Bridge Monitoring

Boat Height Prediction
Abstract
Bridge monitoring system is significant to health diagnosis of railway bridges. This paper
proposed and developed a novel architecture for large span bridge monitoring. A 3-level
distributed structure is adopted in the monitoring system which includes central
server, intelligent acquisition node and local controller. Acquisition nodes are located
across the bridge. All the acquisition nodes are managed by one local controller. Every
acquisition node has 8 channels which can sample displacement, acceleration and strain
of bridge. To get high precision data, a 10 bits A/D converter . Compare to the traditional
method, the proposed architecture has two features. First, the acquisition node is a smart
device based on powerful DSP processor. Signals of field sensors are analyzed and real
time compressed in the acquisition node. Only the processing results are sent to local
controller through IEEE802.11 wireless network. This operation can relieve load of
central server and decrease demand of communication bandwidth. Second, 2G wireless
network is utilized to provide enough bandwidth for real-time data transmission between
local controller and central server. The intelligent monitoring system has run on a large
span railway bridge for six months. Running results show that the proposed system is
stable and effective.
Based on the evaluation of bridge-waters area safety and the analysis of safety influence
factors, this paper studied the bridge-waters area ship safety and developed the ship safety
navigation system by GPS, wireless networks, embedded and predictive control
technologies, which could lead the ships to navigate safely by recognizing the channel.
This system can receive the position correction parameters from the GPS reference
station; then acquire the accurate location, speed, heading, trajectory and other
parameters; and send these information to the shore-base ship navigation administration
subsystem; at last, it will judge the distance between the ship and the bridge and predict
the navigation channel by artificial intelligence, fuzzy control and other techniques to lead
the ship to pass through the bridge at safety speed and the correct shipping line.
Therefore, this system can avoid the ship-bridge collision accidents initiatively.
1
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Several people in India die due to lack of diagnosis in ﬁrst place and non-availability of
medicine on time. Problem arise when need of some medicine is urgent and drug stores
are not open or drug is not available in stock, especially during night time. In remote
areas, rural areas and places where public turnover is less, the availability of medicines
within the patient’s reach is a critical issue. These are some of the main problems that are
being faced by the society in present scenario. To overcome these problems, ATM (ANY
TIME MEDICINE) is used and will help in providing the medicines 24x7. The device is
designed taking under concern, such as lack of poverty and illiteracy in India.
Automated dispensing machines decentralized medication distribution systems that

provide computer-controlled storage, dispensing, and tracking of medications have been
recommended as one potential mechanism to improve efficiency and patient safety, and
they are now widely used in many hospitals. Automated dispensing machines provide
secure medication storage on patient care units, along with electronic tracking of the use
of narcotics and other controlled medicines.Health ATM will be having many benefits
over the present system as it will be an integrated machine that will provide solutions to
all medical problems, requiring very small space for installation and working. It will also
help government hospitals such as AIIMS in providing their services to the people living
in the different areas including rural .
Railway and highway bridge systems are critical in many regions, and can consist of
several tens of thousands of bridges, being used over several decades. It is critical to have
a system to monitor the health of these bridges and report when and where maintenance
operations are needed. Advancements in sensor technology have brought the automated
real-time bridge health monitoring system. Many long span bridges in Korea and in Japan
have adopted this real-time health monitoring system. However, current system uses
complicated and high cost wired network amongst sensors in the bridge and high cost
optical cable between the bridge and the management centre, which increases the overall
cost of installation and maintenance cost of health monitoring system. The complicated
wiring also makes the installation and repair/replacement process difficult and expensive.
2
In this project an idea of bridge health monitoring system using wireless is

proposed. For short distance (among sensors in the bridge) RF module is used as wireless
network, and GSM is used for long distance (between the bridge and the management
centre) data communication. This technology can be called MBM (Monitoring Based
Maintenance) that enables the bridge maintenance engineers monitor the condition of the
bridge in real time. The sensors installed on various parts of the bridge monitors the bend,
beam sustainability, weight of the Train etc. At any point of time if any of these
parameters cross their threshold value the communication system informs the
management centre giving an alarm for taking precautionary measures. The complete
parameters of the bridge are taken by an ARM processor and sent to another module
which is located in a short distance. Here the communication established is using RF
module that uses wireless Transmitter and Receiver circuitry. The receiver module takes
the parameters from the transmitter and sends a message with all the parameters to a
database centre. The communication established between the intermediate module and the
database centre is using GSM technology. The sensory inputs are process to represent the
condition of the bridge against seismic loads, loads etc.
Existing System:
Presently there is no such monitoring and controlling system available for bridges and Fly
overs. Even if some monitoring system is there then very traditional way is followed
where the processed data at the bridges will be sent using wired data transfer which is
having drawbacks with respect to reliability and range. Also manually one has to examine
the bridges by watching them carefully. It may lead for any human errors. All the heavily
weighted vehicles are allowed to move on the bridges that is leading for the damage of
bridges.
Proposed System:
Proposed System mainly deals with Height of prediction of bridges , water level
monitoring ,pressure below the bridges. It deals with comparison between bridge height
and the boat height and predicts weather boat can cross the bridge or not. It also deals
3
with measurement of flow sensors i.e to predict pressure below bridges and intimates the
boat owners weather it is safe to cross the bridge or not. It even measures overflow
condition and also the earthquake parameters and closes the bridge if it is not a safe
condition.
Motivation:
On 4th Aug 2016, an old bridge connecting to the Mumbai-Goa Highway Collapsed.
The bridge collapsed around Mid Night. In this accident 29 people were died and 10
Vehicles fall down into the river.The searching operation of finding vehicle and dead
bodies carried about 15 days. If this proposed system invented earlier to this accident,
we would have been able to save those lives.
4
Chapter 2
PREAMBLE
Existing System:
Presently there is no such monitoring and controlling system available for bridges and Fly
overs. Even if some monitoring system is there then very traditional way is followed
where the processed data at the bridges will be sent using wired data transfer which is
having drawbacks with respect to reliability and range. Also manually one has to examine
the bridges by watching them carefully. It may lead for any human errors. All the heavily
weighted vehicles are allowed to move on the bridges that is leading for the damage of
bridges.
Proposed System:
Proposed System mainly deals with Height of prediction of bridges , water level
monitoring ,pressure below the bridges. It deals with comparison between bridge height
and the boat height and predicts weather boat can cross the bridge or not. It also deals
with measurement of flow sensors i.e to predict pressure below bridges and intimates the
boat owners weather it is safe to cross the bridge or not. It even measures overflow
condition and also the earthquake parameters and closes the bridge if it is not a safe
condition.
5
CHAPTER 3
Literature Survey
[1] The system developed in this study adopts the IoT and WSN technologies. The system
is composed of five major subsystems: (1) monitoring units; (2) photovoltaic units; (3)
wireless communication system; (4) bridge safety monitoring server system.
Each monitoring unit is like a microcomputer, equipped with a sensor, a computing

