Name: Janina Grace Ignacio October 1, 2019

Schedule: TTh 9:00 – 10:00 am

Activity 16: Conceptualization of Assigned Instructional Objective

LO1: Illustrate a random variable (discrete and continuous).
Concept: A random variable is a function that associates a real number to each element in the sample
space. It is variable whose values are determined by chance. (Belecina et al, 2016)
A random variable is a variable that can take on values based on the outcomes of a random
experiment. (Melosantos, 2016)

LO2: Distinguishes between a discrete and continuous random variable.

Concept:

A random variable is a discrete random variable if its set of possible outcomes

is countable. Mostly, discrete variables represent count data, such as the number of
defective chairs produced in a factory.

A random variable is a continuous random variable it it takes on values on a

continuous scale. Often, continuous random variables represent measured data, such
as heights, weights, and temperature. ( Belecina et al,)

LO3: Find the possible values of random variable.

Concept:
Steps in finding possible values of random variable;
1. Determine the sample space of an experiment.
2. Count the number of experiment in each outcome in the sample space and assign this number
to these outcomes.
3. Make table for possible outcomes and values of a random variable. (Belecina et al, 2016)

LO4: Illustrates a probability distribution for discrete random variable and its properties.
Concept:
A discrete probability distribution is a list of probabilities for each of the possible values of an
experiment. It gives the probability for each of the possible value of a discrete random variable.
Organizing the given data in a discrete probability distribution will be helpful in determining probabilities
for a given experiment.

𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

Recall that P(E) = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠
 This is known as the theoretical probability of an event. In conducting an experiment, favorable
outcomes are counted manually, and this number is divided by the total number of trials. (Melosantos,
2016)

Properties of a Probability Distribution

A discrete probability distribution has the following properties:

1. The probability p(x) for each possible value of x is 0≤p(x)≤1.

2. The sum of all probabilities in the distribution is equal to 1. That is, ∑p(x)=1.
(Melosantos et al, 2016).

LO5: Constructs the probability mass function of a discrete random variable and its corresponding
histogram.
Concept:
Steps (Belecina et al, 2016)
1. Make a table to construct a probability mass function
2. First row for the number of values of an experiment and second row is for the probabilities.
3. In constructing histogram, plot the values of the random variable along the horizontal axis
4. Plot the probabilities along the vertical axis.

LO6: Computes the probabilities corresponding to a given random variable.

Concept:
Steps (Belecina et al, 2016)
1. Determine the sample space of an experiment.
2. Count the number of experiment in each outcome in the sample space and assign this number
to these outcomes.
3. Make a table and assign probability values P(X) to each values of the random variable.

LO7: Illustrates the mean and variance of a discrete random variable.

7.1: Illustrates the mean of a discrete random variable. (Belecina et al, 2016).
7.2: Illustrates the variance of a discrete random variable. (Belecina et al, 2016).
Concept:
7.1: Illustrates the mean of a discrete random variable. (Belecina et al, 2016).
Formula for the Mean of the Probability Distribution.
The mean of a random variable with a discrete probability distribution is:
µ = X1·P(X1)+X2·P(X2)+X3·P(X3)+…, + Xn·P(Xn) or
µ = ∑ 𝑥 · 𝑃(𝑋)
Where:
 X1·X2·X3 …, + Xn = are the values of random variable X; and
P(X1), P(X2), P(X3) …, P(Xn) = are the corresponding probabilities.

7.2: Illustrates the variance of a discrete random variable. (Belecina et al, 2016).
Formula for the Variance and Standard Deviation of a Discrete Probability Distribution.
The variance of a discrete probability is given by the formula:
𝜎 2 = ∑(𝑋 − µ)2 · 𝑃(𝑋)
The standard deviation of a discrete probability is given by the formula:
σ = √∑(𝑋 − µ)2 · 𝑃(𝑋)
Where:
X = value of the random variable.
P(X) = probability of the random variable X.
µ = mean of the probability distribution.

LO8: Calculates the mean and variance of a discrete random variable.

8.1: Calculates the mean of a discrete random variable. (Belecina et al, 2016).
8.2: Calculates the variance of a discrete random variable. (Belecina et al, 2016).

Concept:
8.1: Calculates the mean of a discrete random variable. (Belecina et al, 2016).
Steps in calculating the mean:
1. Construct the probability distribution for the random variable X representing the number of spots
that would appear.
2. Multiply the value of the random variable X by the corresponding probability.
3. Add the result obtained in step 2.

8.2: Calculates the variance of a discrete random variable. (Belecina et al, 2016).
Steps in calculating the variance:
1. Find the mean of the probability distribution using the formula 𝑥̅ =∑ 𝑥 × 𝑝(𝑥)
2. Subtract the mean from each value of the random variable X.
3. Square the result obtained in step 2.
4. Multiply the results obtained in step 3 by the corresponding probability.
5. Get the sum of the results in step 4

LOG9: Interprets the mean and variance of discrete random variable.

