Consider a square of side ‘a’ units and its area 25 square units.

Area of the square = (side)2 a

25 = a2
a a
or
a2 = 25 .............. (2)
a

In equation (2) the degree of the variable is two An equation involving a

variable of degree 2 is
What do you call such an equation? quadratic equation.
Such an equation is a quadratic equation.
a2 = 25 A Quadratic equation has
∴ a = ±5 only two roots.
a= +5 or a = –5

Consider a rectangle of sides ‘m’ and ‘(m + 2)’ units and its area is 8 sq units.
Area of a rectangle = (length) (breadth)
(m+2)
8 = (m) (m + 2)
8 = m2 + 2m m m

or
(m+2)
m2 + 2m = 8 .......................... (3)
Compare the equation (2) and (3)
In equation (2) a2 = 25, variable occurs only in second degree.
In equation (3) m2 + 2m = 8, variable occurs in second degree as well as in first degree.

Quadratic equation involving a variable only in second degree is a

“Pure Quadratic Equation’’.

Example :
(1) x2 = 9 (2) 2a2 = 18
If the terms in the RHS are transposed to LHS then,
(1) x2 – 9 = 0 (2) 2a2 – 18 = 0
An equation that can be expressed in the form ax2 + c = 0, where a and
c are real numbers and a ≠ 0 is a pure quadratic equation.

124
 Quadratic equation involving a variable in second degree as well as in first
degree is an “Adfected Quadratic Equation”
Example :
(1) x2 + 3x = 10 (2) 3a2 – a = 2
If the terms in the RHS are transposed to LHS then,
(1) x2 + 3x – 10 = 0 (2) 3a2 – a – 2 = 0

ax2 + bx + c = 0 is the standard form of a quadratic equation where a, b

and c and variables and a ≠ 0.

1. Solving Pure Quadratic equation

Example 1 : Solve the equation 3x2 – 27 = 0
Solution : 3x2 – 27 = 0
∴ 3x2 = 27
27
x =
3
∴ x2 = 9
x = ± 9
x = +3 or x = –3

Example 2 : Solve the equation 4y2 – 9 = 0

Solution : 4y2 – 9 = 0
∴ 4y2 = 9
9
∴ y2 =
4
9
y = ±
4
3
y = ±
2
3 3
y = + or y = −
2 2

125
Example 3 : Solve the equation 99 = 4r2 – 1
Solution : 99 = 4r2 – 1
4r2 – 1 = 99
∴ 4r2 = 99 + 1
4r2 = 100

100
r2 = = 25
4

∴ r = ± 25

r = ±5
r = +5 or r = –5

Example 4 : Solve the equation (m + 8)2 –5 = 31

Solution : (m + 8)2 –5 = 31
∴ (m + 8)2 = 31 + 5
(m + 8)2 = 36
∴ (m + 8)2 = 36

(m + 8) = ± 36 ∴ m = –8 ± 6

m = –8 + 6 or m = –8 – 6
m = –2 or m = – 14

Example 5 : If A = ð r 2 ; Solve for ‘r’.

Solution : A = πr 2
πr 2 = A
A
r2 =
π

A
r = ±
π

126
Example 6 : If l2 = r2 + h2. Solve for h and find the value of ‘h’ if l = 15 and r = 9.
Solution : l 2 = r2 + h2
or
∴ r + h2 = l2
2

∴ h2 = l2 – r2
∴ h = ± l2 − r 2

h = ± 152 − 9 2 (substituting l = 15, r = 9)

h = ± 225 − 81

h = ± 144 h = ± 12
∴ h = +12 or h = –12

3.a 2
Example 7 : If B = Solve for ‘a’ and find the value of ‘a’ if B = 16 3 .
4

3.a 2
Solution : B =
4
4B
∴ a2 =
3

4B
a = ± (Substituting B = 16 3 )
3

4 ×16 3/
a = ±
3/
∴ a = ± 64 , a = ± 8

∴ a = + 8 or a = – 8

Exercise : 5.1
A. Classify the following equations into pure and adfected quadratic equation.
1) x2 + 2 = 6 2) a2 + 3 = 2a 3) p (p – 3) = 1
35
4) 2m2 = 72 5) k2 – k = 0 6) 7y =
y

127
B. Solve the equations
81
1) 5x2 = 125 2) m2 – 1 = 143 3) 4a =
a

x2 3 1 ( x − 4) 2 2
4) – = 7 5) (2m – 5)2 = 81 6) =
2 4 4 18 9

C.
22
1) If A = 2 πr 2 Solve for ‘r’ and find the value of ‘r’ if A = 77 and π =
7
2) If V = πr h Solve for ‘r’ and find the value of ‘r’ if V = 176 and h = 14
2

3) If r2 = l2 + d2 Solve for ‘d’ and find the value of ‘d’ if r = 5 and l = 4.

4) If c2 = a2 + b2 Solve for ‘b’. If a = 8 and c = 17 and find the value of ‘b’.
5) If K = 1/2mv2 Solve for ‘v’ and find the value of ‘v’ if K = 100 and m = 2
6) If v2 = u2 + 2as. Solve for ‘v’. If u = 0, a = 2 and s = 100, find the value
of v.