device and a wireless transmission device. The units can monitor and collect data of the
conditions of four important factors in a bridge environment: water level, water pressure,
pipeline and gas, and then process the data through simple computing before sending the
processed data to the data storage server via wireless transmission.
The photovoltaic (PV) units convert solar energy into electrical power. The solar power is
stored in the batteries and serves as a supplement to the power grid to power the bridge
safety monitoring system and the bridge lamps.
The data collected by the sensors are transmitted using the ZigBee technology to the
server. The decisions made by the system, related analysis contents and alert messages
are all transmitted by the server system via the internet to the management center and
mobile devices of management staff for them to have real-time and comprehensive
understanding of the bridge’s surrounding environment and keep records of the data for
appropriate responses when a disaster occurs.
[2] According to this paper, this system consists of Wi-Fi Module through which the
status of the overall bridge will be sent to the monitoring system. Vibration sensor senses
the condition of bridge, whether it is in better condition or not.Water level Transmitter
sensor is used to sense the water level status.If water level is increased or the bridge
vibrates then barriers with servo motor will close(the gates of the bridge are closed). All
the necessary information related to status of the bridge are transmitted to the server and
database, to the users to have real time monitoring of the bridge conditions via mobile
telecommunication devices.
6
[3] The bridge vibration monitoring system is mainly composed of the site monitoring
station and remote monitoring centre, as shown in. The site monitoring station consists of
vibrating-wire sensor monitoring device, ZigBee wireless sensor network, slave computer
and GPRS wireless communication module; the remote monitoring centre consists of
GPRS module and host computer. The ZigBee wireless sensor network is composed of
various sensor nodes and coordinator nodes in linear structure. The sensor nodes transmit
the data acquired by each vibrating wire sensor monitoring device to the coordinator
nodes wirelessly and store in the slave computer, which is connected with GPRS module
via serial port RS-232 to send the monitoring data to the remote monitoring centre via
GPRS network. The GPRS module in the monitoring centre is connected with the central
server of the host computer viaserial port RS-232 to store, analyze and process the
acquired monitoring data, and give alarm signal at the preset vibration acceleration and
vibration amplitude threshold.
7
CHAPTER 4
SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND REQUIREMENTS
Introduction
Analysis is the process of breaking a complex topic or substance into smaller parts
to gain a better understanding of it. Analysts in the field of engineering look at
requirements, structures, mechanisms, and systems dimensions. Analysis is an
exploratory activity.
The Analysis Phase is where the project lifecycle begins. The Analysis
Phase is where you break down the deliverables in the high-level Project Charter
into the more detailed business requirements. The Analysis Phase is also the part of
the project where you identify the overall direction that the project will take through
the creation of the project strategy documents.
Gathering requirements is the main attraction of the Analysis Phase. The

process of gathering requirements is usually more than simply asking the users what
they need and writing their answers down. Depending on the complexity of the
application, the process for gathering requirements has a clearly defined process of
its own. This process consists of a group of repeatable processes that utilize certain
techniques to capture, document, communicate, and manage requirements.
8
Software Requirement Specification
A Software Requirements Specification (SRS) – a requirements

specification for a software system – is a complete description of the behaviour of a
system to be developed. In addition to a description of the software functions, the
SRS also contains non-functional requirements. Software requirements are a sub-
field of software engineering that deals with the elicitation, analysis, specification,
and validation of requirements for software.
Requirements
Functional Requirement
 Device should do minimal computations on its own.

 System should detect the height of the boat.
 System should automatically calculate the gap for boat to travel freely
 Count the no of vehicles and close the gate when it is overloaded
 Measuring the seismic parameters to avoid accidents
Non Functional Requirement
 Image Processing toolbox used for computations

 Kiel M Vision is used for compilation
9
Hardware Requirements
 Microcontroller – ARM-LPC 2148

 Arduino
 LCD - 16 x 2
 Restive flex sensor
 Stepper Motor
 Water Level Sensor
 Seismic Sensor
 Pressure Sensor
 ZIGBEE
 7812/ 7805 voltage regulators for power supply
 Power supply circuit
Software:
 Embedded c
 Keil - c compiler
 Flash magic burner software.
 MATLAB
10
CHAPTER 5
METHODOLOGY
BOAT MODULE:
DISPLAY
ZIGBEE ARDUINO BUZZER
11
 Measuring the height between bridge and river water

 Measuring the level of the water flowing under the bridge
 Measuring the height of the boat using Image processing ( MATLAB)
 Intimation to the boat owner if there is a chance of crash
 Detection of crash
 Counting the no of vehicles from either side and closing the gates when threshold
is reached
 Bridge overflow detection using Water level Sensors
 Crack Detection Using Image Processing and intimating to authority
 All the data can be stored on cloud
 Communication between dam and bridges can achieved using IOT so whenever
there is excess release of water boat/shipper man can be intimated and bridges can
be closed
12
CHAPTER 6
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
6.3 OVERVIEW OF ARM MICROCONTROLLER
6.3.1 Architecture of Arm 2148 Microcontroller
13
Fig 6.5: Architecture of LPC 2148
The LPC2141/42/44/46/48 microcontrollers are based on a 16-bit/32-bit

ARM7TDMI-S CPU with real-time emulation and embedded trace support, that combine
microcontroller with embedded high speed flash memory ranging from 32 kB to 512 kB.
A 128-bit wide memory interface and a unique accelerator architecture enable 32-bit code
execution at the maximum clock rate. For critical code size applications, the alternative
16-bit Thumb mode reduces code by more than 30 % with minimal performance penalty.
Due to their tiny size and low power consumption, LPC2141/42/44/46/48 are ideal
for applications where miniaturization is a key requirement, such as access control and
point-of-sale. Serial communications interfaces ranging from a USB 2.0 Full-speed
device, multiple UARTs, SPI, SSP to I2C-bus and on-chip SRAM of 8 kB up to 40 kB,
make these devices very well suited for communication gateways and protocol
converters, soft modems, voice recognition and low end imaging, providing both large
buffer size and high processing power. Various 32-bit timers, single or dual 10-bit.
ADC(s), 10-bit DAC, PWM channels and 45 fast GPIO lines with up to nine edge or level
sensitive external interrupt pins make these microcontrollers suitable for industrial control
and medical systems.
6.3.2 Features:
 16-bit/32-bit ARM7TDMI-S microcontroller in a tiny LQFP64 package.
 8 kB to 40 kB of on-chip static RAM and 32 kB to 512 kB of on-chip flash.
 Memory 128-bit wide interface/accelerator enables high-speed 60 MHz operation.
 In-System Programming/In-Application Programming (ISP/IAP) via on-chip boot.
 Loader software. Single flash sector or full chip erase in 400 ms and programming
of 256 bytes in 1 ms.
 Embedded ICE RT and Embedded Trace interfaces offer real-time debugging with
the on-chip Real Monitor software and high-speed tracing of instruction
execution.
 USB 2.0 Full-speed compliant device controller with 2 kB of endpoint RAM. In
addition, the LPC2146/48 provides 8 kB of on-chip RAM accessible to USB by
DMA.
14
 One or two (LPC2141/42 vs. LPC2144/46/48) 10-bit ADCs provide a total of

6/14 analog inputs, with conversion times as low as 2.44 μs per channel.
 Single 10-bit DAC provides variable analog output (LPC2142/44/46/48 only).

 Two 32-bit timers/external event counters (with four capture and four compare
channels each), PWM unit (six outputs) and watchdog.
 Low power Real-Time Clock (RTC) with independent power and 32 kHz clock
input.
 Multiple serial interfaces including two UARTs (16C550), two Fast I2C-bus (400
kbit/s), SPI and SSP with buffering and variable data length capabilities.
 Vectored Interrupt Controller (VIC) with configurable priorities and vector
addresses.
 Up to 45 of 5 V tolerant fast general purpose I/O pins in a tiny LQFP64 package.
 Up to 21 external interrupt pins available.
 60 MHz maximum CPU clock available from programmable on-chip PLL with
Settling time of 100 μs.
 On-chip integrated oscillator operates with an external crystal from 1 MHz to 25
MHz.
 Power saving modes include Idle and Power-down.
 Individual enable/disable of peripheral functions as well as peripheral clock
scaling for additional power optimization.
 Processor wake-up from Power-down mode via external interrupt or BOD.

