8-SPSCI

CHEMISTRY

the study of matter, its properties, how and why substances combine or separate to
form other substances, and how substances interact with energy
MATTER
Anything that has mass and occupies space
MASS
a measure of the amount of matter in an object.
VOLUME
measure of the amount of space occupied by that object
TIMELINE-DISCOVERY ON THE COMPOSITION OF MATTER
ALMOST 2500 YRS. AGO
- LEUCIPPUS & DEMOCRITUS
believed that nature consisted of two things, “ atoms & the void that
surrounds them”
Believed that atoms are physically , but not geometrically indivisible
DEMOCRITUS
Had the idea that there are many different kinds of atoms & each of them had
specific shape & size and that all atoms move randomly around in space

Believed that any piece of matter can be divided and subdivided into very
small particles but that this process ended at some point when a piece is
reached that could not be further divided.

“Atomos”- Greek word which means indivisible particle

JOHN DALTON
Presented a concrete evidence that all matter is made of very small particles
called atoms.
ATOM
Smallest particle of an element that has all the properties of an element

DALTONS ATOMIC THEORY

1. All matter is made up of very small particles (atoms) that are indivisible.
2. All atoms of a particular element are identical. Different elements have
different atoms.
3. Compounds are made up of atoms of different elements.
4. Atoms cannot created, destroyed or changed into a different atom.
5. In a chemical reaction, atoms join, separate or rearrange themselves to
form new substances.

STATES OF MATTER
1. Solid
2. Liquid
3. Gas
4. Plasma
5. Bose Einstein Condensate
6. Fermionic Condensate

PROPERTIES OF A SOLID

1.Density- Ratio of mass per unit volume

2. Crystalline Solids- A solid whose atoms, ions or molecules are arranged in

an orderly, geometric , three-dimensional structure.

3. Crystalline Solids- A solid whose atoms, ions or molecules are arranged in

an orderly, geometric , three-dimensional structure.

7 CLASSIFICATIONS OF CRYSTAL BASED ON THEIR SHAPES

1. Cubic
Ex. Fluorite

2. Tetragonal
Ex. Rutile

3. Orthorombic
Ex. Barite
4. Triclinic
Ex. Rhodonite

5. Hexagonal
Ex. Corundum

6. Rhombohedral
Ex. Calcite

7. Monoclinic
Ex. Borax

3. Metallic Solids
- Consisting of positive metal ions surrounded by sea of mobile electrons

Mobile electrons
- Malleable
- Ductile
Good conductor of heat & electricity

4.Amorphous Solids
- Particles are not arranged in a regular or repeating pattern
- Forms when a molten metal cools too quickly to allow enough time for
crystals to form

Ex. Glass
rubber
plastics
PROPERTIES OF LIQUID
1. Fluidity
- The ability to flow
Ex. Liquid
Gas

2. Viscosity
- A measure of the resistance of a liquid to flow

Factors:
- Types of intermolecular forces
- shape of the molecules
temperature
3. Surface Tension
- Energy required to increase the surface area of a liquid by given amount
Surfactants
- Compounds that lower the surface tension of water
- Ex. Soaps & detergents

4. Capillary Action-ascension of liquids through slim tube, cylinder or permeable

substance due to adhesive and cohesive forces interacting between the liquid and
the surface

5. Density
The density of a liquid with constant volume varies according to its weight.

PROPERTIES OF GAS
1. Volume
- Do not have definite volume
- Measured using calibrated tube called burette.
SI UNIT
- Cubic meter
Common :
Liter, milliliter, cubic centimetre

2. Pressure
- Amount of force per unit area
- SI Unit : Pascal (Pa)

Pressure Barometer- instrument used to measure pressure

Pressure
Other units:
- Atmosphere (atm)
- torr

3. Temperature
- A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of
matter.
-Temperature & Volume
- Temperature & pressure

DIFFERENCES AMONG THE 3 PHYSICAL STATES OF

MATTER
CHARACTERISTCS SHAPE
SOLID LIQUID
Definite shape No definite shape; takes the shape of its container

GAS
No definite shape; takes the shape of the container

CHARACTERISTCS VOLUME
SOLID
Definite volume

LIQUID
Definite volume

GAS
No definite volume

CHARACTERISTICS COMPRESIBILITY
SOLID
Cannot be compressed appreciably by moderate high pressure
LIQUID
Can be compressed appreciably by moderate high pressure
GAS
Can be compressed or expanded as pressure is increased or decreased
CHARACTERISTICS EXPANSION
SOLID
Very slight expansion during heating
LIQUID
Slight expansion during heating
GAS
Great expansion during heating

CHARACTERISTICS DENSITY
SOLID
High Density
LIQUID
Medium Density Or high density
GAS
Low Density

PLASMA-- A hot ionized gas which allows both positive charged ion & negative
charged electron to coexist.
sun, stars, planets & certain planetary moons - consist of plasma
Earth
- Lightning volts, auroras & fluorescent light

BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE
-predicted by Albert Einstein & Satyendra Nath Bose
Eric Cornell & Carl Wieman-Realized the concept of BEC