2. Solving the adfected quadratic equation by factorization :

Example 1 : Solve the quadratic equation a2 – 3a + 2 = 0
Solution : a2 – 3a + 2 = 0
i. Resolve the expression a2 – 2a – 1a + 2 = 0
ii. Factorize a(a – 2) –1 (a – 2) = 0 If mn = 0, then either
iii. Taking the common factor (a – 2) (a – 1) = 0 m = 0 or n = 0
iv. Equate each factor to zero a – 2 = 0 or a – 1 = 0
v. The roots are a=2 or a=1

Example 2 : Solve the quadratic equation m2 – m = 6

Solution : m2 – m = 6
∴ m2 – m – 6 = 0
m2 – 3m + 2m – 6 = 0
m(m – 3) +2 (m – 3) = 0
(m – 3) (m + 2) = 0
Either (m – 3) = 0 or (m + 2) = 0
m = +3 or m = –2

128
Example 3 : Solve the quadratic equation 2x2 – 3x + 1 = 0
Solution : 2x2 – 3x + 1 = 0
2x2 – 2x – 1x + 1 = 0
2x (x – 1) –1 (x – 1) = 0
∴ (x – 1) (2x – 1) = 0
Either (x – 1) = 0 or (2x – 1) = 0
1
x = 1 or x = 2
Example 4 : Solve the quadratic equation 4k (3k – 1) = 5.
Solution : 4k (3k – 1) = 5
∴ 12k2 – 4k – 5 = 0
12k2 – 10k + 6k – 5 = 0
2k (6k – 5) + 1(6k – 5) = 0
∴ (6k – 5) (2k + 1) = 0
Either (6k – 5) = 0 or (2k + 1) = 0
5 −1
k= 6 or k =
2

Exercise : 5.2
A. Find the roots of the following equations
1) x(x – 3) = 0 2) a (a + 5) = 0 3) m2 – 4m = 0
4) 3k2 + 6k = 0 5) (y + 6) (y + 9) = 0 6) (b – 3) (b – 5) = 0
7) (2n + 1) (3n – 2) = 0 8) (5z – 2) (7z + 3) = 0
B. Solve the quadratic equations
1) x2 + 15x + 50 = 0 2) a2 – 5a + 6 = 0 3) y2 = y + 2
4) 6 – p2 = p 5) 30 = b2 – b 6) 2x2 + 5x – 12 = 0
7) 6y2 + y – 15 = 0 8) 6a2 + a = 5 9) 13m = 6(m2 + 1)
10) 0.2t2 – 0.04t = 0.03
x2
Consider the equation x2 + 3x + 1 = 0
It cannot be factorised by splitting the middle term.
How do you solve such an equation ?
1x 1x
It can be solved by using Formula.

129
3. Solving quadratic equation by formula method
General form of a quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0
x 2 bxx c
ax
Divide by ‘a’ + + =0
a a a
bxx c
Transpose the constant term to R.H.S. x2 + =−
a a
2 2 2
 b  bxx  b  c  b 
Add   to both the sides x +
2
+  = − + 
 2a  a  2a  a  2a 
2
 b  c b2
x +  = − + 2
 2a  a 4a

− 4ac + b 2
2
 b
x +  =
 2a  4a 2

b 2 − 4ac
2
 b 
Simplify x +  =
 2a  4a 2

b b 2 − 4 ac
Taking square root x+ =±
2a 4a 2

b ± b 2 − 4 ac
x+ =
2a 2a

−b b 2 − 4 ac
x = ±
2a 2a

− b ± b 2 − 4ac
∴ Roots are x=
2a

− b + b 2 − 4ac − b − b 2 − 4ac
∴ x= or x=
2a 2a

2
− b ± b 2 − 4ac
Roots of the equation ax + bx + c = 0 are x =
2a
2
Note : The roots of the equation ax + bx + c = 0 can also be found using
Sridhara’s method.
130
Example 1 : Solve the equation x2 – 7x + 12 = 0
consider x2 – 7x + 12 = 0
This is in the form ax2 + bx + c = 0
the coefficients are a = 1, b = –7 & c = 12

− b ± b 2 − 4ac
The roots are given by x =
2a
Substituting the values a = 1, b = –7 and c = 12

− (−7) ± (−7) 2 − 4(1)(12)

x=
2 x1

7 ± 49 − 48
x=
2

7± 1
Simplify x =
2
7 +1 7 −1
x = or x =
2 2
8 6
x = or x =
2 2
Roots are x = 4 or x = 3

Example 2 : Solve the equation 2p2 – p = 15

Consider 2p2 – p = 15
2p2 – p – 15 = 0
This is in the form ax2 + bx + c = 0
The coefficients are a = 2, b = –1 and c = –15

− b ± b 2 − 4ac
The roots are given by x=
2a
Substituting the values a = 2, b = –1 and c = –15

− (−1) ± (−1) 2 − 4(2)(−15)

p =
2(2)

131
 + 1 ± 1 + 120
p =
4

1± 121
p =
4

1± 11
p =
4
1+ 11 1− 11
p = or p =
4 4
12 − 10
p = or p =
4 4

−5
p = 3 or p =
2

Example 3 : Solve the equation 2k2 – 2k – 5 = 0

Consider 2k2 – 2k – 5 = 0
This is in the form ax2 + bx + c = 0
The coefficients are a = 2, b = –2 and c = –5

− b ± b 2 − 4ac
The roots are given by x =
2a
Substituting the values a = 2, b = –2 and c = –5

− ( −2) ± ( −2) 2 − 4( 2)( −5)

k =
2( 2)

2± 4 + 40 2± 44
k = =
4 4

k =
2 ± 2 11
=
(
2 1 ± 11 )
4 4

1+ 11 1− 11
∴ The roots are k = or k =
2 2
132
Example 4 : Solve the equation m2 – 2m = 2
Consider m2 – 2m = 2
m2 – 2m – 2 = 0
This is in the form ax2 + bx + c = 0
Comparing the coefficients a = 1, b = –2 and c = –2