 Single power supply chip with POR and BOD circuits:
 CPU operating voltage range of 3.0 V to 3.6 V (3.3 V ± 10 %) with 5 V
tolerant I/O pads.
6.3.3 Functional Description of ARM Microcontroller:
The functional descriptions of the ARM microcontroller are
1. On-chip Flash Memory:
The LPC2148 incorporate a 32 kB, 64 kB, 128 kB, 256 kB and 512 kB flash
memory system respectively. This memory may be used for both code and data storage.
15
Programming of the flash memory may be accomplished in several ways. It may be

programmed In System via the serial port. The application program may also erase and/or
program the flash while the application is running, allowing a great degree of flexibility
for data storage field firmware upgrades, etc. Due to the architectural solution chosen for
an on-chip boot loader, flash memory available for user’s code on LPC2148 is 32 kB, 64
kB, 128 kB, 256 kB and 500 kB respectively. The LPC2148 flash memory provides a
minimum of 100,000 erase/write cycles and 20 years of data-retention.
2. On-Chip Static RAM:
On-chip static RAM may be used for code and/or data storage. The SRAM may
be accessed as 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit. The LPC2141, LPC2142/44 and
LPC2146/48provide 8 kB, 16 kB and 32 kB of static RAM respectively. In case of
LPC2146/48 only, an 8 kB SRAM block intended to be utilized mainly by the USB can
also be used as a general purpose RAM for data storage and code storage and execution.
3. Interrupt Controller:
The Vectored Interrupt Controller (VIC) accepts all of the interrupt request inputs and
categorizes them as Fast Interrupt Request (FIQ), vectored Interrupt Request (IRQ), and
non-vectored IRQ as defined by programmable settings. The programmable assignment
scheme means that priorities of interrupts from the various peripherals can be
dynamically assigned and adjusted.
Fast interrupt request (FIQ) has the highest priority. If more than one request is
assigned to FIQ, the VIC combines the requests to produce the FIQ signal to the ARM
processor. The fastest possible FIQ latency is achieved when only one request is
classified as FIQ, because then the FIQ service routine does not need to branch into the
interrupt service routine but can run from the interrupt vector location. If more than one
request is assigned to the FIQ class, the FIQ service routine will read a word from the
VIC that identifies which FIQ source(s) is (are) requesting an interrupt.
Vectored IRQs have the middle priority. Sixteen of the interrupt requests can be
assigned to this category. Any of the interrupt requests can be assigned to any of the 16
vectored IRQ slots, among which slot 0 has the highest priority and slot 15 has the lowest.
Non-vectored IRQs have the lowest priority.
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4. Pin Control Block:
The pin connect block allows selected pins of the microcontroller to have more
than one function. Configuration registers control the multiplexers to allow connection
between the pin and the on chip peripherals. Peripherals should be connected to the
appropriate pins prior to being activated, and prior to any related interrupt(s) being
enabled. Activity of any enabled peripheral function that is not mapped to a related pin
should be considered undefined.
The Pin Control Module with its pin select registers defines the functionality of
themicrocontroller in a given hardware environment. After reset all pins of Port 0 and 1
are configured as input with the following exceptions: If debug is enabled, the JTAG pins
will assume their JTAG functionality; if trace is enabled, the Trace pins will assume their
trace functionality. The pins associated with the I2C0 and I2C1 interface are open drain.
5. Fast General Purpose Parallel I/O (GPIO):
Device pins that are not connected to a specific peripheral function are controlled
by the GPIO registers. Pins may be dynamically configured as inputs or outputs. Separate
registers allow setting or clearing any number of outputs simultaneously. The value of the
output register may be read back, as well as the current state of the port pins.
LPC2141/42/44/46/48 introduce accelerated GPIO functions over prior LPC2000.The
features are
• Bit-level set and clear registers allow a single instruction set or clear of any number of
bits in one port.
• Direction control of individual bits.
• Separate control of output set and clear.
• All I/O default to inputs after reset.
6. 10-Bit ADC:
The LPC2141/42 contains one and the LPC2144/46/48 contain two analog to
digital converters. These converters are single 10-bit successive approximation analog to
digital converters. While ADC0 has six channels, ADC1 has eight channels. Therefore,
17
total number of available ADC inputs for LPC2141/42 is 6 and for LPC2144/46/48 are
14.The features are
• 10 bit successive approximation analog to digital converter.
• Each converter capable of performing more than 400,000 10-bit samples per second.
• Every analog input has a dedicated result register to reduce interrupt overhead.
• Burst conversion mode for single or multiple inputs.
• Optional conversion on transition on input pin or timer match signal.
Bit DAC:
The DAC enables the LPC2148 to generate a variable analog output. The maximum DAC
output voltage is the VREF voltage. The features are
• 10-bit DAC.
• Buffered output.
• Power-down mode available
USB 2.0 Device Controller:
• Fully compliant with USB 2.0 Full-speed specification.
• Endpoint maximum packet size selection (up to USB maximum specification) by

software at run time.
• RAM message buffer size based on endpoint realization and maximum packet size.
• Supports Soft Connect and Good Link LED indicator. These two functions are sharing
one pin.
• Supports bus-powered capability with low suspend current.
• Supports DMA transfer on all non-control endpoints (LPC2146/48 only).
• One duplex DMA channel serves all endpoints (LPC2146/48 only).
• Allows dynamic switching between CPU controlled and DMA modes (only in
LPC2146/48).
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UARTs:
The LPC2148 each contains two UARTs. In addition to standard transmit and
receive data lines, the LPC2144/46/48 UART1 also provide a full modem control
handshake interface. The features are
• 16 byte Receive and Transmit FIFOs.
• Built-in fractional baud rate generator covering wide range of baud rates without a need
for external crystals of particular values.
• LPC2144/46/48 UART1 equipped with standard modem interface signals. Thismodule

also provides full support for hardware flow control (auto-CTS/RTS).
General Purpose Timers/External Event Counters:
The Timer/Counter is designed to count cycles of the peripheral clock (PCLK) or

an externally supplied clock and optionally generate interrupts or perform other actions at
specified timer values, based on four match registers. It also includes four capture inputs
to trap the timer value when an input signals transitions, optionally generating an
interrupt. Multiple pins can be selected to perform a single capture or match function,
providing an application with ‘or’ and ‘and’, as well as ‘broadcast’ functions among
them. The LPC2141/42/44/46/48 can count external events on one of the capture inputs if
the minimum external pulse is equal or longer than a period of the PCLK. In this
configuration, unused capture lines can be selected as regular timer capture inputs, or
used as external interrupts. The features are
• A 32-bit timer/counter with a programmable 32-bit prescaler.
• External event counter or timer operation.
• Four 32-bit match registers that allow:
 Continuous operation with optional interrupt generation on match.

 Stop timer on match with optional interrupt generation
 Reset timer on match with optional interrupt generation.
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• Four external outputs per timer/counter corresponding to match registers, with the
following capabilities:
 Set LOW on match.

