Physics: Licensure Examination For Teachers: General Education

Licensure Examination for Teachers:
GENERAL EDUCATION
PHYSICS
Exclusively for My Review Coach online LET review. Not for redistribution. © 2011 My Review Coach of Philippines.
VECTOR & SCALARS
Scalar quantities –described

by magnitude, e.g. 5 meters
Vector quantities – descibed

both by magnitude and
direction, e.g. 5 meters North
VECTOR & SCALAR QUANTITIES
VECTORS SCALARS
Displacement Distance
Velocity Speed
Acceleration
Force, Momentum, Time, Temperature,

Impulse, Electric Field, Mass, Density,
Magnetic Field Electric Charge
DISTANCE VS. DISPLACEMENT
• What is the displacement of an athlete who
has run a lap on a 400-meter track?
• Answer: Zero.
• After running a lap, the athlete is back where

he or she started. The distance traveled by the
athlete, and not the displacement, is 400
meters.
SPEED VS. VELOCITY
• As distance is to displacement, so speed is to
velocity: the crucial difference between the
two is that speed is a scalar and velocity is a
vector quantity.
• A speedometer tells us the car’s speed, not its
velocity, because it gives only a number and
not a direction. It does not tell us the average
speed, but the instantaneous speed, or the
speed at a given moment.
ACCELERATION
• Acceleration is a vector quantity that
measures the rate of change of the velocity
vector with time. Acceleration happens when
we speed up, slow down (deceleration), or
change direction.
NEWTON’S
LAWS OF MOTION
1. First Law: Inertia
2. Second Law: Acceleration
3. Third Law: Interaction
FIRST LAW OF MOTION
• LAW OF INERTIA
– “A body remains at rest or moves in a
straight line at a constant speed unless
acted upon by a force.”
• INERTIA
– Natural tendency of a body to resist
changes in motion
FIRST LAW OF MOTION
• A soccer ball standing still on the
grass does not move until someone
kicks it. An ice hockey puck will
continue to move with the same
velocity until it hits the boards, or
someone else hits it.
FIRST LAW OF MOTION
• In free space where there is neither friction
nor air resistance to change the speed of a
moving object, there is no force required to
maintain the object at a constant speed. It
will continue moving in a straight line
indefinitely.
• When you push a glass with water initially
at rest, it begins to move, but the water has
a tendency to remain in its initial position.
It tends to get left behind and spills.
FIRST LAW OF MOTION
• Any change in the velocity of an object
(non-uniform or accelerated motion) is
evidence of a net force acting on that
object.
• If you are in a moving car or bus that is
coming to a stop, your body tends to keep
moving forward. In a sudden stop, you tend
to lurch forward.
FIRST LAW OF MOTION
• Mass is a measurement of a body’s inertia,
or its resistance to being accelerated.
• Inertia of an object is proportional to its
mass: the greater the mass, the greater the
inertia.
• A piano is harder to push than a small
wooden chair because the piano is heavier
and, therefore, has more inertia.
SECOND LAW OF MOTION
• THE LAW OF ACCELERATION
Force = mass x acceleration
If the forces on an object are unbalanced, the

resultant force will cause the object to
accelerate.
• Acceleration is directly proportional to the net force

& inversely proportional to the mass.
• The bigger the force and/or the smaller the mass,
the bigger the change in motion.
• You accelerate by pushing harder on the same
object, or by lightening the load while pushing with
the same force.
• The forces are in the same direction and are,
therefore, added producing a net or resultant
force of 25N to the right.
• The box accelerates with a net force of 8N. If
initially the box is not moving, it will start to
move to the right. If it is already moving to the
right, it will move faster. If initially it is moving
to the left, it will decelerate or move slower.
THIRD LAW OF MOTION
• THE LAW OF INTERACTION
– When an object exerts a force on another
object, the second object also exerts a force
on the first object. These two forces act in
opposite directions but are equal in
magnitude.
THIRD LAW OF MOTION
Illustrations:
• When you push a book towards the left , the book
also exerts a force of equal magnitude on your hand
towards the right.
• When a porter carries a heavy load on his head , the
load pushes down on his head. The porter's head
pushes the load upwards. Again, these opposite
forces are equal in magnitude.
• When you fire a gun, it thrusts the bullet out with a
great force. The bullet exerts the same force on the
gun, causing it to recoil.
THIRD LAW OF MOTION
• When a stone is dropped, it falls.
This shows that the earth attracts
the coin, i.e., it exerts a force on
the coin in the downward
direction. Also, the coin attracts
the earth in the upward direction.
• Air rushes out of a balloon, and

