ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I owe my sincere thanks to my concerned subject teacher Dr. S.N Singh Sir,
who helped me in selecting the project topic, helped me in successful
completion of this project and corrected it at every step.

I would also like to thank my friends and respective teacher who help and
motivated me during the project completion.

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 INDEX

S.NO CONTENT PAGE NO.

INTRODUCTION
1. 3
PUBLIC POLICY
2. 3
USES POLICY IMPLIMENTATION
3. 4
MEANING OF NGOs
4. 5
ROLE OF NGOs
6
5.
STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF NGOs
7
6.

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 Introduction

Policy Implementation

* It is a Process of interaction between the setting of goals and action geared to achieve them.
* Those actions by Public or private individual or any agencies (NGOs) that are directed at the
achievement of objective set forth in prior policy decisions.
* It is a dynamic conversion of process of policies and plans into specific programs and projects.
* The stage between decision and operations.
* Stages in policy cycle where formulated policies, intentions, Plans and Visions are executed and
operationalized.

Public and POLICY

Public:
Public originated from “Publicus” meaning “Mass Population” a major Stakeholder in the Policy
making.

Policy:
Means plan of action or product of the process of decision making.

PUBLIC POLICY
1) A/C to “Robert Eye Stone”- The relationship of Government units to its environment.
2) A/C to “Thomas R Dye”- Whatever government chooses to do or not to do.
3) A/C to “Richard Rose”- Public Policy is not a decision, it is a course of pattern of activity.
4) A/C to “Harlod Lass well and Abraham Kalpan”- A Projected Programme of goals, values and
practices.
5) A/C to “James Anderson”- Public Policies is a purposive course of actions or actions undertaken
by an actor or set of actors in dealing with a particular problem or matter of concern.

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Uses of Policy Implementation.
There are a number of reasons for the neglect of the implementation of policy in the current models.
As mentioned before, there is an implicit assumption in most models that once a policy has been
"made" by a government, the policy will be implemented and the desired results of the policy will
be near those expected by the policymakers# This assumption rests upon certain political and
organizational conditions. However, these conditions may not be found in all societies. Indeed, the
societies of the Third World often are devoid of all or some of these conditions.
Recent interpretations of politics in Asian and African nations have indicated that, unlike in many
Western nations, the governmental policies seldom are the result of demands and pressures by
interested parties. As James C. Scott has written, "The open clash of organized interests is often
conspicuously absent during the formation of legislation in these nations."z Indeed, the channels for
such influence (political parties and interest groups) may be undeveloped or suppressed by official
governmental action. Governments will initiate policies often without consultation with the
interested or affected individuals or groups. According to Scott,
To conclude from this, however, that the public has little or no effect on the eventual "output" of
government would be completely unwarranted. Between the passage of legislation and its actual
implementation lies an entirely different political arena that has a great effect on the execution of
policy.
The real role of interest groups and other interested groups, including political parties, comes when
the policies are implemented by the government. It is at the implementation stage of the policy
process when the policy may be abandoned by the government, implemented or modified to meet
the demands of the interested parties. This process represents a radical departure from that found in
many Western nations. Interests and opposition in Western societies focus upon the policymakers. If
a policy is made (or not made) the various interests know that this decision will be implemented.
And often there is little they can do about it at that stage. Research and theory building also has
focused on the "inputs" or upon the processes by which policies are made. However, in Third World
nations the emphasis by interested parties is upon the policy itself or upon the bureaucrats who must
implement the policy. Even if a government of a Third World nation is committed to the
implementation of a particular policy, the bureaucracy that must implement the policy often is
lacking in the capacity to implement. This situation usually is not found in Western societies.

1) INFORMATION: to make people aware of the policy or program.

2) INDUCEMENT: To make it easier for people to adopt new behavior.
3) Enforcement: To require people to adopt new behavior under threat of penalties.
4) BENEFACTION: To offer positive benefits or incentives to people who changes their behavior
in the desired direction.

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Meaning of NGO
HISTORY
International non-governmental organizations have a history dating back to at least the late
eighteenth century. It has been estimated that by 1914, there were 1083 NGOs. International NGOs
were important in the anti-slavery movement and the movement for women's suffrage, and reached
a peak at the time of the World Disarmament Conference.However, the phrase "non-governmental
organization" only came into popular use with the establishment of the United Nations Organization
in 1945 with provisions in Article 71 of Chapter 10 of the United Nations Charter for a consultative
role for organizations which are neither governments nor member states—see Consultative Status.
The definition of "international NGO" (INGO) is first given in resolution 288 (X) of ECOSOC on
February 27, 1950: it is defined as "any international organization that is not founded by an
international treaty". The vital role of NGOs and other "major groups" in sustainable development
was recognized in Chapter 27 of Agenda 21, leading to intense arrangements for a consultative
relationship between the United Nations and non-governmental organizations. It has been observed
that the number of INGO founded or dissolved matches the general "state of the world", rising in
periods of growth and declining in periods of crisis.