− b ± b 2 − 4ac
The roots are given by x =
2a

− ( −2) ± ( −2) 2 − 4(1)( −2)

m =
2(1)

+2± 4+8
m =
2

2 ± 12
m =
2

m =
(
2 1± 3 )
2
m = 1+ 3 or m = 1− 3
Exercise : 5.3
Solve the following equations by using formula
1) a2 – 2a – 4 = 0 2) x2 – 8x + 1 = 0 3) m2 – 2m + 2 = 0
4) k2 – 6k = 1 5) 2y2 + 6y = 3 6) 8r2 = r + 2 7) p = 5 – 2p2
8) 2z2 + 7z + 4 = 0 9) 3b2 + 2b = 2 10) a2 = 4a + 6
4. Equations reducible to the form ax2 + bx + c = 0
Example 1 : Solve the equation (x + 6) (x + 2) = x
Solution :(x + 6) (x + 2) = x
x2 + 6x + 2x + 12 = x
x2 + 8x + 12 – x = 0
x2 + 7x + 12 = 0
x2 + 4x + 3x + 12 = 0
x(x + 4) + 3 (x + 4) = 0
(x + 4) (x + 3) = 0
Either (x + 4) = 0 or (x + 3) = 0
x = – 4 or x = – 3

133
Example 2 : Solve the equation (a – 3)2 + (a + 1)2 = 16
Solution : (a – 3)2 + (a + 1)2 = 16
Using (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
(a – b)2 = a – 2ab + b2
[(a)2 – 2(a)(3) + 32] + [a2 + 2 (a) (1) + 12] = 16
a2 – 6a + 9 + a2 + 2a + 1 – 16 = 0
2a2 – 4a – 6 = 0
a2 – 2a – 3 = 0
a2 – 3a + 1a – 3 = 0
a(a – 3) + 1 (a – 3) = 0
(a – 3) (a + 1) = 0
Either (a – 3) = 0 or (a + 1) = 0
∴ a = 3 or a = – 1

Example 3 : Solve 5(p – 2)2 + 6 = 13 (p – 2)

Solution : 5(p – 2)2 + 6 = 13 (p – 2)
Let p–2=b
then 5b 2 + 6 = 13b
5b2 – 13b + 6 = 0
5b2 – 10b – 3b + 6 = 0
5b (b – 2) –3 (b – 2) = 0
(b – 2) (5b – 3) = 0
Either (b – 2) = 0 or (5b – 3) = 0
3
b=2 or b= 5

3
∴
p–2=2 or p–2= 5 ( b = p – 2)

3 2
p=2+2 or p= 5 +
1
13
p=4 or p=
5

134
 3k + 2 k + 1
Example 4 : Solve the equation =
2k + 5 k − 1
3k + 2 k + 1
Consider =
2k + 5 k − 1
Cross multiplying (3k + 2) (k – 1) = (2k + 5) (k + 1)
3k2 + 2k – 3k – 2 = 2k2 + 5k + 2k + 5
3k2 – 1k – 2 – 2k2 – 7k – 5 = 0
3k2 – 1k – 2 – 2k2 – 7k – 5 = 0
On simplification k2 – 8k – 7 = 0
This is in form of ax2 + bx + c = 0
The co-efficients are a = 1, b = –8, c = –7

− b + (− b) 2 − 4ac
The roots of the equation x=
2a

− (−8) ± (−8) 2 − 4(1)(−7)

∴ k =
2 x1
+ 8 ± 64 + 28
∴ k =
2

8 ± 92
k =
2

k =
8 ± 2 23
=
(
2 4 ± 23 )
2 2
k = 4 ± 23

y 3
Example 5 : Solve the equation − =1
4 2y
y 3
Consider − =1
4 2y

y2 − 6
Taking L.C.M. =1
4y
By cross multiplication y2 – 6 = 4y
y2 – 4y – 6 = 0

135
 this is in the form ax2 + bx + c = 0
comparing coefficients a = 1, b = –4, c = –6

− (−4) ± (−4) 2 − 4(1)(−6)

y =
2(1)

4 ± 16 + 24
the roots of the equation are =
2
4± 40
y =
2

y =
4 ± 2 10
=
(
2 2 ± 10 )
2 2
y = 2 + 10 or y = 2 − 10

4 1 4
Example 6 : Solve − =
m + 2 m + 3 2m + 1
4(m + 3) − 1(m + 2) 4
=
(m + 2)(m + 3) 2m + 1
4m + 12 − m − 2 4
=
m + 2m + 3m + 6 2m + 1
2

3m + 10 4
=
m + 5m + 6 2 m + 1
2

On Cross multiplying, 4m2 + 20m + 24 = 6m2 + 20m + 3m + 10

4m2 + 20m + 24 – 6m2 – 23m – 10 = 0
–2m2 – 3m + 14 = 0
This is in the Standard form 2m2 + 3m – 14 = 0
2m2 + 7m – 4m – 14 = 0
m(2m + 7) –2 (2m + 7) = 0
(2m + 7) (m – 2) = 0
Either (2m + 7) = 0 or (m – 2) = 0