the balloon streaks ahead.
THIRD LAW OF MOTION
• Through its nozzle, a rocket
spits gases (from burnt fuel)
with tremendous speed; as a
result rocket is pushed up.
• The birds, while flying, push the
air downwards with the help of
their wings, and the air in turn
exerts a force on the bird in the
upward direction.
THIRD LAW OF MOTION
• When we walk on the ground, our foot pushes
the ground backward and the ground in turn
exerts a force on the foot pushing the foot
forward.
• If you hit a wall with your fist, the wall also hits
your fist with the same force, which you feel.
• If you slap someone on the cheek, his cheek also 'hits'
your hand with a force of equal magnitude.
THIRD LAW OF MOTION
Points to remember:
• Even though the action and reaction forces are
equal and opposite, their resultant is not equal to
zero as the action and reaction forces are acting
on two different bodies
• The third law holds good when the interacting
bodies are at rest or in motion
• This law does not give us the magnitude of force
NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
• The first law states that unbalanced forces
produce a change in the velocity of the body.
• The second law gives the exact amount of force
needed to produce a given acceleration.
• Newton's third law is a relation between the
forces themselves. When a body exerts a force
on another body, the other body also exerts a
force of equal magnitude but opposite in
direction on the first.
UNDERSTANDING NEWTON’S LAWS
• While driving a car on the highway you hit a bug.

The bug hit the windshield and the windshield hit
the bug. Which of the two forces is greater, the
force on the bug or the force on the windshield?
• Answer: The same – according to Newton's third
law you can only exert back as much force as is
exerted on you. Because the bug has less mass,
its motion is effected more by the force.
UNDERSTANDING NEWTON’S LAWS
• The resultant force is in the direction where
the car is going. The bug changes velocity in
the reverse direction (decelerates)
considerably. The car also decelerates,
although this is hardly noticeable due to the
car’s significantly larger mass compared to the
bug’s.
MASS VS. WEIGHT
• Mass – measure of the quantity of matter,
which is constant all over the universe.
• Weight – proportional to mass but depends
on location in the universe; force exerted on a
body by gravitational attraction (usually by
the earth).
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
• Energy can neither
be created nor
destroyed.
• It is converted from
one form to another.
• The total energy
always remains
constant.
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
POTENTIAL ENERGY
• Capacity to do work of objects at rest due to
their position or state
• A stone at the top of a hill, a strung arrow, an
elongated rubber band, a wound clock or the
wound spring of a toy car, water stored in an
over head tank, a tightly coiled spring
KINETIC ENERGY
• Capacity to do work of a moving body
• Blowing wind, water falling from heights, a
moving vehicle
• For a moving object to do more work, it should

be moving faster
• If an object is moving, it also has momentum
MOMENTUM
• Amount of motion in a body
• Measure of how hard it is to stop a moving
body
Momentum = mass x velocity
• Depends on how fast an object is moving and

on its mass
WORK
• Done by a force when it moves an object
through a distance in the direction in which
the force is acting
Work = Force x Distance
• No work is done even if force is applied to an