 Set HIGH on match.
 Toggle on match.
 Do nothing on match
Watchdog Timer:
The purpose of the watchdog is to reset the microcontroller within a reasonable

amount of time if it enters an erroneous state. When enabled, the watchdog will generate
a system reset if the user program fails to ‘feed’ (or reload) the watchdog within a
predetermined amount of time. The features are
• Internally resets chip if not periodically reloaded.
• Debug mode.
• Enabled by software but requires a hardware reset or a watchdog reset/interrupt to be

disabled.
• Incorrect/Incomplete feed sequence causes reset/interrupt if enabled.
• Flag to indicate watchdog reset.
• Programmable 32-bit timer with internal pre-scaler.
• Selectable time period from (TPCLK × 256 × 4) to (TPCLK × 232 × 4) in multiples of

TPCLK× 4.
Real-Time Clocks:
The RTC is designed to provide a set of counters to measure time when normal or
idle operating mode is selected. The RTC has been designed to use little power, making it
suitable for battery powered systems where the CPU is not running continuously (Idle
mode).
• Measures the passage of time to maintain a calendar and clock.
• Ultra-low power design to support battery powered systems.
20
• Provides Seconds, Minutes, Hours, Day of Month, Month, Year, Day of Week, and Day
of Year.
• Can use either the RTC dedicated 32 kHz oscillator input or clock derived from
theexternal crystal/oscillator input at XTAL1. Programmable reference clock
dividerallows fine adjustment of the RTC.
• Dedicated power supply pin can be connected to a battery or the main 3.3 V.
Crystal Oscillator:
On-chip integrated oscillator operates with external crystal in range of 1 MHz to

25 MHz. The oscillator output frequency is called fosc and the ARM processor clock
frequency is referred to as CCLK for purposes of rate equations, etc. fosc and CCLK are
the same value unless the PLL is running and connected.
PLL (Phase Locked Loop):
The PLL accepts an input clock frequency in the range of 10 MHz to 25 MHz.
The Input frequency is multiplied up into the range of 10 MHz to 60 MHz with a Current
Controlled Oscillator (CCO). The multiplier can be an integer value from 1 to 32 (in
practice, the multiplier value cannot be higher than 6 on this family of microcontrollers
due to the upper frequency limit of the CPU). The CCO operates in the range of 156 MHz
to 320 MHz, so there is an additional divider in the loop to keep the CCO within its
frequency range while the PLL is providing the desired output frequency. The output
divider may be set to divide by 2, 4, 8, or 16 to produce the output clock. Since the
minimum output divider value is 2, it is insured that the PLL output has a 50 % duty
cycle. The PLL is turned off and bypassed following a chip reset and may be enabled by
software. The program must configure and activate the PLL, wait for the PLL to Lock,
then connect to the PLL as a clock source. The PLL settling time is 100 μs.
Reset and Wake Up Timer:
Reset has two sources on the LPC2141/42/44/46/48: the RESET pin and
watchdog reset. The RESET pin is a Schmitt trigger input pin with an additional glitch
filter. Assertion of chip reset by any source starts the Wake-up Timer (see Wake-up
Timer description below), causing the internal chip reset to remain asserted until the
21
external reset is de-asserted, the oscillator is running, a fixed number of clocks have
passed, and the on-chip flash controller has completed its initialization.
When the internal reset is removed, the processor begins executing at address 0,
which is the reset vector. At that point, all of the processor and peripheral registers have
been initialized to predetermined values.
The Wake-up Timer ensures that the oscillator and other analog functions required
for chip operation are fully functional before the processor is allowed to execute
instructions. This is important at power on, all types of reset, and whenever any of the
aforementioned functions are turned off for any reason. Since the oscillator and other
functions are turned off during Power-down mode, any wake-up of the processor from
Power-down mode makes use of the Wake-up Timer.
The Wake-up Timer monitors the crystal oscillator as the means of checking
whether it Is safe to begin code execution. When power is applied to the chip, or some
event caused the chip to exit Power-down mode, some time is required for the oscillator
to produce a signal of sufficient amplitude to drive the clock logic. The amount of time
depends on many factors, including the rate of VDD ramp (in the case of power on), the
type of crystal and its electrical characteristics (if a quartz crystal is used), as well as any
other external circuitry (e.g. capacitors), and the characteristics of the oscillator itself
under the existing ambient conditions.
Code Security:
These features of the LPC2141/42/44/46/48 allow an application to control

whether it can be debugged or protected from observation. If after reset on-chip boot
loader detects a valid checksum in flash and reads 0x8765 4321 from address 0x1FC in
flash, debugging will be disabled and thus the code in flash will be protected from
observation. Once debugging is disabled, it can be enabled only byperforming a full chip
erase using the ISP.
External Interrupt Inputs:
The LPC2148 include up to nine edge or level sensitive External Interrupt Inputs
as selectable pin functions. When the pins are combined, external events can be processed
as four independent interrupt signals. The External Interrupt Inputs can optionally be used
22
to wake-up the processor from Power-down mode. Additionally capture input pins can
also be used as external interrupts without the Option to wake the device up from Power-
down mode.
Power Control:
The LPC2141/42/44/46/48 supports two reduced power modes: Idle mode and
Power-down mode. In Idle mode, execution of instructions is suspended until either a
reset or interrupt occurs. Peripheral functions continue operation during Idle mode and
may generate interrupts to cause the processor to resume execution. Idle mode eliminates
power used by the processor itself, memory systems and related controllers, and internal
buses. In Power-down mode, the oscillator is shut down and the chip receives no internal
clocks. The processor state and registers, peripheral registers, and internal SRAM values
are preserved throughout Power-down mode and the logic levels of chip output pins
remain static. The Power-down mode can be terminated and normal operation resumed by
either a reset or certain specific interrupts that are able to function without clocks. Since
all dynamic operation of the chip is suspended, Power-down mode reduces chip Power
consumption to nearly zero. Selecting an external 32 kHz clock instead of the PCLK as a
clock-source for the on-chip RTC will enable the microcontroller to have the RTC active
during Power-down mode. Power-down current is increased with RTC active. However,
it is significantly lower than in idle mode.
A Power Control for Peripherals feature allows individual peripherals to be turned

