PROJECT ON

DNA fingerprinting

Submitted by- satwik khilar

Class-xii ‘a’
Roll no.-
Subject- biology
Session- 2019-2020
School- amrita vidyalayam
 Principal’s certificate
This is to certify that Satwik Khilar of standard XII–Science of
Amrita Vidyalayam, Durgapur has completed his project work
under the guidance and supervision of “Ms. Tripti Dutta.”
I certify that this project is up to the expectation of CBSE
guidelines.

Principal’s signature
 Teacher’s certificate
This is to certify that Satwik Khilar of standard XII Science
of Amrita Vidyalayam, Durgapur has completed his project
under my guidance and supervision .
I certify that this project is up to the expectations of CBSE
guidelines.

Examiner’s signature teacher’s signature

 Acknowledgement
I express my deepest gratitude towards my guide “Ms.
Tripti Dutta” for giving her effort and guidance in this
project. I am also grateful to her for giving me an insight in
to the barriers aspects which regard to my project work. I
would also like to appreciate the co-operation offered by my
friends and my family members that made this project
presentable by helping me in the domains of creativeness,
designing and managing the task. Sincere thanks to principal
madam for giving me opportunity to complete my project
work.
At last I am extremely thankful and undeleted to Shri
Sadguru Mata Amritanandamayi Debi for showing love and
grace on me for completing this project.
 index
s.no Title Page no.
.
1. Introducing to dna fingerprinting 1
2. Steps to dna fingerprinting 2-4
3. Uses of dna fingerprinting 5-6
4 Advantages of dna fingerprinting 7
5 Disadvantages of dna fingerprinting 8
6 Benefits of dna fingerprinting 9
7 Limitations of dna fingerprinting 10
8. Conclusion 11
9 Bibliography 12
 Introduction to DNA
fingerprinting
 DNA Fingerprinting is a way to identify a certain
individual, rather than simply identifying a species or a
particular trait.
 A technique used by scientists to distinguish between
individuals of the same species using only samples of
their DNA.
 The process of DNA fingerprinting was invented by
Alex Jeffreys in 1985.
 1

Steps to dna fingerprinting

Step 1: Isolation of DNA
DNA must be recovered from cells
or tissue. Only a small amount of blood, hair, or skin is
needed to isolate DNA.
Step 2:Digestion of DNA by restriction endonucleases
The DNA is cut into fragments using restriction
enzymes.
Each restriction enzyme cuts DNA at a specific
base sequence.
The sections of DNA that are cut out are called
restriction fragments.
This yields thousands of restriction fragments of all
different sizes because the base sequences being cut
may be far apart (long fragment) or close together
(short fragment).
Commonly used RE are (hae III, Hinf I, Alu I etc.)
Reaction mixture is incubated overnight at 37.C
Step 3: Electrophoretic separation of different fragments
Fragments are separated on the basis of size using a process called
gel electrophoresis.
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DNA fragments are injected into wells and an electric current is
applied along the gel.
DNA is negatively charged so it is attracted to the positive
end of the gel.
The shorter DNA fragments move faster than the longer
fragments.
DNA is separated on basis of size.
Step 4: Transfer DNA on Nylon/Nitrocellulose membrane
The DNA fragments are transferred to a nylon sheet by
placing the sheet on the gel and soaking them overnight
by the process southern blot.
Step5: Probing/probe labelling
Adding radioactive or coloured probes to the nylon sheet
which is complementary to target sequences.
Each probe only sticks to one or two specific places on the
sheet.
Step 6: Hybridization
Labelled probe DNA should be hybridized with the
complementary sequences located on nylon membrane for
the detection of position of later
Membrane is washed to remove non specific binding and
clearing of the background.
Step 7: Autoradiography
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To detect the sequences in genome bound with the
hybridized radioactive probe on membrane
Technique involves alignment of hybridized membrane
with X-ray film
The X-ray film alter its development shows multiple no. of
bands that looks like bar codes and known as DNA
fingerprints.
Step 8: Interpretation of band patterns
Analysis of band patterns of different individuals
comparison of position of bans
Computer software are also available for the analysis of
DNA fingerprints.

