsf `gŠaÆkZ~~ ,môZ
While. Whereas.
While on the one hand ...... on the other......
À
: õ/GŸG&ŠBV
280 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
While on the one hand there is a ¯s§ ~uzŠ ÷z Ôì [ Â s§-qZ V˜

book, there is a pan on the other, Xì
While he beats, I love. X Vƒ*@™g \ ~÷zÔì *@g â {zs§-qZV˜
Whereas he beats, I love.
17X {°‡
just as '‰X b§T
in the same way. X „,z'‰X b§ÏZ
:BV
Just as you eat, in the same way I „ ,z Ôƒ D 3 ? b§T
eat. X Vƒ*@3Ì~
just as the love is mandatory, in the ÏZ Ôì ~gz¢ › b§ T
same way the hate is necessary. Xì ~gz¢Ì]Ðb§
18X {°‡
'6'„ (z
X BŠBVÔì *@W as Â~~ ,môZaÆä™ZŠ ZÃx|kZ
I will do as you tell. XÐ}\W6Ô ÇVz™„(z~
She does as I say her. X VƒH~6Ôì C™„(z {z
19X {°‡
ā‰Xā *c Í
áZz äWˆÆkZgzZXì *@Y HwEZ Â» as though gzZ as if aÆkZ
À
: õG/ŸG&ŠBVXì *@ƒwEZ » plural verb gzZ past tense ~]
281 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
He eats as if he were a bull. Xƒâā *c Íì *@3b§kZ {z

He eats as though he were a bull.
She walks as if she were a cat. Xƒ©ā‰ì ¹b§kZ {z
She walks as though she were a cat.
1Ûq†i 1Ò ØÃÊ l^Ï×ÃjÚ >3Ò

( wq/0) 1X {°‡
X Çƒb§kZÀ,F »kZ ÂÔ÷DƒŒ,6wÒZzfzwq¿¼
(1) While+verb-ing+ subject+ verb+ other words.
(2) verb-ing+ subject+ verb+ other words.
X ÷ËBV
Sleeping I read the book. X S,7[ Âtä~D ÎDÎ
While sleeping I read the book.
Watching I did this work. X Hx »tä~™NŠ
While watching I did this work.
( wq/0) 2X {°‡
VÓ,ZXì *@ƒ¿„-qZ ÑZz ä™ÃVñ»zŠāì *@ƒx|» b§kZ~VÓ¼
:Çƒb§kZÀ,F »
Having+ past participle+ subject+ verb+ other words.
282 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
BVXì *@Y *c Î been ˆ Æhaving ~Passive voice w!÷gzZ

À
X õ/GŸG&Š
Having studied the book I spoke. X Å,k½ä~™| ,7[Â
Having eaten fruit he bought it. X Z+h%yäkZ™ 3V
ā‰ì YYHÀ,FÌ~VÓ}Š ‚µ Zµ ZzŠÃVÓyZ
I studied the book and I spoke.
I ate the fruit and bought it.
( ÷/0) 3X {°‡
gzZ ÷ Dƒ{zŠÆ¿ #Z ì *@ƒ Ü‰z kZ wEZ » past perfect tense
Xì *@YZ hÐ{)zwhen, after, beforeªconjunction¹Z
:
X §E!
past ] ÑZz ª ÂÔì [ƒ å~ èâ : â i x »āƒ *@ƒ Za xð t /¤ ZÐ VÓ yZ
.
‰X Çƒ» past simple ]ZuzŠgzZ perfect
I had reached the class room { Ç kgŠ ~ ¬ Ð äWÆ f *Z
before the teacher came. X åHŠ V
I had reached before he slept. X åHŠ W~IÐäÎÆkZ
283 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
Øe^Ïi 6nÚ l^Ë‘