Concept:
 The histogram below shows the probability distribution for a random variable x. find the mean
and variance of x. p(x)
1

0.5

0
1 2 3 4

To get the mean;

𝑥̅ =∑ 𝑥 × 𝑝(𝑥)
𝑥̅ =1(. 2) + 2(. 7) + 3(. 2) + 4(.1)
𝑥̅ =2.6
Interpretation;
It is important to note that the mean of the random variable is different from the mean of the
values of x. the mean that we have just computed is also different from the mean of the individual
probabilities.
To get the variance;
σ2 = ∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2 . 𝑝(𝑥)
σ2 = (1 − 2.6)2 (. 2) + (2 − 2.6)2 (. 7) + (3 − 2.6)2 + (4 − 2.6)2 (.1)
σ2 = 0.512 + 0.252 + 0.032 + 0.196
σ2 = 0.992
Interpretation;
The variance is very close to 1. A high numerical value for the variance, such as the in this
example, may be brought about by the fact that the probability of 0.7 for some outcomes varies greatly
from the probability of 0.1 for other outcomes. (Melosantos et al, 2016).

LOG10: Solves the problems involving mean and variance of probability distributions.
10.1: Solves the problems involving mean of probability distributions. (Belecina et al, 2016).
10.2: Solves the problems involving variance of probability distributions. (Belecina et al, 2016).

Concept:
10.1: Solves the problems involving mean of probability distributions. (Belecina et al, 2016).
Example: Consider rolling a die. What is the average number of spots that would appear?

Steps Solution
1. Construct the probability distribution for the No. of Spot X Probability P(X)
 random variable X representing the number 1 1
6
of spots that would appear. 1
2
6

3 1
6

4 1
6

5 1
6

6 1
6

2. Multiply the value of the random variable X No. of Spot X Probability P(X) X·P(X)
by the corresponding probability. 1 1 1
6 6

2 1 2
6 6

3 1 3
6 6

4 1 4
6 6

5 1 5
6 6

6 1 6
6 6

3. Add the result obtained in step 2. No. of Spot X Probability P(X) X·P(X)
1 1 1
6 6

2 1 2
6 6

3 1 3
6 6

4 1 4
6 6

5 1 5
6 6

6 1 6
6 6
21
∑ 𝑥 · 𝑃(𝑋) = = 3.5
6

10.2: Solves the problems involving variance of probability distributions. (Belecina et al, 2016).
Example: When three coins are tossed, the probability distribution for the random variable X
representing the number of heads that occurs is given below.

Numbers of head X Probability P(X)

 0 1
8

1 3
8

2 6
8

3 1
8

Steps solution
1. Find the mean of the probability distribution No. of head X Probability P(X) X·P(X)
using the formula 𝑥̅ =∑ 𝑥 × 𝑝(𝑥) 0 1 0
8

1 3 3
8 8

2 3 6
8 8

3 1 3
8 8
12
∑ 𝑥 · 𝑃(𝑋) = = 1.5
8

2. Multiply the square of the value of the No. of head Probability X·P(X) X2·P(X)
random variable by its corresponding X P(X)
probability. 0 1 0 1
8
02 - 8=0

1 3 3 3 3
8 8
12 - 8=8

2 3 6 3 12
8 8
22 - 8= 8

3 1 3 1 9
8 8
32 - 8=8

3. Get the sum of the results of obtained in No. of head Probability X·P(X) X2·P(X)
step 2. X P(X)
0 1 0 1
8
02 - 8=0

1 3 3 3 3
12 - =
8 8 8 8

2 3 6 3 12
8 8
22 - 8= 8

3 1 3 1 9
8 8
32 - 8=8
24
∑ 𝑥 · 𝑃(𝑋) = =3
8

4. Subtract the square of the mean from the The variance is given by;
result obtained in step 3 to get the variance 𝜎 2 = ∑ 𝑥 2 · 𝑃(𝑋) − µ2
of a probability distribution is given by 𝜎 2 = 3 − (1.5)2
𝜎 2 = ∑ 𝑥 2 · 𝑃(𝑋) − µ2 𝜎 2 = 0.75
 The standard deviation is the square root of The standard deviation is;
the variance. σ= √0.75
σ= √∑ 𝑥 2 · 𝑃(𝑋) − µ2 σ= 0.87

LOG11: Illustrate a normal curve distribution and its characteristics.

