GANPAT UNIVERSITY

U.V. PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

B.TECH SEMESTER 1
2ES103 BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (BEE)

TRANSFORMER

1. B-H Characteristics:

A B-H Characteristics shows the relationship between the induced magnetic flux density
(B) and the magnetizing force (H). It is often referred to as the hysteresis loop. H is plotted
on the X-axis and B on the Y-axis. It may be defined as the lagging of magnetisation or
induction flux density (B) behind the magnetising force (H). Alternatively, it may be defined
as that quality of a magnetic substance, due to which energy is dissipated in it, on the reversal
of its magnetism.
Take an unmagnetised iron bar AB and magnetise it by placing it within the field of a
solenoid (Fig.1 (a)). When the switch S is closed, a current I flows through the coil which
in turn produces a flux NI/l. The field H (= NI/l) produced by the solenoid is called the
magnetising force. The value of H can be increased or decreased by increasing or decreasing
current through the coil. As the magnetizing force, H increases, the flux density B also
increases as B α H.
Initially it is found that as H increases due to increase in current I, B also increases linearly
with it. But gradually as H increases the increase in B decreases as the iron bar begins to
attain magnetic saturation. So now, with the increasing H, increase in B is non-linear. This
is shown by the curve OA in the fig. 1 (b). At the point A the iron bar gets saturated where
it attains maximum value of the flux densityBmax .
Now H is gradually decreased by decreasing I. The flux density B also decreases but follows
the curve shown along AC, and not AO. At the point C where H is zero, b still has some
value given by OC. This property of the iron bar is called its Retentivity or the residual
magnetism. This means that even when H becomes zero, the iron bar is not fully
demagnetized. B = OC is a measure of the residual magnetism of the material i.e. iron bar
in our case.
To completely demagnetize the iron bar i.e. make B=0 the magnetizing force H is now
applied in the opposite direction by reversing the direction of the current through the coil.
 This can be done by reversing the connections of the battery. Now H is increased in the
reverse direction. It is found that the curve follows along CD. A t the point D, the flux
density B=0. But at this point, magnetising force H=OD. This is the force required to
completely demagnetise the iron bar and is called the coercive force. The above property is
called Coercivity.
Now as we further go on increasing H in the reverse direction, the iron bar will attain
magnetic saturation in the reverse direction i.e. the curve moves along DE and the iron bar
attains maximum flux density Bmax in the negative direction at the point E.
Now as H is decreased the curve moves along EF. At the point F, H=0 but B=OF I.E. the
residual flux. Beyond the point F, once again the battery connections are reversed to
completely demagnetize the iron bar. As H is now increased in the original direction the
curve moves along FG. At the point G, the iron bar is completely demagnetised and H =
Coercive force = OG.
Increase in H further yields the curve GA.
The closed loop A-C-D-E-F-G-A, so obtained is called Hysteresis loop.
The closed loop represents one complete cycle of magnetisation

Figure 1(a) Figure1 (b)

2. Basic Working Principle:

A transformer is a static (or stationary) device by means of which electric power in one
circuit is transformed into electric power of the same frequency in another circuit. It can
raise or lower the voltage in a circuit but with a corresponding decrease or increase in
current. Transformer works on the principle of Mutual Induction between two circuits linked
 by a common magnetic flux. It simply consists of two inductive coils which are electrically
separated but linked magnetically through a path of low reluctance as shown in Fig. 2.

Figure 2

The two coils possess high mutual inductance. If one coil is connected to a source of alternating
voltage, an alternating flux is set up in the laminated core, most of which is linked with the
other coil in which it produces mutually-induced e.m.f. (according to Faraday’s Laws of
Electromagnetic Induction e = MdI/dt). If the second coil circuit is closed, a current flows in it
and so electric energy is transferred (entirely magnetically) from the first coil to the second
coil. The first coil, in which electric energy is fed from the a.c. supply mains, is called primary
winding and the other from which energy is drawn out, is called secondary winding. Briefly, a
transformer is a device that
 transfers electric power from one circuit to another,
 it does so without a change of frequency,
 it accomplishes this by electromagnetic induction and
 Where the two electric circuits are in mutual inductive influence of each other.