off if they are not needed in the application, resulting in additional power savings during
active and idle mode.
23
1IR SENSOR
General Description
The IR Sensor-Single is a general purpose proximity sensor. Herewe use it for collision
detection. The module consist of a IR emitterand IR receiver pair. The high precision IR
receiver always detects aIR signal.
The module consists of 358 comparator IC. The output of sensoris high whenever it IR
frequency and low otherwise. The on-boardLED indicator helps user to check status of
the sensor without usingany additional hardware.
The power consumption of this module is low. It gives a digitaloutput.
Application Ideas:
 Obstacle detection
 Shaft encoder
 Fixed frequency detection
The IR sensor IC is shown in the next page
24
Fig 3.1(a):IC of IR sensor
Fig 3.1(b):Block diagram of IR sensor
Overview of Schematic
The sensitivity of the IR Sensor is tuned using the potentiometer. The potentiometer is
tuneable in both thedirections. Initially tune the potentiometer in clockwise direction such
that the Indicator LED starts glowing. Once thatis achieved, turn the potentiometer just
enough in anti-clockwise direction to turn off the Indicator LED. At this pointthe
sensitivity of the receiver is maximum. Thus, its sensing distance is maximum at this
point. If the sensing distance(i.e., Sensitivity) of the receiver is needed to be reduced, then
one can tune the potentiometer in the anti-clockwisedirection from this point.
Further, if the orientation of both Tx and Rx LED’s is parallel to each other, such that
both are facing outwards,then their sensitivity is maximum. If they are moved away from
each other, such that they are inclined to eachother at their soldered end, then their
sensitivity reduces.
25
Tuned sensitivity of the sensors is limited to the surroundings. Once tuned for a particular
surrounding, theywill work perfectly until the IR illumination conditions of that region
nearly constant. For example, if the potentiometers tuned inside room/building for
maximum sensitivity and then taken out in open sunlight, it will require retuning,since
sun’s rays also contain Infrared (IR) frequencies, thus acting as a IR source (transmitter).
This will disturb thereceiver’s sensing capacity. Hence it needs to be returned to work
perfectly in the new surroundings.
The output of IR receiver goes low when it receives IR signal as shown 4.1(b) . Hence the
output pin is normally low because though the IR LED is continuously transmitting, due
to no obstacle, nothing is reflected back to the IR receiver. Theindication LED is off.
When an obstacle is encountered, the output of IR receiver goes low, IR signal is
reflected fromthe obstacle surface. This drives the output of the comparator low. This
output is connected to the cathode of theLED, which then turns ON.
26
VIBRATION SENSOR:
ProductDescription:
This sensor buffers a piezoelectric transducer. As the transducer is displaced from the
mechanical neutral axis, bending creates strain within the piezoelectric element and
generates voltages.
Specifications:
The Vibration Sensor Detector is designed for the security practice When Vibration
Sensor Alarm recognizes movement or vibration, it sends a signal to either control panel
Developed a new type of omni-directional high sensitivity Security Vibration Detector
with omni-directional detection.
Sensitivity: Height adjustable

Consistency and Interchangeability: Good
Reliability and Interference: Accurate triggering strong anti-interference
Automatic Reset: Automatic reset is strong
Signal Post-processing: Simple
Output Signal: Switch signal
No External Vibration Analysis of Plates: Product design vibration analysis of the internal
amplifier circuit
Detection Direction: Omni-directional
Signal Output: Switch signals
Output Pulse Width: The vibration signal amplitude is proportional to
Operating Voltage: 12VDC (red V + shield V-)
Sensitivity: Greater than or equal 0.2g
Frequency Range: 0.5HZ ~ 20HZ
27
STEPPER MOTOR:
Stepping motors fill a unique niche in the motor control world. These motors are
commonly used in measurement and control applications. Sample applications include
ink jet printers, CNC machines and volumetric pumps. Several features common to all
stepper motors make them ideally suited for these types of applications.
These features are as follows:
1. Brushless – Stepper motors are brushless. The commutator and brushes of

conventional motors are some of the most failure-prone components, and they create
electrical arcs that are undesirable or dangerous in some environments.
2. Load Independent – Stepper motors will turn at a set speed regardless of load as long
as the load does not exceed the torque rating for the motor.
3. Open Loop Positioning – Stepper motors move in quantified increments or steps. As

long as the motor runs within its torque specification, the position of the shaft is known at
all times without the need for a feedback mechanism.
4. Holding Torque – Stepper motors are able to hold the shaft stationary.
5. Excellent response to start-up, stopping and reverse.
28
Stepper Motor Theory of Operation:
Stepper motors provide a means for precise positioning and speed control without the use
of feedbacksensors. The basic operation of a stepper motor allows the shaft to move a
precise number of degrees each time a pulse of electricity is sent to the motor. Since the
shaft of the motor moves only the number of degrees that it was designed for when each
pulse is delivered, you can control the pulses that are sent and control the positioning and
speed. The rotor of the motor produces torque from the interaction between the magnetic
field in the stator and rotor. The strength of the magnetic fields is proportional to the
amount of current sent to the stator and the number of turns in the windings.
The stepper motor uses the theory of operation for magnets to make the motor shaft turn a
precise distance when a pulse of electricity is provided. You learned previously that like
poles of a magnet repel and unlike poles attract. Figure 1 shows a typical cross-sectional
view of the rotor and stator of a stepper motor. From this diagram you can see that the
stator (stationary winding) has eight poles, and the rotor has six poles(three complete
magnets). The rotor will require 24 pulses of electricity to move the 24 steps to make one
complete revolution. Another way to say this is that the rotor will move precisely 15° for
each pulse of electricity that the motor receives. The number of degrees the rotor will turn
when a pulse of electricity is delivered to the motor can be calculated by dividing the
number of degrees in one revolution of the shaft(360°) by the number of poles (north and
south) in the rotor. In this stepper motor 360° is divided by 24 to get15°.When no power
is applied to the motor, the residual magnetism in the rotor magnets will cause the rotor to
detent or align one set of its magnetic poles with the magnetic poles of one of the stator
magnets. This means that the rotor will have 24 possible detent positions. When the rotor
is in a detent position, it will have enough magnetic force to keep the shaft from moving
to the next position. This is what makes the rotor feel like it isclicking from one position
to the next as you rotate the rotor by hand with no power applied.
29
Working of stepper motor
When power is applied, it is directed to only one of the stator pairs of windings, which
will cause that winding pair to become a magnet. One of the coils for the pair will become
the North Pole, and the other will become the South Pole. When this occurs, the stator
coil that is the North Pole will attract the closest rotor tooth that has the opposite polarity,
and the stator coil that is the South Pole will attract the closest rotor tooth that has the
opposite polarity. When current is flowing through these poles, the rotor will now have a
much stronger attraction to the stator winding, and the increased torque is called holding
torque.
By changing the current flow to the next stator winding, the magnetic field will be
changed 45°. The rotor will only move 15° before its magnetic fields will again align with
the change in the stator field. The magnetic fieldin the stator is continually changed as the
rotor moves through the 24 steps to move a total of 360°.
30
Liquid crystal
Liquid crystals are substances that exhibit a phase of matter that has properties
between those of a conventional liquid, and those of a solid crystal. For instance, a liquid
Crystal (LC) may flow like a liquid, but have the molecules in the liquid arranged and/or
Oriented in a crystal-like way.
Each pixel of an LCD typically consists of a layer of molecules aligned between