−7
m= or m=2
2

136
Exercise : 5.4
A. Solve the following equations
1) (x + 4) (x – 4) = 6x
3) 3(b – 5) (b – 7) = 4 (b + 3)
5) (n – 3)2 + n (n + 1)2 = 16
2) 2(a2 – 1) = a (1 – a)
4) 8(s – 1) (s + 1) + 2 (s + 3) = 1
6) 11(m + 1) (m + 2) = 38 (m + 1) + 9m

B. Solve
3x − 8 5x − 2 5a + 1 3a + 1 11m + 3 12m + 1
1) = 2) = 3) =
x−2 x+5 7 a + 5 7a + 1 9m + 13 10m + 11

( y − 1)(5y + 6) ( y − 4)(5y + 6) 1 2 2
4) = 5) + =
y−3 y−2 x − 2 x −1 x

3 2 8 y y + 1 25 n + 1 n + 2 2n + 13
6) + = 7) + = 8) + =
5−b 4−b b+2 y +1 y 12 n −1 n − 2 n +1

2 5 6 2(3y − 1) 5y
9) + = 10) = −2
m + 2 2(m + 4) m + 6 4y − 3 y+2

5. To solve the problems based on Quadratic Equation

Example 1 : If the square of a number is added to 3 times the number, the sum
is 28. Find the number.
Solution : Let the number be = x
Square of the number = x2
3 times the number = 3x
Square of a number + 3 times the number = 28
x2 + 3x = 28
x2 + 3x – 28 = 0
∴ x2 + 7x – 4x – 28 = 0
x(x + 7) –4 (x + 7) = 0
(x + 7) (x – 4) = 0
x + 7 = 0 or x – 4 = 0
x = –7 or x = 4

∴ The required number is 4 or –7

137
 1
Example 2 : Sum of a number and its reciprocal is 5 . Find the number.
5
Solution : Let the number be = y
1
Reciprocal of the number =
y

1
(Number) + (its reciprocal) = 5
5
1 26
y + =
y 5

y2 + 1 26
=
y 5
5(y2 + 1) = 26y
5y2 + 5 = 26y
5y2 – 26y + 5 = 0
5y2 – 25y – 1y + 5 = 0
5y (y – 5) –1 (y – 5) = 0
(y – 5) (5y – 1) = 0
Either (y – 5) = 0 or (5y – 1) = 0
1
y=5 or y= 5

1
∴ The required number is 5 or 5

Example 3 : The base of a triangle is 4 cms longer than its altitude. If the area of
the traingle is 48 sq cms. Find the base and altitude.
Solution : Let the altitude = x cms.
Base of the triangle = (x + 4) cms.
1
Area of the triangle = 2 (base) (height)
1
48 = 2 (x + 4)x

138
 48 x 2 = (x + 4)x
96 = x 2 + 4x

x2 + 4x – 96 = 0
x2 + 12x – 8x – 96 = 0 x = –12 cannot be
x(x + 12) – 8 (x + 12) = 0 considered, because
(x + 12) (x – 8) = 0 the length is always
Either (x + 12) = 0 or (x – 8) = 0 positive
x = –12 or x = 8
∴ Altitude = x = 8 cms.
Base = x + 4
= 8+4
= 12 cms
Example 4 : Rashmi bought some books for Rs. 60. Had she bought 5 more books
to the same amount each book would have cost her 1 rupee less. Find
the number of books bought by Rashmi and price of each book.
Solution : Let the number of books = x
Total cost of the books = Rs. 60

60
Cost of each book = Rs.
x
If number of books is (x + 5)

60
Then the cost of each book = Rs.
( x + 50)
Difference in cost = 1 Re.

[
Cost of each book
if number of books
is (x)
] –
[ cost of each book
if number of books
is (x+5)
] = Difference amount

60 60
– = 1
x x+5
60( x + 5) − 60 x
= 1
x ( x + 5)

139
 60 x + 300 − 60 x
= 1
x2 + 5x

300 1
=
x + 5x 1
2

∴ x2 + 5x = 300
∴ x2 + 5x – 300 = 0 x = –20 cannot be
considered because
x2 + 20x – 15x – 300 = 0 number of books is always
x(x + 20) – 15 (x + 20) = 0 positive
(x + 20) (x – 15) = 0
Either (x + 20) = 0 or (x – 15) = 0
∴ x = – 20 or x = 15
∴ Number of books = x = 15

60 60
Cost of each book = = = Rs. 4
x 15
Example 5 : The speed of a motor boat in still water is 15 km/hr. If it goes down
the stream 30 kms and again returns to the starting point in total time
of 4 hrs and 30 minutes, find the speed of the stream.
Solution : Speed in Still water is = 15 km/hr
Total distance travelled = 30 km
Let the speed of the stream = x km/hr
Speed up the stream = (15 – x) km/hr
Speed down the stream = (15 + x) km/hr
Total time taken = 4hrs and 30 minutes
30
Time taken to row down the stream =
15 + x
30
Time taken to row up the stream =
15 − x

[ Time taken to row

Down the stream
30
] [
+
]
time taken to row = 4 hours 30 minutes
up the stream
30 1
+ = 4
15 + x 15 − x 2

140
 30(15 − x) + 30(15 + x) 9
=
(15 + x) (15 − x) 2

450 − 30 x + 450 + 30 x 9
=
225 − x 2 2
900 9
=
225 − x 2
2

900 (2)
∴ = 225− x2
9
200 = 225 – x2
∴ x2 = 225 – 200
x2 = 25
x = ±5
x = + 5 or x = – 5