1X {°‡
kZgzZ of ˆÆcomparative aÆÞ.»Æq -qZ~«£ÆVzq zŠ
‰Xì CYèŠ Z®ÅVÂY¨ £QX the ˆÆ
This book is the better of the two books. Xì hZÐV1ÂzŠyZ[Ât
This pen is the better of the two pens. Xì YZÐVJzŠyZ¯t
2X {°‡
~ VâzŠg Zlz Š Z®X ÷ D Wp ÖZ mº¼ ~ ~ ,môZaÆ Þ.»Æ {Š *c igzZ Á
:‰Xì *@YHwEZ » moreaÆCŠ *c i
I have more pens. X ÷a{Š *c ik*0 }÷
I have more note-books than books. X ÷V\ »{Š *c iÐ[ Âk*0 }÷
3X {°‡
t tÛ%ZXì *@ƒwEZ » fewer gzZ lessaÆäCÃ¶~VâzŠgZlzŠ Z®
ÌZB‚Æfewer ā#Z Ôì *@ƒwEZ » lessB‚ÆMaterial Noun āì
BŠBVXì *@ƒwEZ » Collective Noun ¦
I have fewer note-books than books. X ÷V\ »ÁÐV1Âk*0 }÷
There are fewer student than X ÷¥ÁÐVÎgæVŒ
There is less milk than water. Xì|ŠzŠ ÁÐã*0 VŒ
284 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
4X {°‡
:÷DƒÆb§kZ¿© »¼
Xì ]gß[p Hk&ÐÆ±kZÅ±t
Xì ]gß[p HkFÐÆ±kZÅ±{z
:ì sf `gŠi§»kZ
That girl is three times as [p Hk &Ð Æ± kZ Å±t
beautiful as that boy. Xì ]gß
That girl is several times as [p Hk FÐ Æ± kZ Å± {z
beautiful as that boy. Xì ]gß
5X {°‡
Çƒb§kZÀ,F »kZXì Cƒ”Å ¶g *c gZl~VÓ¼
My book is three kilo heavier ãiz³&Ð [ Â kZ [Â ~÷
than that. Xì
This pen is five rupees costlier Xì µBzgõ*0 Ð¯kZ¯t
than that .
6X {°‡
ā÷DƒÆ¨kZ¿¼
Xì Áq=gzZì {Š *c i]gß[p{z
:ì b§kZÀ,F »kZ
He is more beautiful than wise. Xì Áq=gzZì {Š *c i]gß[p{z
This book is more useful than fat. Xì ÁKñgzZì {Š *c iÆ[ Ât
285 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
7X {°‡
X {Š *c iÐ&ƒX {Š *c i¹X {Š *c i}
:÷D YKwEZp ÖZsf `gŠaÆx|Æb§kZ
by far +superlative.
much the +superlative.
the very+ superlative.
far and away+ superlative.
:BV
This book is by far more useful. XìÆ{Š *c iÐ&ƒ[ Â{z
This book is the very useful.
This book is far and away useful.
This girl is bay far more beautiful. Xì ]gß[p{Š *c i}Å±t

This girl is the very beautiful.
This girl is far and away beautiful.
8X {°‡
:ì I,F-qZÅ~ ,môZ
the like of+ noun/ pronoun.
À
: õ/GŸG&ŠBVX »”ÅkZX ÜkZX#â ÅkZ :ì *@ƒÀ,F »kZ
You can't find the like of this girl. X Ë$ï7Ã\ WÅ±Å”kZBÜkZ
You can't find the like of this book. X Ë$ï7Ã\ W[ ÂÅ”BÜB#â ÅkZ
286 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
9X{°‡
:÷p ÖZPtÆ~ ,môZ
A liking for. Fond of. A weakness for. A test for.
À
: õ/GŸG&ŠBVXì tØXì 4 YZXìI:ì *@ƒÀ,F »&ƒyZ
I have a liking for this book. XìI[Ât=
I am fond of this book.
I have a weakness for this book.
I have a test for this book.
He has a liking for the tea. Xì tØ»ñeÐZ
He is fond of the tea.
He has a weakness for the tea.
He has a test for the tea.
287 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
1×Ûq gÒ†Ú
1X {°‡
ó Ü‰z kZÔÐ $AÔÐ #Z L L~ kZgzZ Vƒ Œ,6 Z %bZ åzŠ] ðÃ#Z
p ÖZ {)z ó Ð
aÆÀ,FÆ ó Ð ó #ZL LgzZ Çƒ¬ À,F »] }uzŠā Çƒ b§kZÀ,F » kZ ÂVƒ
X Çƒ¬À,F »¿}uzŠgzZ ÇƒwEZ » Since
Past ] ZuzŠā #Z Çƒ ~present perfect tense ] ª b§ ÏZ
BŠBVX Çƒ~simple tense
One year has passed since I Ô ì H qzÑ −,7 ä ~ Ð #Z
began to study. Xì HŠg*w‚-qZ
I have gone to Delhi five times Ð $AÔì Å ~Š á÷ä ~Ð #Z
since I got married. X VƒHŠ‹Šû%õ*0
2X {°‡
ªÔ Çƒ b§Å„¬ÌÀ,F »kZ ÂƒoÑúgzZƒw EZ »ci7 ~,6 ~]'“%
X ÇñY*c Ñci7~,6~@ÖÆVâzŠX ~ˆ»á Zz¬gzZ¬»¿á Zzˆ
Ô Çƒ~Present simple ]ZuzŠ Âƒ~Future tense ]t/¤ Z b§ÏZ
‰
He will success when he X Çƒ[x»$AÔ Çñ,7{z#Z
studies.
I will not buy clothes until the Z À-J$AÔÏñW7~Šu-J#Z
winter not come. X ÇVz+h%y7
288 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W
3X {°‡
aÆkZÔ÷DƒÑ p ÖZ‰ó ó„VæL L~VÓ¼
no sooner. hardly.
scarcely
:ì Cƒb§kZ#|‚Å]Ô÷D YKwEZp ÖZÆ
No sooner+ helping verb+ subject+ adverb clause.
BV
No sooner did I came to the mosque, à K~ „ Væ
prayer is be ready. X ˆƒ~9i ú
Hardly did I study, my thinking is Ô J ,7 ä ~ „ Væ
changed. X ˆw+$„~÷
G .G'
îÏÉù ì ðšE$ ï
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1 °Z ¸~ ,môZy‚ W

