Step 3 - to understand the waves behavior in open and enclosure mediums

Individual work

Edwin Sebastian Rojas

Group 06

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2019
 Questions

1. What are the modes of propagation of electromagnetic waves?

In general, there are three modes of propagation, TEM, TE and TM.

In the Transverse Electric and Magnetic (TEM) mode, both the electric field and
the magnetic field (which are always perpendicular to one another in free space)
are transverse to the direction of travel. If you wonder how this is possible, bear
in mind that it is happening in three-dimensional space.

In the Transverse Electric (TE) mode, the electric field is transverse to the
direction of propagation while the magnetic field is normal to the direction of
propagation.

In the Transverse Magnetic (TM) mode, the magnetic field is transverse to the
direction of propagation while the electric field is normal to the direction of
propagation.

2. What does it mean to polarize an electromagnetic wave?

Polarization is a characteristic of all transverse waves, and an electromagnetic
wave is a transverse wave
 The polarization direction of the wave is defined as the direction of the electric
field vector. The wave in figure is then polarized in the y direction.
The radio waves emitted by a radio, television or cell phone transmitter are
polarized in a direction parallel to the antenna.
The visible light coming from fluorescent light bulbs or systems is not polarized,
because it has a huge number of randomly oriented molecules. It is a random
mixture of linearly polarized waves in all possible transverse directions. To create
polarized light from natural light you need a filter.

3. What is the phenomenon of total reflection of an electromagnetic wave?

When an electromagnetic wave is traveling between two mediums, if the power

of the wave is fully reflected in the mediums interface, then a total reflection has
happened. This usually happens for angles down to the critic angle.
A critical angle or angle limit is defined as the angle from which there is no
refraction and all the incident light is reflected to the same medium from which it
comes. Only total reflection can occur if the index of the medium in which we find
ourselves is higher than the index of the medium to which we are going.
4. What is the phenomenon of total refraction of an electromagnetic wave?

Total refraction occurs when there’s no any mismatch between two separate
mediums, in this case, when the electromagnetic wave is crossing this gate, all
his power is transmitted, so, there’s a total refraction.

5. What is the purpose of Snell's Law in the study of the propagation of waves?

The Snell law is a formula used to calculate the refractive angle of light when
crossing the separation surface between two means of propagation of light (or
any electromagnetic wave) with a different refractive index

A critical angle or angle limit is defined as the angle from which there is no
refraction and all the incident light is reflected to the same medium from which
it comes. Only total reflection can occur if the index of the medium in which
we find ourselves is higher than the index of the medium to which we are
going.
These laws can be used with great utility in the field of optics allowing
establishing the relationship of the angles of refraction and reflection to supply
the optical deficiencies of people according to their vision problem.
 Application exercises:

1. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 6 𝑀𝐻𝑧 and 𝑃1+ = 200𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 , incident from the air
(𝜂1 = 120𝜋 𝛺), perpendicular to an infinite wall with an intrinsic impedance 𝜂2 =
107 𝛺. Calculate the reflected power 𝑃1− and the transmitted power 𝑃2+ to the wall.
The reflected and transmitted electric field is given by the next formula,
𝐸1− 𝜂2 − 𝜂1
=
𝐸1+ 𝜂2 + 𝜂1

And,
𝐸2+ 2𝜂2
+ =
𝐸1 𝜂2 + 𝜂1

As we know,
𝐸2
𝑃=
2𝜂
Then, the first two equation can be written as,
𝑃1− 𝜂2 − 𝜂1 2
=( )
𝑃1+ 𝜂2 + 𝜂1