∴ Speed of the stream = x = 5km/hr

Exercise : 5.5
1) The sum of a number and twice its square is 105. Find the number.
2) Product of two consecutive integers is 182. Find the integers.
3) The sum of the squares of three consecutive natural numbers is 194. Find the integers.
4) The length of rectangular field is 3 times its breadth. If the area of the field is
147 sq mts. Find the length of the field.
5) Hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle is 20 mts. If the difference between the lengths
of other two sides is 4 mts. Find the measures of the sides.
6) An Aero-plane takes 1 hr. less for a journey of 1200 km. If its speed is increased
by 60 km/hr from its initial speed find the initial speed of the plane.
7) Some students planned a picnic. The budget for the food was Rs. 480. As eight
of them failed to join the party the cost of the food for each member increased
by Rs. 10. How many students participated in the picnic?
8) Sailor Raju covered a distance of 8 km in 1 hr 40 minutes down stream and returns
to the starting point. If the speed of the stream is 2 km/hr, find the speed of the
boat in still water.

141
9) A dealer sells an article for Rs. 24 and gains as much percent as the cost price
of the article. Find the Cost price of the article.
10) Sowmya takes 6 days less than the number of days taken by Bhagya to complete
a piece of work. If both Sowmya and Bhagya together can complete the same
work in 4 days. In how many days will Bhagya complete the work?

6. Nature of the roots of a quadratic equation.

1) Consider the equation x2 – 2x + 1 = 0
This is in the form ax2 + bx + c = 0
The coefficients are a = 1, b = –2, c = 1
− b ± b 2 − 4ac
x =
2a

− (−2) + (−2) 2 − 4.1x1

x =
2 x1

2± 4−4
x =
2
2+0
x =
2
2+0 2−0
x = or x =
2 2

x = 1 or x = 1 → roots are equal

2) Consider the equation x2 – 2x – 3 = 0

This is in the form ax2 + bx + c = 0
the coefficients are a = 1, b = –2, c = –3

− b ± b 2 − 4ac
x =
2a
− ( −2) ± 16
x =
2 x1
+2±4
x =
2

142
 2+4 2−4
x = or x =
2 2
6 −2
x = or x =
2 2
x = 3 or x = –1 → roots are distinct

3) Consider the equation x2 – 2x + 3 = 0

This is in the form ax2 + bx + c = 0
The coefficients are a = 1, b = –2, c = 3

− b ± b 2 − 4ac
x =
2a

− (−2) 2 ± (−2) 2 − 4(1)(3)

x =
2 x1

2 ± 4 − 12
x =
2

2 ± −8
x =
2

2±2 −2
x =
2

x =
(
2 1± − 2 ) = 1± − 2
2

x = 1+ − 2 or 1 − − 2 → roots are imaginary

From the above examples it is clear that,

1) Nature of the roots of quadratic equation depends upon the value of (b2 – 4ac)
2) The Expression (b2 – 4ac) is denoted by ∆ (delta) which determines the nature
of the roots.
3) In the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 the expression (b2 – 4ac) is called the discriminant.

143
 Discriminant (b2 – 4ac) Nature of the roots
∆ = 0 Roots are real and equal
∆ > 0 (Positive) Roots are real and distinct
∆ < 0 (negative) Roots are imaginary
Example 1 : Determine the nature of the roots of the equation 2x2 – 5x – 1 = 0.
Consider the equation 2x2 – 5x – 1 = 0
This is in form of ax2 + bx + c = 0
The co-efficient are a = 2, b = –5, c = –1
∆ = b2 – 4ac
∆ = (–5)2 –4(2) (–1)
∆ = 25 + 8
∆ = 33
∴ ∆ > 0
Roots are real and distinct

Example 2 : Determine the nature of the roots of the equation 4x2 – 4x + 1 = 0

Consider the equation 4x2 – 4x + 1 = 0
This is in the form of ax2 + bx + c = 0
The co-efficient are a = 4, b = –4, c = 1
∆ = b2 – 4ac
∆ = (–4)2 –4 (4) (1)
∆ = 16 – 16
∴ ∆ = 0
Roots are real and equal

Example 3 : For what values of ‘m’ roots of the equation x2 + mx + 4 = 0 are

(i) equal (ii) distinct
Consider the equation x2 + mx + 4 = 0
This is in the form ax2 + bx + c = 0
the co-efficients are a = 1, b = m, c = 4
∆ = b2 – 4ac
∆ = m2 – 4(1) (4)
∆ = m2 – 16
1) If roots are equal ∆ = 0
∴ m2 – 16 = 0
m2 = 16
∴ m = 16 ∴ m = ±4

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 2) If roots are distinct ∆ > 0
∴ m2 – 16 > 0
∴ m2 > 16
m2 > 16
m > ±4

Example 4 : Determine the value of ‘k’ for which the equation kx2 + 6x + 1 = 0 has
equal roots.
Consider the equation kx2 + 6x + 1 = 0
This is in the form ax2 + bx + c = 0
the co-efficients are a = k, b = 6, c = 1
∆ = b2 – 4ac
∴
since the roots are equal, b2 – 4ac = 0 ( ∆ = 0)
(6)2 – 4(k)(1) = 0
36 – 4k = 0
4k = 36
36
k = = 9
4
∴ k=9
Example 5 : Find the value of ‘p’ for which the equation x2 – (p + 2) x + 4 = 0 has
equal roots.
Consider the equation x2 – (p + 2) x + 4 = 0
This is in the form ax2 + bx + c = 0
Coefficients are a = 1, b = –(p + 2), c = 4
since the roots are equal ∆ =0
b2 – 4ac = 0
[–(p + 2)]2 – 4(1)(4) = 0
(p + 2)2 – 16 = 0
p + 2 = ± 16
p+2= ±4
p + 2 = + 4 or p + 2 = –4
∴ p = 4 – 2 or p = –4 – 2
∴ p=2 or p = –6

