Microsoft Disk Operating System, MS-DOS is a non-graphical command line

operating system derived from 86-DOS that was created for IBM compatible
computers. MS-DOS originally written by Tim Paterson and introduced by
Microsoft in August 1981and was last updated in 1994 when MS-DOS 6.22 was
released. MS-DOS allows the user to navigate, open, and otherwise manipulate
files on their computer from a command line instead of a GUI like Windows.

198 Microsoft bought the rights for QDOS from SCP (Seattle Computer Products)
1 27, 1981.
198 MS-DOS 1.0 (the first version) was released in August 1981.
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198 MS-DOS 1.25 was released in August 1982.
2
198 MS-DOS 2.0 was released in March 1983.
3
198 Microsoft introduces MS-DOS 3.0 for the IBM PC AT and MS-DOS 3.1 for netw
4
198 MS-DOS 3.2 was released in April 1986.
6
198 MS-DOS 3.3 was released in April 1987.
7
198 MS-DOS 4.0 was released in July 1988.
8
198 MS-DOS 4.01 was released in November 1988.
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199 MS-DOS 5.0 was released in June 1991.
1
199 MS-DOS 6.0 was released in August 1993.
3
199 MS-DOS 6.2 was released in November 1993.
3
199MS-DOS 6.21 was released in March 1994.
198 Microsoft bought the rights for QDOS from SCP (Seattle Computer Products)
1 27, 1981.
4
199 MS-DOS 6.22 was released in April 1994 and was the last standalone version
4
199 With the introduction of Windows 95 on August 24, 1995, when using the ver
5 Windows Command Prompt it would return MS-DOS version 7.0.

What is an Operating System?

An operating system is a software which acts as an interface between the end user
and computer hardware. Every computer must have at least one OS to run other
programs. An application like Chrome, MS Word, Games, etc needs some
environment in which it will run and perform its task.

The OS helps you to communicate with the computer without knowing how to
speak the computer's language. It is not possible for the user to use any computer
or mobile device without having an operating system.

Simple Batch Systems

In this type of system, there is no direct interaction between user and the
computer.

The user has to submit a job (written on cards or tape) to a computer operator.

Then computer operator places a batch of several jobs on an input device.

Jobs are batched together by type of languages and requirement.

Then a special program, the monitor, manages the execution of each program in the
batch.

The monitor is always in the main memory and available for execution.

Advantages of Simple Batch Systems

No interaction between user and computer.

No mechanism to prioritise the processes.

Multiprogramming OS

In this the operating system picks up and begins to execute one of the jobs from
memory.

Once this job needs an I/O operation operating system switches to another job
(CPU and OS always busy).

Jobs in the memory are always less than the number of jobs on disk(Job Pool).

If several jobs are ready to run at the same time, then the system chooses which
one to run through the process of CPU Scheduling.

In Non-multiprogrammed system, there are moments when CPU sits idle and does
not do any work.

In Multiprogramming system, CPU will never be idle and keeps on processing.

Time-Sharing Operating Systems

Each task is given some time to execute, so that all the tasks work smoothly. Each
user gets time of CPU as they use single system. These systems are also known as
Multitasking Systems. The task can be from single user or from different users
also. The time that each task gets to execute is called quantum. After this time
interval is over OS switches over to next task.
Advantages of Time-Sharing OS:
Each task gets an equal opportunity
Less chances of duplication of software
CPU idle time can be reduced
Disadvantages of Time-Sharing OS:
Reliability problem
One must have to take care of security and integrity of user programs and data
Data communication problem
Examples of Time-Sharing OSs are: Multics, Unix etc.
3. Distributed Operating System –
These types of operating system is a recent advancement in the world of computer
technology and are being widely accepted all-over the world and, that too, with a
great pace. Various autonomous interconnected computers communicate each other
using a shared communication network. Independent systems possess their own
memory unit and CPU. These are referred as loosely coupled systems or
distributed systems. These system’s processors differ in size and function. The
major benefit of working with these types of operating system is that it is always
possible that one user can access the files or software which are not actually
present on his system but on some other system connected within this network i.e.,
remote access is enabled within the devices connected in that network.
Advantages of Distributed Operating System:
Failure of one will not affect the other network communication, as all systems
are independent from each other
Electronic mail increases the data exchange speed
Since resources are being shared, computation is highly fast and durable
Load on host computer reduces
These systems are easily scalable as many systems can be easily added to the
network
Delay in data processing reduces
Disadvantages of Distributed Operating System:
Failure of the main network will stop the entire communication
To establish distributed systems the language which are used are not well
defined yet
 These types of systems are not readily available as they are very expensive.
Not only that the underlying software is highly complex and not understood
well yet
Examples of Distributed Operating System are- LOCUS etc.