two transparent electrodes, and two polarizing filters, the axes of transmission of which
are (most of the cases) perpendicular to each other. The surfaces of the electrodes that are
in contact with the liquid crystal material are treated so as to align the liquid crystal
molecules in a particular direction. This treatment typically consists of a thin polymer
layer that is unidirectional rubbed using, for example, a cloth. The direction of the liquid
crystal alignment is then defined by the direction of rubbing. Electrodes are made of a
transparent conductor called Indium Tin Oxide (ITO).
31
Fig 2.9 liquid crystal molecule alignment
Definitions
 Resolution: The horizontal and vertical size expressed in pixels (e.g., 1024x768).
 Dot pitch: The distance between the centers of two adjacent pixels. The smaller
the dots pitch size, the less granularity is present, resulting in a sharper image. Dot
pitch may be the same both vertically and horizontally, or different (less
common).
 Viewable size: The size of an LCD panel measured on the diagonal (more
specifically known as active display area).
 Response time: The minimum time necessary to change a pixel's color or
brightness.
Interfacing LCD with microcontroller
Interfacing LCD with microcontroller is very easy task. You just have to know the
proper LCD programming algorithm. LCD used here has HD44780u dot matrix LCD
controller. LCD module has 8-bit data interface and control pins. One can send data as 8-
bit or in pair of two 4-bit nibbles.
To display any character on LCD micro controller has to send its ASCII value to
the data bus of LCD. For e.g. to display 'AB' microcontroller has to send two hex bytes
41h and 42h
respectively. L
CD display
used here is
having 16x2
32
size. It means 2 lines each with 16 characters.
Fig 2.10: Interfacing LCDwith Microcontroller
Role of LCD
The LCD module is used in the vehicle anti-collision system to display the range
information which is calculated by LV Max Sonar-EZ1 and also to display one of the
three zones in which the vehicle is present. If the distance displayed is above 20 inches it
displays “safe” zone.If the distance is between 15 and 19 inches, then it displays “alert”
zone. If the distance is below 15 inches, the LCD will display “stop” zone.
16X2 LCD
This LCD can be used to display 16 characters in 2 rows. It has the ability to display
numbers, characters and graphics. It has an inbuilt refreshing circuit, thereby relieving the
CPU from the task of refreshing. LCD discussed has total of 14 pins.
Fig 2.11: Pin Out Of A Generic 16 X 2 LCD
LCD pin Description
Pin Symbol I/O Description
33
1 Vss - Ground
2 Vcc - +5V Power Supply
3 Vee - Power Supply to contrast
4 RS I RS = 0 to select command register
5 R/W I RS = 1 to select data register
6 EN I/O Enable
7 to 14 D0 to D8 I/O 8 bit data bus
TABLE 2.3: LCD Pin Description
LCD Command Codes

Code(HEX) Command to LCD Instruction Register
1 Clear display screen
2 Return home
4 Decrement cursor (shift cursor to left)
6 Increment cursor (shift cursor to right)
80 Force cursor to the beginning of first line
C0 Force cursor to the beginning of second line
38 2 lines and 5x7 matrix
34
Table 2.4: LCD Command Codes
Characteristics of GSM Standard:
 Fully digital system using 900,1800 MHz frequency band.

 TDMA over radio carriers(200 KHz carrier spacing.
 8 full rate or 16 half rate TDMA channels per carrier.
 User/terminal authentication for fraud control.
 Encryption of speech and data transmission over the radio path.
 Full international roaming capability.
 Low speed data services (upto 9.6 Kb/s).
 Compatibility with ISDN.
 Support of Short Message Service (SMS).
Advantages of GSM over Analog system:
 Capacity increases.
 Reduced RF transmission power and longer battery life.
 International roaming capability.
 Better security against fraud (through terminal validation and user authentication).
 Encryption capability for information security and privacy.
 Compatibility with ISDN, leading to wider range of service.
LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY
Introduction:
An LCD is a small low cost display. It is easy to interface with a micro-controller because
of an embedded controller(the black blob on the back of the board).This controller is
standard across many displays (HD 44780) which means manymicro-controllers
(including the Arduino) have libraries that make displayingmessages as easy as a single
35
line of code. Hence itis very important device in embedded system. It offers high
flexibility to user as he can display the required data on it
Major task in LCD interfacing is the initialization sequence. In LCD initialization you
have to send command bytes to LCD. Set the interface mode, display mode, address
counter increment direction, set contrast of LCD, horizontal or vertical addressing mode,
color format. This sequence is given in respective LCD driver datasheet. Studying the
function set of LCD lets you know the definition of command bytes. It varies from one
LCD to another.
Next step after initialization is to send data bytes to required display data RAM
memory location. Firstly set the address location using address set command byte and
than send data bytes using the DDRAM write command. To address specific location in
display data RAM one must have the knowledge of how the address counter is
incremented.
In recent years the LCD is finding widespread use replacing LEDs This is due to
following reasons
1) The declining prices of LCDs

2) The ability to display numbers, characters and graphics. This is in contrast to
LEDs, which are limited to numbers and few characters.
3) Incorporation of a refreshing controller in to LCD, there by relieving the CPU of
the task of refreshing the LCD. In contrast LCD must be refreshed by CPU to
keep displaying the data.
Figure LCD display
36
Shapes and sizes
Even limited to character based modules, there is still a wide variety of shapes
and sizes available. Line lengths 8, 16,2,024,32 and 40 character are all standard, in one,
two and 4 lines versions.
Several different liquid crystal technologies based exist. ”Supertwist” types, for
Example, offer improved contrast and viewing angle over the older “twisted nematic”
types. Some modules are available with backlighting, so that they can viewed in dimly lit
conditions.
3.7.3 Connections
A 14 pin access is provided having 8 data lines,3 control lines and 3 power lines.The
function of each of the connections is shown in table 4.7.
Pin 1 and 2 are the power supply lines, Vss and Vdd. The Vdd pin should be connected to
positive supply and Vss to 0V supply or ground. Although the LCD module data sheets
specify a 5VDC supply,Supplies of 6V and 4-5V both work well, and even 3V is
sufficient for some modules.
Pin 3 is a control pin ,Vee , which is used to alter the contrast of the display. Ideally, this
pin should be connected to a variable voltage supply.
Pin 4 is the (RS)register select line. When this line is low, data bytes transferred to the
display are treated as commands and data bytes read from the display indicate its status.
By setting the RS line high, character data can be transferred to and from the module.
Pin 5 is read/write line. this line is pulled low in order to write commands or character
data to the module, or pulled high to read character data or status information from its
registers.
Pin 6 is the enable line. this input is used to initiate the actual transfer of commands or
character data between the module and the data lines. When writing to the display, data is
transferred only on high to low transition of this signal.
Pin 7 to 14 are data bus lines (D0 to D7).data can be transferred to and from the display
either as a single 8 bit byte or two 4 bit nibbles. The other two pins LED+ and LED- is
used for back light of the LCD.
37
Table 3.7(a): pin details on an LCD module
3.7.4Interfacing LCD with microcontroller
Interfacing LCD with microcontroller is very easy task. You just have to know the
proper LCD programming algorithm. LCD used here has HD44780u dot matrix LCD
controller. LCD module has 8-bit data interface and control pins. One can send data as 8-
bit or in pair of two 4-bit nibbles.
To display any character on LCD micro controller has to send its ASCII value to
the data bus of LCD. For e.g. to display 'AB' microcontroller has to send two hex bytes
41h and 42h respectively. LCD display used here is having 16x2 size. It means 2 lines
38
each with 16 characters.
Fig 3.7(b):Interfacing LCD with microcontroller
LCD Initialization
This is the pit fall for beginners. Proper working of LCD depend on the how the
LCD is initialized. We have to send few command bytes to initialize the lcd. Simple steps
to initialize the LCD
1. Specify function set: Send 38H for 8-bit, double line and 5x7 dot character format.
39
2. Display On-Off control: Send 0FH for display and blink cursor on.
3. Entry mode set: Send 06H for cursor in increment position and shift is invisible.
4. Clear display: Send 01H to clear display and return cursor to home position
Pin Symbol I/O Description
1 Vss - Ground
2 Vcc - +5V Power Supply
3 Vee - Power Supply to contrast
4 RS I RS = 0 to select command register
5 R/W I RS = 1 to select data register
6 EN I/O Enable
7 to 14 D0 to D8 I/O 8 bit data bus
Table 3.7(b):LCD pin description
Code(HEX) Command to LCD Instruction Register
1 Clear display screen
2 Return home
4 Decrement cursor (shift cursor to left)
6 Increment cursor (shift cursor to right)
40
80 Force cursor to the beginning of first line
C0 Force cursor to the beginning of second line
38 2 lines and 5x7 matrix
Table 3.7(c):LCD Command codes
3.8 POWER SUPPLY
3.8.1 Introduction:
The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply. The a.c. input
i.e., 230V from the mains supply is step down by the transformer to 12V and is fed to a
rectifier. The output obtained from the rectifier is a pulsating d.c voltage. So in order to
get a pure d.c voltage, the output voltage from the rectifier is fed to a filter to remove any
a.c components present even after rectification. Now, this voltage is given to a voltage
regulator to obtain a pure constant dc voltage.
230 v
ac
supply
Step down
T/F Filter Circuit
Regulator
Bridge
Rectifier Power supply to all