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Exercise : 5.6
A. Discuss the nature of roots of the following equations
1) y2 – 7y + 2 = 0 2) x2 – 2x + 3 = 0 3) 2n2 + 5n – 1 = 0
4) a2 + 4a + 4 = 0 5) x2 + 3x – 4 = 0 6) 3d2 – 2d + 1 = 0
B. For what positive values of ‘m’ roots of the following equations are
1) equal 2) distinct 3) imaginary
1) a2 – ma + 1 = 0 2) x2 – mx + 9 = 0
3) r2 – (m + 1) r + 4 = 0 4) mk2 – 3k + 1 = 0
C. Find the value of ‘p’ for which the quadratic equations have equal roots.
1) x2 – px + 9 = 0 2) 2a2 + 3a + p = 0 3) pk2 – 12k + 9 = 0
4) 2y2 – py + 1 = 0 5) (p + 1) n2 + 2(p + 3) n + (p + 8) = 0
6) (3p + 1)c2 + 2 (p + 1) c + p = 0
7. Relationship between the roots and co-efficient of the terms of the quadratic
equation.
If ‘m’ and ‘n’ are the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 then

− b + b2 − 4ac − b − b2 − 4ac
m = , n =
2a 2a

− b + b2 − 4ac − b − b2 − 4ac
∴ m+n = +
2a 2a

− b + b 2 − 4ac − b − b 2 − 4ac
m + n =
2a
− 2b
∴ m + n = If m and n are the roots of the
2a
quadratic equation
-b
m + n = ax2 + bx + c = 0
a
−b
 − b + b2 − 4ac   − b − b2 − 4ac  Sum of the roots =
    a
mn =  2a   2a 
    +c
Product of roots =
( b − 4ac )
2 a
( − b) 2 − 2
mn =
4a 2
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 mn =
(
b 2 − b 2 − 4ac )
4a 2
b 2 − b 2 + 4ac
mn =
4a 2
4ac c c
∴ mn = 2 = ∴ mn =
4a a a

Example 1 : Find the sum and product of the roots of equation x2 + 2x + 1 = 0

x2 + 2x + 1 = 0
This is in the form ax2 + bx + c = 0
The coefficients are a = 1, b = 2, c = 1
Let the roots be m and n

−b −2
i) Sum of the roots m + n = =
a 1
∴ m + n = –2

c 1
ii) Product of the roots mn = =
a 1
∴ mn = 1

Example 2 : Find the sum and product of the roots of equation 3x2 + 5 = 0
3x2 + 0x + 5 = 0
This is in the form ax2 + bx + c = 0
The coefficients are a = 3, b = 0, c = 5
Let the roots are p and q

−b 0
i) Sum of the roots p + q = =
a 3
∴ p+q = 0

c 5 5
ii) Product of the roots pq = = ∴ pq =
a 3 3

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Example 3 : Find the sum and product of the roots of equation 2m2 – 8m = 0
2m2 – 8m + 0 = 0
The coefficients are a = 2, b = –8, c = 0
Let the roots be α and β
−b − (−8)
i) Sum of the roots α+β = = = 4
a 2
c 0
ii) Product of the roots αβ = = = 0
a 2

Example 4 : Find the sum and product of the roots of equation x2 – (p+q)x + pq = 0
x2 – (p + q) x + pq = 0
The coefficients are a = 1, b = –(p + q), c = pq
−b
i) Sum of the roots m + n =
a
− [− (p + q )]
m + n =
1
∴ m + n = (p + q)

c pq
ii) Product of the roots mn = =
a 1
∴ mn = pq

Exercise : 5.7
Find the sum and product of the roots of the quadratic equation :
1) x2 + 5x + 8 = 0 2) 3a2 – 10a – 5 = 0 3) 8m2 – m = 2
4) 6k2 – 3 = 0 5) pr2 = r – 5 6) x2 + (ab) x + (a + b) = 0

8. To form an equation for the given roots

Let ‘m’ and ‘n’ are the roots of the equation
∴ x = ‘m’ or x = ‘n’
i.e., x – m = 0, x – n = 0
(x – m) (x – n) = 0
∴ x2 – mx – nx + mn = 0
x2 – (m + n) x + mn = 0

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 If ‘m’ and ‘n’ are the roots then the Standard form of the equation is
x2 – (Sum of the roots) x + Product of the roots = 0
x2 – (m + n) x + mn = 0

Example 1 : Form the quadratic equation whose roots are 2 and 3

Let ‘m’ and ‘n’ are the roots
∴ m = 2, n = 3
Sum of the roots =m+n = 2+3
∴ m+n = 5
Product of the roots = mn
= (2) (3)
∴ mn = 6
2
Standard form x – (m + n) x + mn = 0
x2 – (5)x + (6) = 0
∴ x2 – 5x + 6 = 0
2 5
Example 2 : Form the quadratic equation whose roots are and
5 2
Let ‘m’ and ‘n’ are the roots

2 5
∴ m = and n =
5 2

2 5 4 + 25
∴ Sum of the roots = m + n = + =
5 2 10

29
∴ m+n =
10

2 5
Product of the roots = mn = x ∴ mn = 1
5 2
Standard form x2 – (m + n) x + mn = 0