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 Uses of dna fingerprinting
Diagnosis of Inherited Disorders
Helps diagnose disorders in both prenatal and newborn
babies
Disorders may include cystic fibrosis, hemophilia,
Huntington’s disease, familial Alzheimer’s, sickle
cell anaemia, thalassemia , and much more.
Crime
Forensic science is the use of scientific knowledge in
legal situations.
The DNA profile of each individual is highly specific.
The chances of two people having exactly the same DNA
profile is 30,000 million to 1(except for identical twins).
The pattern of the DNA profile is then compared with
those of the victim and the suspect.
If the profile matches the suspect it provides strong
evidence that the suspect was present at the crime scene
(Note: it does not prove he committed the crime).
If the profile doesn’t match the suspect then that suspect
may be eliminated from the enquiry.
DNA profiles can be used to determine whether a
particular person is the parent of a child.
5
 A child’s paternity (father) and maternity(mother) can be
determined.
This information can be used in
Paternity suits
Inheritance cases
Immigration cases
Personal Identification
The U.S. armed services are just beginning a program
where they collect DNA fingerprints from all personnel for
later use, in case they need to identify casualties or missing
people.
Some other uses of DNA fingerprinting
Identification of carcass of tissues
Detection of somatic mutations or cancer
Pathogen identification
Detection of loci controlling quantitative traits or
disease resistance.
Sex determination
Individual identification.

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 Advantages of DNA
fingerprinting

•DNA profiling is an ideal method for confirming an identity

with absolute
certainty.
•It’s easy and painless to obtain a specimen for testing.
•A thorough, scientific test can be conducted in as little as 48
hours.
•DNA testing is affordable and reliable.

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 Disadvantages of DNA
fingerprinting
To be conclusive, a DNA test should be run on multiple samples, at
least twice. DNA People Diagnostics collects four samples and the lab
runs every test twice to avoid false readings. In fact, your samples are
sent to the only lab in the country to actually run each test twice
through two separate DNA analyzers, virtually eliminating the chance
for error. The lab also tests up to 29 markers to produce the highest
possible probability indicators. Most labs will only test 10 markers,
greatly increasing the need for additional testing. While most labs
charge patients when this occurs, we do not charge when additional
testing is necessary. Misuse of results can lead to privacy concerns.
DNA People Diagnostics guarantees complete confidentiality.
Personal information will not be released to anyone other than
the tested parties and their named representatives without a written
order.

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 Benefits of DNA Fingerprinting:

The most important benefit of DNA fingerprinting is that

there is strong similarities shown between genetic
fingerprints of parents and children. This is a benefit because
a child's genetic fingerprint is made up of half the father's
genetic information and half of the mother's information.
This means that the bands of a child's genetic fingerprint will
match the bands on both of their parents, making it possible
to establish paternity and maternity tests.

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 Limitations of DNa
fingerprinting

One of the main problems with the process of DNA

fingerprinting is that the sample can be easily ruined. The
tiniest pieces of genetic junk can contaminate DNA
samples, causing them to be useless. Although DNA
fingerprinting requires a good sample to work with, this
problem can be solved by using the newer technique called
PCR. PCR can use extremely small samples of DNA and
produce a much faster result. But this also means the DNA
samples that PCR uses are even more likely to be
contaminated because of their size, as it is harder to find
a small sample with hardly any contamination. Another
limitation of fingerprinting is that the procedure is so
complex and hard to read the DNA patterns, that sometimes
the juror finds the evidence almost invisible.

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 Conclusion
With a beginning as a mere forensic tool, the world of DNA
fingerprinting has a gone a long way in revealing the genetic
identity of living beings. With massive evolution in concepts
and techniques it has given a lot to various fields cutting
across the spectrum. In plants it has not only helped in
identifying species but also in defining a new realm in plant
genomics, plant breeding and in conserving the biodiversity.
With world paving way for developments in biotechnology,
DNA fingerprinting promises a very powerful tool in our
future endeavours.

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 Bibliography
I have written this project with the help of my teacher, friends, my parents
and also through the web:

https://www.slideshare.net/Haddies/dna-fingerprinting-
7076439

https://www.slideshare.net/devendrakumar77964/dna-
fingerprinting-51137025

https://www.slideshare.net/shweta1095/dna-
fingerprinting-55152452

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