TOP 250+ Mechanical Interview Questions and Answers 19 September 2019 - Mechanical Interview Questions - Wisdom Jobs India

9/19/2019 TOP 250+ Mechanical Interview Questions and Answers 19 September 2019 - Mechanical Interview Questions | Wisdom Jobs
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Control
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Are you expert in xing machines? Do you have
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Control then
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where you nd
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all jobs at one place. Mechanical is the manual work
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done by the person using machinery systems-tutorial-
and tools. It is a
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system that controls the power of forces and
systems-
movements to perform given task. They are the tools
introduction-
that direct and controls energy frequently in the form
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of movement or electricity. Candidates whoSystems
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enough to put hard work, and able toFeedback
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and machines are eligible for this post. So, all the job
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seekers who wanted to explore in this eld can try
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9/19/2019 TOP 250+ Mechanical Interview Questions and Answers 19 September 2019 - Mechanical Interview Questions | Wisdom Jobs India
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TOP 17 HR Interview Questions and …
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Modelling Of
Mechanical
Systems
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systems-tutorial-
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systems-
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Electrical
YouTube 6K Analogies Of
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Control Systems
Question 1. What Parameters In uence The Tool
Block Diagrams
Life ? (https://www.wisdomjobs.com/e-
university/control-
Answer : Tool material
systems-tutorial-
Work material 2468/control-
Speed, feed and depth of cut systems-block-
Tool geometry work system diagrams-

25879.html)
Cutting uid 6. Built up edge
Block Diagram
Vibration behaviour of the machine tool.
Algebra
university/control-
Question 2. Mention The Function systems-tutorial-

Of
☰ 2468/block-
Intermediate Stage In A Generalised
diagram-algebra-
Measurement System?
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Answer : Amplify signal without affecting its
Control Systems
waveform Block Diagram
Reduction
Remove unwanted noise signals that tend to
obscure the input (https://www.wisdomjobs.com/e-
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Capable of doing other conditioning like
systems-tutorial-
differentiation/integration, A/D 2468/control-
conversion
etc. systems-block-
diagram-
reduction-
Aeronautical and Aerospace Interview
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Questions
Control Systems
Signal Flow
university/aeronautical-and-aerospace-
interview-questions.html) Graphs
university/control-
Question 3. What Is A Signal Flow Graph ?
systems-tutorial-
Answer : A signal ow graph of a2468/control-
system is a
systems-signal-
graphical model in which nodes represent the
ow-graphs-
system variables and directed branches between
25883.html)
the nodes represent relationship between the
Mason's Gain
variables. In a signal ow graph, a forward path
Formula
originates from the input mode and(https://www.wisdomjobs.com/e-
terminates at
output mode without encountering university/control-
any mode
more than once. systems-tutorial-
2468/masons-
gain-formula-
Optional 6 Y
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Drive Home yo
Control Systems
Now!
Time Response
Ad ŠKODA Ind
Analysis
university/control-
systems-tutorial-
Question 4. Explain The Difference Between
2468/control-
Rotational And Irrotational Flow? systems-time-
Answer : response-
In rotational ow the vorticity is non
☰ analysis-
zero and in irrotational ow it is zero. In
25885.html)
irrotational ow the net rotation of a uid element
Response Of The
about its own mass centre is zero as it moves
First Order System
from one place to another. For it, dv/dx = du/dy.
university/control-
systems-tutorial-
React Native Tutorial
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the- rst-order-
university/react-native-tutorial-1643.html)
system-
25886.html)
Question 5. De ne The Term Stability Of A Feed
Response Of
Back Control System ? Second Order
Answer : System if the
A system is said to be stable
output of a system after uctuations, variations or
university/control-
oscillations, settles at a reasonable value for any
systems-tutorial-
change in input. 2468/response-of-
second-order-
system-
Mechanical Engineering Interview
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Questions
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Speci cations
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university/control-
systems-tutorial-
Question 6. What Is Meant By Precision ?
2468/time-
Answer : Precision is de ned asdomain-
the ability of
speci
instrument to reproduce a certain set cations-
of readings
25888.html)
within a given accuracy.
Control Systems
Steady State
Optional 6 Y
Errors
Drive Home yo
Now!
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Ad ŠKODA Ind
systems-tutorial-
2468/control-
systems-steady-
state-errors-
Question 7. What Is Boundary Layer ?
25889.html)
Answer : Boundary layer is the Control Systems