The term NGO stands for nongovernmental organization, and it includes a variety of organizations
such as “private voluntary organizations,” “civil society organizations,” and “nonprofit
organization”
NGOs as a association includes groups and institutions with primary humanitarian and co-operative
objective rather than commercial independent from government.
NGOs work for the betterment and upliftment of social-economically and politically weaker
section of the community to bring them in the main stream to the society and move the society
toward more improved and developed way of living and existence.
The term 'NGO' is not always used consistently. In some countries the term NGO is applied to an
organization that in another country would be called an NPO (non-profit organization), and vice
versa. Political parties and trade unions are considered NGOs only in some countries. There are
many different classifications of NGO in use. The most common focus is on "orientation" and
"level of operation". An NGO's orientation refers to the type of activities it takes on. These activities
might include human rights, environmental, improving health, or development work. An NGO's
level of operation indicates the scale at which an organization works, such as local, regional,
national, or international.
Whether the NGOs are small or large, various NGOs need budgets to operate. The amount of
money that each requires varies depending upon multiple factors, including the size of the operation
and the extent of the services provided. Unlike small NGOs, large NGOs may have annual budgets
in the hundreds of millions or billions of dollars. For instance, the budget of the American
Association of Retired Persons (AARP) was over US$540 million in 1999.[30] Funding such large
budgets demands significant fundraising efforts on the part of most NGOs. Major sources of NGO
funding are membership dues, the sale of goods and services, grants from international institutions
or national governments, and private donations. Several EU-grants provide funds accessible to
NGOs.

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ROLE OF NGOS
Traditionally, NGOs can play three important roles, as an implementer, a catalyst, and a partner.
Although implementer has the connotation of being the direct implementer of a programme, in our
experience, unless the implementer has a strong G-O and understands the same, he/she would not
be able to do justice to the role. Building the capacity for effective implementation is equally, if not
more, important than the actual implementation itself.

NGOs also have a significant role as catalysts in understanding issues by interacting with various
stakeholders, especially those whom government inaction affects most, and to bring the issue to the
notice of the policymakers. The government cannot be present everywhere all the time. It has its
own powers as well as limitations.
NGOs get the satisfaction of reaching out to the most under-served and catering to their concerned
issue. End-users or population receive the facilities/medicines/treatment that they desperately need.
NGOs may play each of these roles at one point in time or another, with the ultimate goal being to:

1. Compliment the working of the government as a bridge.

2. Serve the people aligning with goals of NGO projects.
3. Help in overall development of human development and social progress indices of a nation.
Justice MN Venkatachaliah is a Former Chief Justice of India and current Chancellor of Puttaparthi
Univerisity. He says, “India’s concept of development should look beyond limited and inadequate
milestones of GDP. We could even achieve these through illegal or criminal means by surrendering
to the hands of smugglers and pirates. Let us envision an India which stands tall to inspire the
world, and look at development as expansion of freedom.”

1) Representing the interests of their peoples.

2) mediating between people and the wider political party, networking, information dissemination
and policy reform.
3) to enhance civic participation, improve the quality of governance.
4) overcome the democratic deficit in the formation of policies and development of laws.
5) NGOs often can respond quickly to new circumstances and can experiment with innovative
approaches.
6) NGOs often are successful intermediaries between actors in the development arena.
7) NGOs frequently represent issues and views important in the dynamics of the development
process.
8) NGOs accept for the ultimate impact of policies and positions they advocate.
9) NGOs can identify emerging issues, and through their consultative and participatory approaches
can identify and express beneficiary views that otherwise might not be heard.

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Basic role of NGOs are:
(1) social development,
(2) sustainable community development,
(3) sustainable development, and
(4) sustainable consumption.

STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF NGO:

As in case of any other type of organization, every NGO has its own set of strengths and
weaknesses. No thumb rule could be applied to list the strengths and weaknesses of NGOs as no
two NGOs are totally identical. In general following are the most common strengths and
weaknesses of NGOs:

Strengths of NGO:

Proximity to grass root levels: NGOs are close to community and can
understand people‟s needs and expectations. This is the major strength
of NGOs. There is clarity about the nature and extent of problem or need
prevailing in the community.

Enthusiasm and inner drive of the members: NGO people have an

inner drive towards social cause and they are enthusiastic about their work results in timely
achievement of their goals.

Creativity and innovation: NGOs are generally known for their creative and
innovative nature. Due to their freedom in working, NGOs are not under any
kind of pressure of doing a job in a particular way, which in turn make them
think creatively and brings innovation.

Quality of work: NGOs utilise the funds economically as already most of the
NGOs face shortage of funds. NGOs projects or activities are met in time and
have long term effect.

Speed of work: The communication is faster in case of NGOs since they do

not contain long chain of commands in the organization. Fast communication,
flexibility, field experience and field presence of NGOs increase the working
speed.

Weaknesses of NGO:

Dependence on donors: This is the biggest weakness of NGO which makes

them unsustainable. Most of the NGOs are dependent on external funds for
running their projects. In absence/ shortage of funds, the work of NGOs is slowed down or even
stopped till the funds are available.

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Lack of skilled manpower: Technical ability is required for running the projects successfully,

which is not available easily for NGOs. Also in NGOs working in rural areas or remote places,
there is problem of inadequacy of trained people which is really a challenging situation.

Limitations with long term and large scale projects: NGOs are efficient in short range projects,
but they might find big projects difficult to manage because of insufficiency of funds and
inadequacy of suitable manpower. The NGOs are close to grass roots but may be unaware of global
socio –economic scenario which may make them unsuitable for large scale projects.

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