How?
-They refrigerated the boson particles in a very low temperature.
Result
-Cold bosons merge to form a single super particle that is more like wave than
ordinary speck of matter

Characteristics
- Fragile & light
- more ordered than solid
All atoms behaving in the same way

FERMIONIC CONDENSATE
Deborah Jin- discovered the FC, physicist
- NASA supported researcher
December 2003
How?
Created the substance by cooling a cloud of 500,000 potassium-40 atoms to
less than a millionth of a degree above absolute zero.
- They are cold.
- Atoms : fermions

2 PROPERTIES OF MATTER

1.Physical Property-Can be observed without changing the substance into

another substance
- Melting Point
- Boiling Point
- Odor
- Color
- Taste
- Solubility
- Density
- hardness
- Softness
- Volatility
- Ductility
- Malleability
- Viscosity
- Physical state
- Heat conductivity
- Electrical conductivity
Ex.
- Melting point of ice
- Dissolving of brown sugar in water

2. Chemical Property-characteristics that can be observed when the

substance undergoes a change in its composition
-evident when a substance reacts with another substance
Ex.
- Electrolysis of water
- rusting of iron
- Magnesium react with oxygen and produce a bright light.
2 CLASSIFICATIONS OF MATTER
- Pure substance-Forms of matter that have definite and unchanging
chemical composition
Classified :
1. Elements
2. Compounds

ELEMENTS
- Substances that are made up of only one type of atom
EX. OF ELEMENTS
Oxygen
- The most abundant element in the earth’s crust
Silicon
- The second abundant element in the earth’s crust

ELEMENTS IN A HUMAN

ELEMENTS IN THE EARTH’S CRUST, WATER & ATMOSPHERE

SOME IMPORTANT ELEMENTS IN THE HUMAN BODY

Calcium
- Found in compounds in bones, teeth & body fluid

Phosphorus
- About 85 % in combination with calcium in bones & teeth.

- Incorporated in compounds in body fluids , DNA & RNA in cells

Sodium
- Found in extracellular fluids, cellular fluids
- Involved in transmission of nerve impulses
Chlorine
-found in extracellular fluids
- Gastric juices in stomach
Potassium
-major element found in cellular fluids
- Transmission of nerve impulses
Sulfur
- Found in amino acids & proteins of the body
Iron
- Important component of blood hemoglobin
-component on muscle myoglobin stored in compounds found in liver, spleen
& bones

Zinc
- Element required for the function of many enzymes
Iodine
- Needed by thyroid gland to produce the hormone thyroxine

RADIO ACTIVE ELEMNTS

Cobalt-60
- Used in gamma radiation to treat cancer
Cobalt-60 & Cesium-137
- Used to irradiate food using gamma rays in retarding the growth of
organisms such as bacteria, molds & yeast

COMPOUNDS-Substances that are made up of more than one type of atom

Ex. Water, carbon dioxide, table salt
- Chemically combined
MIXTURE-Substances that are made up of more than one type of atom
Ex. Water, carbon dioxide, table salt
- Chemically combined
Ex.
Rubbing alcohol

TYPES:
Homogeneous-Have uniform appearance throughout
Heterogeneous-f or denoting a process involving substances in different phases (solid,
liquid, or gaseous)

SOLUTION
- Homogeneous mixture of two or more substances in variable composition
Parts:
-Solute: w/c gets dissolved
-Solvent: w/c does the dissolving
Ex.
1. Salt water

MIXTURE
Can be separated by PHYSICAL MEANS:
- Filtration
- Evaporation
- Sublimation
- Distillation
- Decantation
- Crystallization
use of sieves & magnets

FILTRATION
SUBLIMATION

DISTILLATION

DECANTATION
CRYSTALLIZATION

MIXTURE-Can be separated by CHEMICAL METHODS:

- Heating using electricity
Light energy to decompose a substance

HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE
Made up of more than one phase or different parts & can be separated by
physical means
EX.SALAD,OIL WATER

KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY

1.All matter are made up of tiny particles called atoms, or atoms that are
joined to form molecules.
2. These particles are in constant and random motion.
3. Particles in motion possess kinetic energy.
4. There is a transfer of energy between particles(atoms & molecules) during
collision among them.
5. Particles (molecules) in gases do not exert large forces on each other unless
they are in collision with each other.
6. Collisions between these particles are perfectly elastic.
7. Molecular motion is greatest in gases, less in liquids and least in solids.

CHANGES OF MATTER
-Physical Change-Occurs when the composition of the substance in question is
not altered in the process.

Ex. Change in physical state

-Sharpening of metal knife

- mowing a grass
- subliming of dry ice
-tearing a piece of tin oil
-Inflating a volleyball
-Cloud formation in the sky

-Chemical Change-Occurs when the composition of the substance is changed

into a substance having physical & chemical properties completely different
from the original.

-Change of color , odor , taste or release of gas

Ex.
Green unripe banana ripens to become yellow & sweet
- Chemical reaction changes starch to sugar

EX. When a meat is barbecued, the color, taste & texture changes to become
an appetizing and edible food
Ex.
3.electrolysis

Ex.
4.Burning of paper

Ex.

5. Converting pineapple juice into vinegar