Real Time Operating System

It is defined as an operating system known to give maximum time for each of the
critical operations that it performs, like OS calls and interrupt handling.
The Real-Time Operating system which guarantees the maximum time for critical
operations and complete them on time are referred to as Hard Real-Time
Operating Systems.
While the real-time operating systems that can only guarantee a maximum of the
time, i.e. the critical task will get priority over other tasks, but no assurity of
completeing it in a defined time. These systems are referred to as Soft Real-Time
Operating Systems.
Advantages of RTOS:
Maximum Consumption: Maximum utilization of devices and system,thus
more output from all the resources
Task Shifting: Time assigned for shifting tasks in these systems are very less.
For example in older systems it takes about 10 micro seconds in shifting one
task to another and in latest systems it takes 3 micro seconds.
Focus on Application: Focus on running applications and less importance to
applications which are in queue.
Real time operating system in embedded system: Since size of programs
are small, RTOS can also be used in embedded systems like in transport and
others.
Error Free: These types of systems are error free.
Memory Allocation: Memory allocation is best managed in these type of
systems.
Disadvantages of RTOS:
Limited Tasks: Very few tasks run at the same time and their concentration is
very less on few applications to avoid errors.
Use heavy system resources: Sometimes the system resources are not so
good and they are expensive as well.
Complex Algorithms: The algorithms are very complex and difficult for the
designer to write on.
Device driver and interrupt signals: It needs specific device drivers and
interrupt signals to response earliest to interrupts.
 Thread Priority: It is not good to set thread priority as these systems are very
less prone to switching tasks.
Examples of Real-Time Operating Systems are: Scientific experiments, medical
imaging systems, industrial control systems, weapon systems, robots, air traffic
control systems, etc.

Multitasking OS:- term used in a modern computer system. Multitasking is a

logical extension of multiprogramming system that supports multiple programs to
run concurrently. In multitasking more than one task are executed at the same time.
In this technique the multiple tasks, also known as processes, share common
processing resources such as a CPU. In the case of a computer with single CPU,
only one job can be processed at a time. Multitasking solves the problem by
scheduling and deciding which task should be the running task and when a waiting
task should get turn. This attempt is done with the help of interrupt (a signal) which
is attended by CPU by keeping the current activity aside, saves its present status in
buffer and returns to another important job whatever task it was doing earlier. The
act of re-assigning a CPU from one task to another one is known as context switch.
A multi-tasking operating system is characterized by its capability to support the
concurrent execution of more than one task. This is achieved by simultaneous
management of several processes in the main memory at the same time and by
availing I/O resources amongst the active tasks. The multi-tasking OS monitors the
state of all the tasks and of the system resources.

Advantages of the multitasking operating system (MOS)

Timesharing:

Time-sharing is the main concept and benefit of MOS. All tasks are given a
suitable amount of time and no waiting time occurs for the CPU.

Handle multiple users:

Multiple users running multiple programs can be best handled by MOS. All
programs run smoothly without a glitch in performance. All users of OS are given
a suitable amount of time.

Protected memory:

Memory is better managed in MOS. Unauthorized applications are not given

permission to overuse memory.
Disadvantages of the multitasking operating system (MOS)

There are some drawbacks of MOS also. Some of them are discussed below:

Limitation of memory:

When a computer user opens many programs at a time, the computer becomes
slow. The reason behind is that many programs are loaded into main memory and
CPU cannot give good time for each program and response time of completing the
job becomes higher. Computers with low RAM usually face this problem. One
solution to this is to increase your RAM capacity.

Limitation of the processor:

If the processor is slow in the computer then it can process programs slow and
manage multiple programs takes longer time. Some heavy programs cannot run
smoothly on the slow processor because they need more processing powers.

CPU heat up:

By doing multitasking, the processor becomes busy all the time and CPU heats up.
To solve this problem you have to attach the cooling system to your CPU. This
normally happens when you play heavy games on your PC.