rr
Fig 3.8:Power supply design
3.8.2Transformer:
Usually, DC voltages are required to operate various electronic equipment and these
voltages are 5V, 9V or 12V. But these voltages cannot be obtained directly. Thus the a.c
41
input available at the mains supply i.e., 230V is to be brought down to the required
voltage level. This is done by a transformer. Thus, a step down transformer is employed
to decrease the voltage to a required level.
3.8.3 Rectifier:
The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts A.C. into pulsating.
D.C. The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In this project, a bridge
rectifier is used because of its merits like good stability and full wave rectification.
3.8.4Filter:
Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of
rectifier and smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant until the
mains voltage and load is maintained constant. However, if either of the two is varied,
D.C. voltage received at this point changes. Therefore a regulator is applied at the output
stage.
3.8.5 Voltage Regulator:
As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage regulator is an
electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. In this
project, power supply of 5V and 12V are required. In order to obtain these voltage levels,
7805 and 7812 voltage regulators are to be used. The first number 78 represents positive
supply and the numbers 05, 12 represent the required output voltage levels.A variable
regulated power supply, also called a variable bench power supply, is one where you can
continuously adjust the output voltage to your requirements. Varying the output of the
power supply is the recommended way to test a project after having double checked parts
placement against circuit drawings and the parts placement guide.
The LM7805 is simple to use. You simply connect the positive lead of your unregulated.
DC power supply (anything from 9VDC to 24VDC) to the Input pin, connect the negative
lead to the Common pin and then when you turn on the power, you get a 5 volt supply
from the Output pin.
3.8.6Circuit Features:
Brief description of operation:
Gives out well regulated +5V output, output current capability of 100 mA
Circuit protection:
42
Built-in overheating protection shuts down output when regulator IC gets too hot
Circuit complexity:
Very simple and easy to build
Circuit performance:
Very stable +5V output voltage, reliable operation
Availability of components:
Easy to get, uses only very common basic components
Applications:
Part of electronics devices, small laboratory power supply
Power supply voltage:
Unregulated DC 8-18V power supply
Power supply current:
Needed output current + 5 mA
Component costs:
Few dollars for the electronics components + the input transformer
43
CHAPTER 7:
SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
7.1 Introduction to keil µVision3
The µVision3 IDE is a Windows-based software development platform that

combines a robust editor, project manager, and makes facility. µVision3 integrates all
tools including the C compiler, macro assembler, linker/locator, and HEX file generator.
The µVision3 IDE offers numerous features and advantages that help you quickly and
successfully develop embedded applications. They are easy to use and are guaranteed to
help you achieve your design goals.The features are
 The µVision3 Simulator is the only debugger that completely simulates all on-
chip peripherals.
 Simulation capabilities may be expanded using the Advanced Simulation Interface
(AGSI).
 µVision3 incorporates project manager, editor, and debugger in a single
environment.
44
 The µVision3 Device Database automatically configures the development tools

for the target microcontroller.
 The µVision3 IDE integrates additional third-party tools like VCS, CASE, and
FLASH/Device Programming.
 The ULINK USB-JTAG Adapter supports both Debugging and Flash
programming with configurable algorithm files.
 Identical Target Debugger and Simulator User Interface.
 The Code Coverage feature of the µVision3 Simulator provides statistical analysis
of your program's execution.
7.2Embedded C:
When designing software for a smaller embedded system with the 8051, it is very
common place to develop the entire product using assembly code. With many projects,
this is a feasible approach since the amount of code that must be generated is typically
less than 8 kilobytes and is relatively simple in nature. If a hardware engineer is tasked
with designing both the hardware and the software, he or she will frequently be tempted
to write the software in assembly language.
The trouble with projects done with assembly code can is that they can be difficult
to read and maintain, especially if they are not well commented. Additionally, the amount
of code reusable from a typical assembly language project is usually very low. Use of a
higher-level language like C can directly address these issues. A program written in C is
easier to read than an assembly program.
Since a C program possesses greater structure, it is easier to understand and

maintain. Because of its modularity, a C program can better lend itself to reuse of code
from project to project. The division of code into functions will force better structure of
the software and lead to functions that can be taken from one project and used in another,
45
thus reducing overall development time. A high order language such as C allows a
developer to write code, which resembles a human’s thought process more closely than
does the equivalent assembly code. [25]The developer can focus more time on designing
the algorithms of the system rather than having to concentrate on their individual
implementation. This will greatly reduce development time and lower debugging time
since the code is more understandable.
By using a language like C, the programmer does not have to be intimately

familiar with the architecture of the processor. This means that someone new to a given
processor can get a project up and running quicker, since the internals and organization of
the target processor do not have to be learned. Additionally, code developed in C will be
more portable to other systems than code developed in assembly. Many target processors
have C compilers available, which support ANSI C.
All of this is not to say that assembly language does not have its place. In fact,
many embedded systems (particularly real time systems) have a combination of C and
assembly code. For time critical operations, assembly code is frequently the only way to
go. One of the great things about the C language is that it allows you to perform low-level
manipulations of the hardware if need be, yet provides you the functionality and
abstraction of a higher order language.
MATLAB
MATLAB (matrix laboratory) is a multi-paradigm numerical computing environment
and fourth-generation programming language. It uses the L-shaped membrane logo.
Developed by MathWorks, MATLAB allows matrix manipulations, plotting
of functions and data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and
interfacing with programs written in other languages, including C, C++, Java,
and FORTRAN.
MATLAB® is a high-level language and interactive environment for numerical

computation, visualization, and programming. Using MATLAB, we can analyze data,
develop algorithms, and create models and applications. The language, tools, and built-in
math functions enable us to explore multiple approaches and reach a solution faster than
with spreadsheets or traditional programming languages, such as C/C++ or Java™.
46
Although MATLAB is intended primarily for numerical computing, an optional toolbox

uses the MuPAD symbolic engine, allowing access to symbolic computing capabilities.
An additional package, Simulink, adds graphical multi-domain simulation and Model-
Based Design for dynamic and embedded systems.
In 2004, MATLAB had around one million users across industry and
academia. MATLAB users come from various backgrounds of engineering, science,
and economics. We can use MATLAB for a range of applications, including signal
processing and communications, image and video processing, control systems, test and
measurement, computational finance, and computational biology.
Cleve Moler, the chairman of the computer science department at the University of New
Mexico, started developing MATLAB in the late 1970s. He designed it to give his
students access to LINPACK and EISPACK without them having to learn Fortran. It
soon spread to other universities and found a strong audience within the applied
mathematics community. Jack Little, an engineer, was exposed to it during a visit Moler
made to Stanford University in 1983. Recognizing its commercial potential, he joined
with Moler and Steve Bangert. They rewrote MATLAB in C and founded MathWorks in
1984 to continue its development.
The MATLAB application is built around the MATLAB language, and most use of
MATLAB involves typing MATLAB code into the Command Window (as an interactive
mathematical shell), or executing text files containing MATLAB code, including scripts
and/or functions.
GUIDE
GUIs (also known as graphical user interfaces or UIs) provide point-and-click control of
software applications, eliminating the need to learn a language or type commands in order
to run the application.
MATLAB apps are self-contained MATLAB programs with GUI front ends that
automate a task or calculation. The GUI typically contains controls such as menus,
toolbars, buttons, and sliders. Many MATLAB products, such as Curve Fitting Toolbox,
Signal Processing Toolbox, and Control System Toolbox, include apps with custom user
interfaces. You can also create your own custom apps, including their corresponding UIs,
for others to use.
MATLAB supports developing applications with graphical user interface features.