object that does not move, e.g. pushing a
concrete wall
ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE OR
LAW OF BUOYANCY
• When an object is wholly or partly immersed in a
fluid, the fluid exerts an upward force on the
object. This force is equal to the weight of the
fluid displaced by the object.
• Principle behind the design of life savers,
submarines, canoes, hot-air balloons
• Fluid – any substance that tends to flow or follow
the shape of its container; liquids and gases
BUOYANCY: HOT-AIR BALLOONS
• Hot air balloons rise into the air because the
density of the air (warmer air) inside the
balloon is less than the density of the air
outside the balloon (cooler air). The balloon
and the basket displaces a fluid that is heavier
than the balloon and the basket, so it has a
buoyant force acting on the system. Balloons
tend to fly better in the morning, when the
surrounding air is cool.
SOUND
• Speed of sound depends
on the properties of the
medium.
• Travels markedly fast in
solids and liquids.
• Can’t travel in vacuum.
THRESHOLD DECIBELS
Threshold of hearing 0 dB Motorcycle (30 feet 88 dB
Rustling leaves 20 dB Food blender (3 feet) 90 dB
Quiet whisper (3 feet) 30 dB Subway (inside) 94 dB
Quiet home 40 dB Diesel truck (30 feet) 100 dB
Quiet street 50 dB Power mower (3 feet) 107 dB
Normal conversation 60 dB Pneumatic riveter (3 feet) 115 dB
Inside car 70 dB Chainsaw (3 feet) 117 dB
Loud singing (3 feet) 75 dB Amplified Rock and Roll (6 feet) 120 dB
Automobile (25 feet) 80 dB Jet plane (100 feet) 130 dB
RADIOACTIVITY
• The spontaneous emission of radiation of
particles as a result of radioactive decay, or
the disintegration of an unstable nucleus
• All elements heavier than lead, from bismuth
(atomic number = 83), are naturally
radioactive
RADIOACTIVE DECAY
• Alpha decay – the nuclide splits out an alpha
particle, made up of two protons and two
neutrons
• Beta decay – the nuclide emits beta particles
or electrons
• Gamma decay – an excited nuclide releases its
energy by emitting gamma rays
RADIOACTIVE DECAY SERIES: URANIUM
• Uranium-238 – naturally disintegrates in a series of

alpha and beta decays until it becomes lead-206,
which is stable
1. Uranium-238 Thorium-234 + alpha
2. Thorium-234 Palladium-234 + beta minus
3. Palladium-234 Uranium-234 + beta minus
Other radioactive decay series: thorium, neptunium,
and actinium series
FUSION PROCESS IN THE SUN
If a radio station were to increase its frequency from 94.5 MHz to
99.1 MHz, what would happen to the station's wavelength?
If a radio station were to increase its frequency
from 94.5 MHz to 99.1 MHz, what would happen
to the station's wavelength?
• The wavelength would go down.

• As frequency increases, wavelength
decreases, and vice versa.
In the figure above, why are beta particles deflected more
than alpha particles?
Beta particles are less massive than alpha particles.
RADIATION
• The emissions from radioactive particles.
• Gamma rays have no mass and carry no
electric charge.
• The neutron to proton ratio determines the
stability of an atom.
RADIATION
• Alpha and beta particles are always associated
with the formation of new atoms. Gamma
rays are massless forms of energy that, on
their own, do not lead to the formation of
new atoms.
• Nuclear reactions change one element to
another, a process called transmutation.
REFERENCES
• http://exploration.grc.nasa.gov/education/roc
ket/newton.html
• http://www.gcsescience.com/pfm15.htm
• Santisteban, C.J. 2007. Breaking Through
Physics. QC: C&E Publishing, Inc.

Physics: Licensure Examination For Teachers: General Education

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Physics: Licensure Examination For Teachers: General Education

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Licensure Examination for Teachers:

Scalar quantities –described

Vector quantities – descibed

Force, Momentum, Time, Temperature,

• After running a lap, the athlete is back where

If the forces on an object are unbalanced, the

• Acceleration is directly proportional to the net force

• Air rushes out of a balloon, and

• While driving a car on the highway you hit a bug.

• For a moving object to do more work, it should

• Depends on how fast an object is moving and

• No work is done even if force is applied to an

Quiet home 40 dB Diesel truck (30 feet) 100 dB

Quiet street 50 dB Power mower (3 feet) 107 dB

Normal conversation 60 dB Pneumatic riveter (3 feet) 115 dB

Inside car 70 dB Chainsaw (3 feet) 117 dB

Loud singing (3 feet) 75 dB Amplified Rock and Roll (6 feet) 120 dB

Automobile (25 feet) 80 dB Jet plane (100 feet) 130 dB

• Uranium-238 – naturally disintegrates in a series of

• The wavelength would go down.

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