29
∴ x2 – x+1=0
10
∴ 10x2 – 29x + 10 = 0

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Example 3 : Form the quadratic equation whose roots are 3 + 2 5 and 3 – 2 5
Let ‘m’ and ‘n’ are the roots
∴ m = 3 + 2 5 and n = 3 – 2 5
Sum of the roots = m+n
= 3+2 5 +3–2 5
∴ m+n = 6
Product of the roots = mn
= (3 + 2 5 ) (3 – 2 5 )
= (3)2 –(2 5 )2
= 9 – 20
∴ mn = – 11
2
x – (m + n) x + mn = 0
∴ x2 – 6x – 11 = 0

Example 4 : If ‘m’ and ‘n’ are the roots of equation x2 – 3x + 1 = 0 find the value
1 1
of (i) m2n + mn2 (ii) +
m n
Consider the equation x2 – 3x + 1 = 0
This is in the form ax2 + bx + c = 0
The coefficients are a = 1, b = –3, c = 1
Let ‘m’ and ‘n’ are the roots
−b −(−3)
i) Sum of the roots m + n = = = 3
a 1
∴ m + n = 3
c
ii) Product of the roots mn =
a
1
mn = ∴ mn = 1
1
∴ (i) m2n + mn2 = mn (m + n)
= 1(3) = 3
1 1 n+m m+n 3
(ii) + = = =
m n mn mn 1
1 1
∴ + = 3
m n
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Example 5 : If ‘m’ and ‘n’ are the roots of equation x2 – 3x + 4 = 0 form the
equation whose roots are m2 and n2.
Consider the equation x2 – 3x + 4 = 0
The coefficients are a = 1, b = –3, c = 4
Let ‘m’ and ‘n’ are the roots

−b − (−3)
i) Sum of the roots = m + n = =
a 1
∴ m + n = 3

c 4
ii) Product of the roots = mn = =
a 1
∴ mn = 4
If the roots are ‘m2’ and ‘n2’
Sum of the roots m2 + n2 = (m + n)2 – 2mn
= (3)2 – 2(4)
= 9 – 8
∴ m + n2 = 1
2

Product of the roots m2n2 = (mn)2

= 42
∴ m2n2 = 16
x2 – (m2 + n2) x + m2n2 = 0
∴ x2 – (1)x + (16) = 0
∴ x2 – x + 16 = 0

Example 6 : If one root of the equation x2 – 6x + q = 0 is twice the other, find the
value of ‘q’
Consider the equation x2 – 6x + q = 0
This is in the form ax2 + bx + c = 0
The coefficients are a = 1, b = –6, c = q
Let the ‘m’ and ‘n’ are the roots

−b − (−6)
i) Sum of the roots m+n = =
a 1
∴ m+n=6

151
 c q
ii) Product of the roots mn = =
a 1
∴ mn = q
If one root is (m) then twice the root is (2m)
∴ m = m and n = 2m
m+n = 6
m + 2m = 6
3m = 6
6
∴ m = ∴ m = 2
3
We know that q = mn
q = m(2m)
q = 2m2
q = 2(2)2
q = 8
∴ q = 8

Example 7 : Find the value of k so that the equation x2 – 2x + (k + 3) = 0 has one

root equal to zero.
Consider the equation x2 – 2x + (k + 3) = 0
The coefficients are a = 1, b = –2, c = k + 3
Let ‘m’ and ‘n’ are the roots
Product of the roots = mn
c
∴ mn =
a
k +3
mn =
1
∴ mn = k + 3
Since ‘m’ and ‘n’ are the roots, and one root is zero then
m = m and n = 0 mn = k + 3
∴ m(0) = k + 3
∴ 0 = k + 3
∴ k = –3

152
Exercise : 5.8
A. Form the equation whose roots are
3 2 3
1) 3 and 5 2) 6 and –5 3) –2 and 4) and
2 3 2
5) 2 + 3 and 2 – 3 6) –3 + 2 5 and –3 – 2 5

B.
1) If ‘m’ and ‘n’ are the roots of the equation x2 – 6x + 2 = 0 find the value of
1 1
i) (m + n) mn ii) +
m n

2) If ‘a’ and ‘b’ are the roots of the equation 3m2 = 6m + 5 find the value of
a b
i) + ii) (a + 2b) (2a + b)
b a

3) If ‘p’ and ‘q’ are the roots of the equation 2a2 – 4a + 1 = 0 Find the value of
i) (p + q)2 + 4pq ii) p3 + q3
p q
4) Form a quadratic equation whose roots are and
q p
5) Find the value of ‘k’ so that the equation x2 + 4x + (k + 2) = 0 has one root equal
to zero.
6) Find the value of ‘q’ so that the equation 2x2 – 3qx + 5q = 0 has one root which
is twice the other.
7) Find the value of ‘p’ so that the equation 4x2 – 8px + 9 = 0 has roots whose
difference is 4.
8) If one root of the equation x2 + px + q = 0 is 3 times the other prove that 3p2 = 16q

Graphical method of solving a Quadratic Equation

Let us solve the equation x2 – 4 = 0 graphically,
x2 – 4 = 0
∴ x2 = 4
let y = x2 = 4
∴ y = x2
and y = 4