MATLAB includes GUIDE (GUI development environment) for graphically designing
GUIs. It also has tightly integrated graph-plotting features. For example the
function plot can be used to produce a graph from two vectors x and y.
To create GUI in MATLAB follow the steps listed below.
1. Click on GUIDE button on toolbar in MATLAB launch pad.

2. Make your choice of the type of GUI you need.
3. Make buttons and/or menus from the tools in GUIDE.
47
4. Double click on menu that is created in grey area of the GUIDE, property
manager will open.
5. Change properties according to requirement and change the code if needed.
CHAPTER 8:
48
WORKING OF THE MODULE
8.1 FLOW CHART OF ANYTIME MEDICINE
49
CHAPTER 9:
ADVANTAGES & APPLICATIONS

Advantages:
 Safety of bridges is achieved
 Cracks can be monitored in the initial Stage
 Avoiding Traffic in Bridges
 Boat Crashes can be avoided
Disadvantages:
 Initial Cost is high
 Sensor Dependent System
 Initial Implementation is difficult
 Maintenance
50
CHAPTER 10
CONCLUSIONS
This paper presents a prototype of a novel self-powered wireless system for applications
of structural health monitoring of bridges. Conducted theoretical analysis facilitates
selection of a natural frequency with the highest energy content and quick estimation of
parameters for an electromagnetic harvester. Field tests sensor show the feasibility of the
proposed approach for applications of structural health monitoring.
51
CHAPTER 11
REFERENCES
[1] Edward Sazonov, Member, IEEE , Haodong Li, Member, IEEE, Darrell Curry, and
Pragasen Pillay, Fellow, IEEE ” Self-Powered Sensors for Monitoring of Highway
Bridges” Sensors Journal, IEEE, vol. 9, 2009, pp. 1422-1429.
[2] Arunkumar.G.C, Chandrakanth .S. R, Chethankumar.M, Karthik.V, Santosh
Chavan “Bridge Condition Monitoring System Using Wireless Network” Dept. of
ECE, RRCE, Bengaluru.
[3] Mr.M.V.N.R.P.Kumar,Ms.B.Hombal, Miss. J.D. Kadam, Mr. A. B. Yadav, Mr.
B.M. Pawar. “Bridge Condition Monitoring System Using PIC Microcontroller”
Dept. Of E&TC,L.N.B.C.I.E.T.Raigaon,Satara.(Maharashtra) International Journal
of Research in Advent Technology, Vol.3, No.5, May 2015.
[4] Vinodini R , Nalini S, Muthumurugesan D,” Detection Of Structural Damages In
Bridge Based On ZigBee Networks Using Sensors” IJCSI International Journal of
Computer Science Issues, Vol. 10, Issue 3, No 1, May 2013.
[5] Merit Enckell , Branko Glisic ,Frank Myrvoll ,Benny Bergstrand “Evaluation of a
large-scale bridge strain, temperature and crack monitoring with distributed fibre
optic sensors” Received: 29 October 2010 / Accepted: 6 February 2011 / Published
online: 3 March 2011.
[6] Andrew Gastineau,Tyler Johnson,Arturo Schultz “Bridge Health Monitoring and
Inspections –A Survey of Methods” September 2009.
52

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Boat Height Prediction

Automated dispensing machines decentralized medication distribution systems that

In this project an idea of bridge health monitoring system using wireless is

Each monitoring unit is like a microcomputer, equipped with a sensor, a computing

SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND REQUIREMENTS

Gathering requirements is the main attraction of the Analysis Phase. The

Software Requirement Specification

A Software Requirements Specification (SRS) – a requirements

 Device should do minimal computations on its own.

 Count the no of vehicles and close the gate when it is overloaded

 Measuring the seismic parameters to avoid accidents

Non Functional Requirement

 Image Processing toolbox used for computations

 Microcontroller – ARM-LPC 2148

ZIGBEE ARDUINO BUZZER

 Measuring the height between bridge and river water

6.3 OVERVIEW OF ARM MICROCONTROLLER

6.3.1 Architecture of Arm 2148 Microcontroller

Fig 6.5: Architecture of LPC 2148

The LPC2141/42/44/46/48 microcontrollers are based on a 16-bit/32-bit

 One or two (LPC2141/42 vs. LPC2144/46/48) 10-bit ADCs provide a total of

 Single 10-bit DAC provides variable analog output (LPC2142/44/46/48 only).

 Processor wake-up from Power-down mode via external interrupt or BOD.

6.3.3 Functional Description of ARM Microcontroller:

The functional descriptions of the ARM microcontroller are

1. On-chip Flash Memory:

Programming of the flash memory may be accomplished in several ways. It may be

2. On-Chip Static RAM:

4. Pin Control Block:

5. Fast General Purpose Parallel I/O (GPIO):

• Direction control of individual bits.

• Separate control of output set and clear.

• All I/O default to inputs after reset.

• 10 bit successive approximation analog to digital converter.

• Burst conversion mode for single or multiple inputs.

• Optional conversion on transition on input pin or timer match signal.

• Power-down mode available

USB 2.0 Device Controller:

• Fully compliant with USB 2.0 Full-speed specification.

• Endpoint maximum packet size selection (up to USB maximum specification) by

• Supports bus-powered capability with low suspend current.

• Supports DMA transfer on all non-control endpoints (LPC2146/48 only).

• One duplex DMA channel serves all endpoints (LPC2146/48 only).

• 16 byte Receive and Transmit FIFOs.

• LPC2144/46/48 UART1 equipped with standard modem interface signals. Thismodule

General Purpose Timers/External Event Counters:

The Timer/Counter is designed to count cycles of the peripheral clock (PCLK) or

• A 32-bit timer/counter with a programmable 32-bit prescaler.

• External event counter or timer operation.

• Four 32-bit match registers that allow:

 Continuous operation with optional interrupt generation on match.

 Set LOW on match.

The purpose of the watchdog is to reset the microcontroller within a reasonable

• Internally resets chip if not periodically reloaded.

• Enabled by software but requires a hardware reset or a watchdog reset/interrupt to be

• Incorrect/Incomplete feed sequence causes reset/interrupt if enabled.

• Flag to indicate watchdog reset.

• Programmable 32-bit timer with internal pre-scaler.

• Selectable time period from (TPCLK × 256 × 4) to (TPCLK × 232 × 4) in multiples of

• Measures the passage of time to maintain a calendar and clock.

• Ultra-low power design to support battery powered systems.

On-chip integrated oscillator operates with external crystal in range of 1 MHz to

PLL (Phase Locked Loop):