Concept:
Properties of the Normal Probability Distribution

µ
1. The distribution curve is bell-shaped.
2. The curve is symmetrical about its center.
3. The mean, median and the mode coincide at the center.
4. The width of the curve is determined by the standard deviation of distribution.
5. The tails of the curve flatten out indefinitely along the horizontal axis, always approaching the
axis but never touching it. That is, the curve is asymptotic to the base line.
6. The area under the curve is 1. Thus, it represents the probability or proportion or the percentage
associated with specific sets of measurements values. (Belecina, 2016).
 The equation that describes a normal curve is: (Belecina, 2016).
1 𝑋−µ 2
𝑒 ( )
2 𝜎
Y=
𝜎√2𝜋

Where:
Y = height of the curve particularly values of X
X = any score in the distribution
σ = standard deviation of the population
µ = mean of the population
π = 3.1416
e = 2.7183
LOG12: Constructs a normal curve.
Concept:
NORMAL CURVE
0.9974

0.6826

0.9544
-3 -2 -1 µ=0 1 2 3

LOG13: Identifies regions under the normal curve corresponding to different standard normal values.
Concept:
AREAS UNDER THE NORMAL CURVE
As an Empirical Rule, we should remember the following: (Banghonoy et al, 2017)

x-3σ x-2σ x-σ x x+σ x+2σ x+3σ

68%
95%
99.7%

1. The area enclosed by the curve and the x-axis is equal to 1.

2. Regions under the curve approximate probabilities that random values fall in particular ranges.
3. The curve is symmetric. The area to the right of 0 is equal to the area to the left of 0. That is,
50% of the area is to the left of the mean and 50% of the area is to the right of the mean.
4. About 68% of the values are within 1 standard deviations of the mean. About 95% of the values
are within 2 standard deviation of the mean. About 99.8% of the value is within 3 standard
deviations of the mean.
5. Using the curve and corresponding table details converting an observed value x to its z-score.
The z-score measures how many standard deviation σ an observed score x is from the mean 𝑥̅ .
𝑥−𝑥̅
To compute the standard deviation scores, we use the formula z= . (Melosantos et al, 2016)
𝜎

Steps in identifying Areas under the Normal Curve

 1. Use a cardboard model to draw a normal curve.
2. Locate the given z=value or values at the base line.
3. Draw a vertical line through these values.
4. Shade the required region. Find models, if any.
5. Consults the z- Table to find the areas that correspond to the given z-values.
6. Examine the graph and use probability notation to form to form an equation showing an
appropriate operation to get the required area.
Make a statement indicating the required area. (Belecina et al, 2016).

LOG14: Converts a normal random variable to a standard normal variable and vice versa.
Concept:
To transform a normal random variable X to a standard normal random variable Z, use the
following equation:

(𝑥−𝑥̅ )
Z= 𝜎
, where mean (𝑥̅ ) and σ are the mean of X standard deviation of X respectively. To

convert the standard normal random variable Z to a normal random variable X with specified mean µ
standard deviation s, use the following equation:
X=µ+zσ for computing of a raw score above the mean and X=µ+(-z)σ for computing a raw score
below the mean. (Belecina et al, 2016)

LOG15: Computes probabilities and percentile using the standard normal table.
Concept:
Steps to compute probabilities:
Illustrative example: The weighs of 1,000 children average 50 kg and the standard deviation is 5 kg.
How many children weigh between 40 kg and 55 kg?
1. Draw a normal curve with six z score.
2. Use the formula µ±(z)(σ) to determine the six raw score that correspond to the six z-scores.
3. Place the raw score under the corresponding raw scores.
4. What z-score corresponds to 40?
5. What z-score correspond to 55?
6. Find the total area between the z-values that correspond to 40 and 50.
7. Multiply the total area by 1,000 (the total number of children). Round up to the nearest whole
number.
8. Make a concluding statement.
Illustrative example: Find the 95th percentile of a normal curve.
1. Draw the appropriate normal curve.
 2. Express the given percentage as probability.
3. Split 0.9500 into 0.5000 and 0.4500.
4. Shade 0.5000 of the sketch of the normal curve in step 1.
5. Refer to the table of areas under the normal curve. Locate the area 0.4500 in the body of the
table.
6. Find the z-score that correspond to 0.4500 on the leftmost column.
7. Find the z – value that corresponds to 0.4505.
8. Find the z – value that corresponds to 0.4495.
9. Find the average of the two z–values.
10. Locate z = 1.645 under the curve in step 1 and make a statement.
11. Draw a line through under the curve in step 1.
12. Shade the region to the left of z=1.645
13. Describe the shaded region.

Reference:
 Belecina., R., Baccay. E., and Mateo., E. (2016). Statistics and Probability (First edition).
865 Nicanor Reyes Sr. St., Sampaloc, Manila: Rex Book Store Inc.
 Melosantos., L. A., Antonio., J. Robles., S., and Bruce., R. (2016). Math Connections in
the Digital Age: Statistics and Probability. Quezon City: Sibs Publishing House, Inc.