6, i§Æ°Z¸-,²zzŠg ZaÆ¥áZz+&zZ/¤à ! ²gzZzŠg Z

yY f¥Ô ~zZ £Š‡¯*c · : ;*@

15 È~ ,môZ English pronunciation 3

31 †cÌZ Proper Noun 8

32 {ðÌZ Common Noun 9

33 ¦ÌZ Collective Noun 10

35 ªÌZ Abstract Noun 12

39 „zp°Å½( g åH 5E 8EL) Gender 14

45 ò ZZ; Interrogative Pronoun 17

47 !ßñ; Relative Pronoun 18

52 {gá÷ Z; Demonstrative Pronoun 20

53 ~É; Indefinite Pronoun 21

54 ~N *@; Emphatic Pronoun 22

56 āœ; Reciprocal Pronoun 23

57 ÷ ( [gz) The Verb 24

61 yzç÷Auxiliary or Helping Verb 26

63 ÿ Å÷ The Verb: Forms

66 ]gzZ: â i Tense & Sentence 28

68 Çwq: â i Present Indefinite Tense 29

72 ~g Ywq: â i Present Continuous Tense 30

75 åwq: â i Present Perfect Tense 31

78 ~g Yåwq: â i Present Perfect Continuous Tense 32

81 Çèâ: â i Past Indefinite Tense 33

83 ~g ZòZèâ: â i Past Continuous Tense 34

85 åèâ: â i Past Perfect Tense 35

87 ~g Yåèâ: â i Past Perfect Continuous Tense 36

89 Çw: â i Future Indefinite Tense 37

91 ~g Yw: â i Future Continuous Tense 38

93 åw: â i Future Perfect Tense 39

95 å~g Yw: â i Future Perfect Continuous Tense 40

97 ¿îG0.À7 Imperative Sentences 41

98 w!÷gzZszc÷Active Voice & Passive Voice 42

101 w!Çwq: â i Present Indefinite Passive Voice Tense 43

103 w!~g Ywq: â i Present Continuous Passive Voice Tense 44

105 w!åwq: â i Present Perfect Passive Voice Tense 45

107 w!Çèâ: â i Past Indefinite Passive Voice Tense 46

109 w!~g Yèâ: â i Past Continuous Passive Voice Tense 47

111 w!åèâ: â i Past Perfect Passive Voice Tense 48

112 w!Çw: â i Future Indefinite Passive Voice Tense 49

114 w!åw: â i Future Perfect Passive Voice Tense 50

116 w!%Z÷ Imperative Passive Voice 51

118 Modal Auxiliaries 52

126 w!÷yzçModals passive Voice 53

128 =°ÅV©x ÓÅ Adjective 55

131 Þ »~Ú *c ZgŠÆÚ Degree of Adjective

136 wEZT §» Adjectiveë Z¼ 58

140 ÷0( [gz+iZ ) Adverb 59

142 {Š ‚÷0 Simple Adverb 60

149 !ßñ÷0 Relative Adverb 61

150 ò ZZ÷0 Interrogative Adverb 62

151 Þ »~÷0Adverb Comparison

153 wEZT §Æ Adverbs ë Z¼ 64

155 g Ysw( ci7~,6) Preposition 65

160 Õsw( ×B”Á ) Conjunction 66

162 Àsw( ×àc ,RyZ ) Interjection 67

164 g] ( kã°yS ) Infinitive 68

167 g]ÌZ ( +&gY ) Gerund 69

168 LÚ ( Þ> ÏKg *0 ) Participle 70

170 Ézp°p ÖZ ( ÀKg W ) Articles 71

174 x » *@Š ¬( ½ Zwz@Öì ) Habitual Actions 72

176 wEZ »ÄŸZ Use of Apostrophe 73

178 ~s$eZzggzZŠ$eZzg Direct & Indirect Speech 74

yY f¥Ô ~zZ £Š‡¯c · : ;@

Xì @YƒSilentåkÂì @W k¬Ðn~ÂË/¤ Z ( 5)

I found, what I was looking for. X ˆï=å;g™lˆ~q

2 ÆNumber Æ ¶Ã ªSubject ~°/¦zZ ~ÎZ,6 ._Æ Æ ¶Ã ~°/¦zZ weñ

yZŠ/¤ ( ×Ð Á ) Conjugation