153
Step 1: Form table of
corresponding values y = x2
of x and y x=0 y = 02 y=0
Satisfying the equation x=1 y = 12 y=1
y = x2 x=2 y = 22 y=4
Step 2: Choose the scale on x = –1 y = (–1)2 y=1
x axis, 1 cm = 1 unit x = –2 y = (–2)2 y=4
y axis, 1 cm = 1 unit.
Step 3: Plot the points (0, 0);
(1, 1); (–1, 1); (2, 4)
and (–2, 4) on graph
sheet.
Step 4: Join the points by a
smooth curve.
Step 5: Draw the straight line
y = 4 Parallel to x-axis
Step 6: From the intersecting
points of the curve and
the line y = 4, draw
perpendiculars to the
x axis
Step 7: Roots of the equations are x = +2 or x = –2

The graph of a quadratic polynomial is a curve called ‘parabola’

Example 1 : Draw a graph of y = 2x2 and find the value of 3 , using the graph.
Step 1: Form the table of
corresponding values of
x and y satisfying the
equation y = 2x2
Step 2: Choose the scale on x x 0 1 –1 2 –2 3
y 0 2 2 8 8 6
axis, 1 cm = 1 unit and
(x, y) (0, 0) (1, 2) (–1, 2) (2, 8) (–2, 8) ( 3 ,6)
y axis, 1 cm = 1 unit
Step 3: Plot the points (0, 0);
(1, 2) (–1, 2); (2, 8) and
(–2, 8) on graph sheet.

154
Step 4: Join the points by a
smooth curve

Step 5: Draw the straight line

y = 6 Parallel to x-axis.

Step 6: From the intersecting

points of the curve and
the line y = 6, draw
perpendiculars to the
x-axis.

Step 7: Value of 3 = ± 1.7

x = –1.7 or x = + 1.7

Example 2 : Draw a graph of y = x2 and y = 2-x and hence solve the equation
x2 + x – 2 = 0
Step 1: Form the table of x 0 1 –1 2 –2
corresponding values of y 0 1 1 4 4
x and y satisfying the (x, y) (0, 0) (1, 1) (–1, 1) (2, 4) (–2, 4)
equation y = x2
x 0 1 –1 2 –2
Step 2: Form the table of
corresponding values of y 2 1 3 0 4
x and y satisfying the (x, y) (0, 2) (1, 1) (–1, 3) (2, 0) (–2, 4)
equation y = 2 – x.
Step 3: Choose the scale on x
axis 1 cm = 1 unit and
y axis, 1 cm = 1 unit.
Step 4: Plot the points (0, 0);
(1, 1); (–1, 1); (2, 4)
and (–2, 4) on the graph
sheet.
Step 5: Join the points by a
smooth curve.
Step 6: Plot the points (0, 2) ;
(1, 1); (–1, 3); (2, 0)
and (–2, 4) on graph
sheet
155
Step 7: Join the points to get a line.
Step 8: From the intersecting
Curve and the line, draw
perpendiculars to the
x-axis
Step 9: Roots of the equation are ∴ x = 1 or x = –2

Example 3 : Solve the equation

Method I : x2 – x – 2 = 0 x 0 1 –1 2 –2

Split the equation y 2 1 1 4 4

y = x2 and y = 2 + x (x, y) (0, 0) (1, 1) (–1, 1) (2, 4) (–2, 4)

Step 1: Form the table of

corresponding values x
and y satisfying the x 0 1 2 –1 –2
equation y = x2 y 2 3 4 1 0
Step 2: Form the table of (x, y) (0, 2) (1, 3) (2, 4) (–1, 1) (–2, 0)
corresponding values x
and y satisfying the
equation y = 2 + x
Step 3: Choose the scale on
x axis, 1 cm = 1 unit
y axis, 1 cm = 1 unit
Step 4: Plot the points (0, 0);
(1, 1); (–1, 1); (2, 4)
and (–2, 4) on the graph
sheet.
Step 5: Join the points by a
smooth curve
Step 6: Plot the points (0, 2);
(1, 3) (2, 4); (–1, 1) and
(–2, 0) on the graph
sheet.
Step 7: Join the points to get a
straight line
Step 8: From the intersecting
points of Curve and the
line, draw the perpendi-
culars to the x-axis.
Step 9: Roots of the equation are x = –1 or x = 2

156
Method II : x 0 1 –1 2 –2
Step 1: Form the table of y –2 –2 0 0 4
corresponding values of (x, y) (0, –2) (1, –2) (–1, 0) (2, 0) (–2, 4)
x and y satisfying
equation y = x2 – x – 2.
Step 2: Choose the scale on x
axis 1 cm = 1 unit and
y axis 1 cm = 1 unit.
Step 3: Plot the points (0, –2);
(1 –2); (–1, 0); (2, 0)
and (–2, 4) on the graph
sheet.
Step 4: Join the points to form
a smooth curve
Step 5: Mark the intersecting
points of the curve and
the x – axis.
Step 6: Roots of the equations are x = –1 or x = 2

Exercise : 5.9
A. 1) Draw the graph of y = x2 and find the value of 7
2) Draw the graph of y = 2x2 and find the value of 3
1 2
3) Draw the graph of y = x and find the value of 10
2
B. 1) Draw the graph of y = x2 and y = 2x + 3 and hence solve the equation
x2 – 2x – 3 = 0
2) Draw the graph of y = 2x2 and y = 3 – x and hence solve the equation
2x2 + x – 3 = 0
3) Draw the graph of y = 2x2 and y = 3 + x and hence solve the equation
2x2 – x – 3 = 0

C. Solve graphically
1) x2 + x – 12 = 0 2) x2 – 5x + 6 = 0 3) x2 + 2x – 8 = 0
4) x2 + x – 6 = 0 5) 2x2 – 3x – 5 = 0 6) 2x2 + 3x – 5 = 0

157