And,
𝑃2+ 4𝜂2 𝜂1
+ = (𝜂
2 + 𝜂1 )
𝑃1 2

Clearing the variable, we got,

𝜂2 − 𝜂1 2 +
𝑃1− = ( ) ⋅ 𝑃1
𝜂2 + 𝜂1
𝑃1− = 62.2 𝑚𝑊/𝑚2
4𝜂2 𝜂1
𝑃2+ = ⋅ 𝑃+
(𝜂2 + 𝜂1 )2 1
𝑃2+ = 137.8 𝑚𝑊/𝑚2
2. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 6 𝑀𝐻𝑧 and 𝑃1+ = 200𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 , coming from a
wave generator located 30𝑐𝑚 from the wall, which impinges from the air
(𝜂1 = 120𝜋 𝛺) perpendicularly on a wall with an intrinsic impedance 𝜂2 = 107 𝛺
and 10𝑐𝑚 thick. The wall is made of a non-magnetic and non-dissipative material.
On the other side of the wall is a receiver located 20cm away.

a. Calculate the coefficient of reflection and transmission seen by the generator.

The generator watches the wall obstacle, and the wall – air interface, so, the input
impedance can find as,
𝜂1 + 𝑗𝜂2 tan(𝛽𝑙)
𝜂𝑖𝑛 = 𝜂2
𝜂2 + 𝑗𝜂1 tan(𝛽𝑙)
Where,
√𝜇/𝜀0
𝛽 = 2𝜋𝑓
𝑐0 𝜂2
𝛽 = 0.4425
So,
𝜂𝑖𝑛 = 368.7 − 𝑗52.8 Ω
The reflection and transmission coefficients are obtained as follow

𝜂2 − 𝜂1 2
𝑅1 = ( )
𝜂2 + 𝜂1
|𝑅1 | = 0.0051
And,
𝑇1 = 1 − |𝑅1 |
𝑇1 = 0.9949
b. Determine in [%] and [𝑚𝑊/𝑚2] the power that is transmitted to the receiver.

Now we find the transmission and reflection coefficient for the interface wall-air.

𝜂2 − 𝜂1 2
𝑅2 = ( ) = 0.3112
𝜂2 + 𝜂1
And,
4𝜂2 𝜂1
𝑇2 = = 0.6888
(𝜂2 + 𝜂1 )2
 So, the power transmitted to the receiver (𝑃3+ ) will be

𝑃3+ = 𝑇1 ⋅ 𝑇2 ⋅ 𝑃1+

𝑃3+ = 137.1 𝑚𝑊/𝑚2

So,
𝑇3 = 𝑇1 ⋅ 𝑇2

𝑇3 = 68.53%

3. An electromagnetic wave propagates through several media as shown in the

graph.

Figure 3: Propagation of “oblique wave” in finite media.

Initially the ray travels through the ice layer striking the air layer at point B,
forming an angle of 𝜃𝑎 = 44.9°. Using Snell's Law, calculate step by step the total
path of the wave to determine the value of "d". Note that each layer is 106 𝑚𝑚
thick and that at point C there is a total refractive effect, so it is necessary to
identify which material is in layer 3 by calculating its refractive index.

Like in C there’s a total refractive effect, then, we got the next values:

n1 = 1.31
n2 = n3 = 1
n4 = 1.5

Now,
 𝜃1 = 45.1°
According to Snell’s law
𝑛1
𝜃2 = sin−1 ( sin 𝜃1 )
𝑛2
𝜃2 = 68.11°
So,
𝜃3 = 90° − 𝜃2
𝜃3 = 21.88°
𝑛3
𝜃4 = sin−1 ( sin 𝜃3 )
𝑛4
𝜃4 = 14.39°
So, d will be
𝑑 = 𝑥1 + 𝑥2
ℎ
𝑑 = 2ℎ tan 𝜃3 +
tan 𝜃4
𝑑 = 503.0 𝑚𝑚
 Bibliography

Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Boston: Academic

Press, (pp. 519-524). Recovered
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebsc
ohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&site=eh
ost-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_519

Wiley J. & Sons Ltd. (2003). Electromagnetic Wave Propagation. Fixed

Broadband Wireless. (pp. 31-51). Recovered
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebsc
ohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aci&AN=14505422&lang=es&site=eh
ost-live