3. Transformer Construction:
The simple elements of a transformer consist of two coils having mutual inductance and a
laminated steel core. The two coils are insulated from each other and the steel core. Other
necessary parts are: some suitable container for assembled core and windings; a suitable
medium for insulating the core and its windings from its container; suitable bushings (either
of porcelain, oil-filled or capacitor-type) for insulating and bringing out the terminals of
windings from the tank.
In all types of transformers, the core is constructed of sheet steel laminations assembled to
provide a continuous magnetic path with a minimum of air-gap included. The steel used is
of high silicon content, sometimes heat treated to produce a high permeability and a low
hysteresis loss at the usual operating flux densities. The eddy current loss is minimised by
laminating the core, the laminations being insulated from each other by a light coat of core-
plate varnish or by an oxide layer on the surface. The thickness of laminations varies from
0.35 mm for a frequency of 50 Hz to 0.5 mm for a frequency of 25 Hz. The core laminations
(in the form of strips) are joined as shown in Fig. 3.

Figure 3
Constructionally, the transformers are of two general types, distinguished from each other
merely by the manner in which the primary and secondary coils are placed around the
laminated core. The two types are known as
(1) Core-type
(2) Shell- type

Figure 4

Figure 5
 In a core type transformer the iron or steel core is surrounded by the winding whereas in a
shell type transformer the winding is surrounded by the iron or steel core.
The core of both types of transformers is built from sheet steel laminations containing high
percentage of silicon i.e. about 4%. The thickness of each lamination is usually between
0.35mm to 0.5mm.
In both core and shell-type transformers, the individual laminations are cut in the form of
long strips of L’s, E’s, U’s and I’s as shown in Fig.6.
The core of the core type transformer may be either L, U or I shape in laminations.
The core of the shell type transformer is E and I in shape.

In
Figure 6

3.1 Parts of Transformers:

Following are the basic components of a transformer:
1. Laminated core
2. Windings
3. Insulating materials
4. Transformer oil
5. Oil Conservator
6. Breather
7. Cooling tubes
8. Buchholz Relay
9. Explosion vent
 4. EMF Equation of a Transformer:

Figure 7

Let N1 = No. of turns in primary

N2 = No. of turns in secondary
Φm = Maximum flux in core in webers
= Bm × A
f = Frequency of a.c. input in Hz
As shown in Fig.7, flux increases from its zero value to maximum value Φm in one
quarter of the cycle i.e. in 1/4 f second.
R.M.S. value of the e.m.f. induced in primary is,
E1 = 4.44 f N1 Φm = 4.44 f N1 Bm A (1)
Similarly, R.M.S. value of the e.m.f. induced in secondary is,
E2 = 4.44 f N2 Φm = 4.44 f N2 Bm A (2)

5. Voltage Transformation Ratio (K):

Figure 8
From equations (1) and (2), we get
E2 N2
= =K
E1 N1
This constant K is known as voltage transformation ratio.
(1) If N2 > N1 i.e. K > 1, then transformer is called Step-up Transformer.
(2) If N2 < N1 i.e. K < 1, then transformer is known as Step-down Transformer.
For an ideal transformer, input VA = output VA.
I2 V1 1
V1 I1 = V2 I2 or = =
I1 V2 𝐾
Where V1 = supply voltage
Hence, currents are in the inverse ratio of the (voltage) transformation ratio.

Example 1. A single phase transformer has 500 turns in the primary and 1200 turns in the
secondary. If the primary winding is connected to a 50 Hz supply at 500 V, calculate the
voltage induced in the secondary.
Solution:
N1 = 500 turns, N2 = 1200 turns
V1 = 500V, V2 =?
Voltage induced in secondary is obtained from transformation ratio or turns ratio
V2 N2
= =K
V1 N1
V2 = 500 × 1200/500
V2 = 1200V
Example 2. The secondary of a 500kVA, 11000/220V, 50 Hz transformer has 200 turns on
the secondary. Find out the primary number of turns.
Solution:
V1 = 11000V, V2 = 220V
N1 =?, N2 = 200 turns
V2 N2
=
V1 N1
220 200
=
11000 N1
N1 = 10000 turns