uid layer in the
☰
neighbourhood of a solid boundaryStability
where the
effects of uid friction are predominant.
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Plumbing Interview Questions
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questions.html) Control Systems
Stability Analysis
Question 8. On What Account The Boundary
university/control-
Layer Exists ?
systems-tutorial-
Answer : Boundary layer m uid 2468/control-
ow exists on
account of uid density. systems-stability-
analysis-
25893.html)
Convert PDF
Control Systems
Add The Exten
Root Locus
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university/control-
systems-tutorial-
2468/control-
systems-root-
locus-25894.html)
Laminar Flow And Turbulent Flow?
Construction Of
Answer : In laminar ow the uidRoot
particles
Locus
move along smooth, regular paths which can be
predicted in well advance. Turbulentuniversity/control-
ow is
systems-tutorial-
characterised by random and erratic movements
2468/construction-
of uid particles resulting in formation of eddies.
of-root-locus-
For ow to be laminar in a pipe, the25920.html)
Reynold's
number is less than 2000 and for ow to be
Frequency
turbulent it is greater than 4000. Response
Analysis
university/control-
systems-tutorial-
2468/frequency-
response-
analysis-
☰ Compressors Interview Questions
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Control Systems
university/compressors-interview-
Bode Plots
questions.html)
university/control-
Search for Jobs... Question 10. What Is The Difference Between 
systems-tutorial-
Path Line And Stream Line ? 2468/control-
systems-bode-
Answer : A path line is a curve traced by a
plots-25922.html)
single uid particle during its motion. A stream
Control Systems
line is an imaginary line drawn in a ow eld such
Construction Of
that a tangent drawn at any point on thisPlots
Bode line
represents the direction of the velocity vector.
There is no ow across the stream university/control-
line.
systems-tutorial-
2468/control-
Question 11. What Is The Difference Between
systems-
Steady And Unsteady Flow ?
construction-of-
Answer : In steady ow the velocity at a given
bode-plots-
25928.html)
point does not change with time whereas in
unsteady ow it changes with time.Control Systems
Polar Plots
Fluid mechanics Interview Questions
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plots-25929.html)
Question 12. What Is Stagnation Point And
Control Systems
Stagnation Pressure ? Nyquist Plots
Answer : A stagnation point is one at which
university/control-
velocity is zero. Stagnation pressure is the sum of
systems-tutorial-
static pressure and dynamic pressure.
2468/control-
systems-nyquist-
plots-25930.html)
Control Systems
Compensators
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☰ Convert PDF
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Add The Exten
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Control Systems
Controllers
Aeronautical and Aerospace Interview
university/control-
Questions
systems-tutorial-
2468/control-
university/aeronautical-and-aerospace-
practice-tests-75-327289) systems-
controllers-
25932.html)
Question 13. What Is The Hydraulic-grade Line ?
Control Systems
Answer : It is the line which shows the
State Space
variation of piezometric head. Model
Question 14. Under What Conditionuniversity/control-
The
systems-tutorial-
Thickness Of Thermal Boundary Layer And
2468/control-
Hydrodynamic Boundary Layer Is Same ?
systems-state-
Answer : When Prandtl number is equal to
space-model-
unity. 25933.html)
Control Systems
State Space
Optional 6 Y
Analysis Drive Home yo
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systems-state-
space-analysis-
Question 15. What Keeps The Shaft25934.html)
In Floating
Condition In Hydrodynamic Journal Bearing ?
Mechanical
Answer : Hydrodynamic pressurePractice
developed in
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☰ Mechatronics engineering Interview

Questions
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interview-questions.html)
Question 16. Why The Elements Of Higher Pairs
Must Be Force Closed ?
Answer : This is necessary to provide

completely constrained motion.
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Question 17. What Is The Value Of Coe cient Of

Friction For Ball Bearing ?
Answer : 0.1 to 0.25.
React Native Interview Questions

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questions.html)
Question 18. Why Belts Are Subject To Creep ?
Answer : Due to uneven extension and

contraction of belt.
Mechanical Engineering Interview

Questions
university/mechanical-engineering-
Question 19. What Is The Ratio Of Damping

Coe cient To Critical Damping Coe cient Called
?
Answer : Damping factor.
Question 20. In Which Type Of Lubrication The

Starting Friction Is Low ?
Answer : In hydrostatic lubrication.
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Auto mechanic Interview Questions

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Question 21. Whether Bernoulli's Equation Is

☰ Applicable For Streamline Straight And Rotational
Flows ?
Answer : Yes.
Search for Jobs... Question 22. When A Plate Slides Over A Parallel 
Plate, What Is The Relationship Between Viscous

Force And The Lubricant Thickness ?
Answer : They are directly proportional.
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Question 23. How The Stability Of Empty Ship

Increased?
Answer : By adding ballasts at the bottom

level.
Sheet Metal Interview Questions

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questions-answers.html)
Question 24. De ne Froude Number?
Answer : It is the square root of ratio of inertial

force to gravity force.
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Plumbing Interview Questions

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questions.html)
Question 25. What For Manning's Formula Used ?
Answer : It is used to determine velocity of ow

in pipe.
Question 26. What Is The Maximum E ciency Of

Power Transmission Through A Pipe ?
Answer : 66.67%.
Optional 6 Y
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Now!
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Solar Water Pumps Interview Questions

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questions.html)
Question 27. What Is The Necessary And

Su cient Condition For Bodies In Floatation To
Be In Stable Equilibrium ?
Answer :
Centre of gravity of body should be located below

☰ metacentre.
Compressors Interview Questions
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questions.html)
Question 28. Under What Condition The Thermal

Boundary Layer Thickness Will Be Equal To The
Hydrodynamic Boundary Layer Thickness ?
Answer : When Prandtl number is unity.
Question 29. How Laminar Boundary Layer

Thickness Varies On A Flat Plate ?
Answer : It is proportional to the square root of

the distance from the leading edge.
Mechanical Fitter Interview Questions

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questions.html)
Question 30. Name The Axial Flow Reaction

Turbine With Adjustable Vanes?
Answer : Kaplan turbine.
Question 31. De ne The Degree Of Reaction Of A

Turbomachine?
Answer : It is the ratio of total pressure change

in the rotor to that in the stage.
Question 32. What Is Meant By Relative Stability

?
Answer :
If the system is found to be stable, then it is

☰
necessary to know the stable strength or degree
of stability which is called relative stability. Phase
margin and gain margins are the measures of
relative stability.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Interview Questions
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ppe-interview-questions.html)
Question 33. On What Factors The E ciency Of A

Centrifugal Pump Depends ?
Answer : The e ciency of a centrifugal pump

depends on size, speed and type number.
Fluid mechanics Interview Questions

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questions.html)
Question 34. De ne Transducer ?
Answer : Transducer is an element which

converts the signal from one physical form to
another without changing the information content
of the signal.
Question 35. A 200 Mm Impeller Of Centrifugal

Pump Develops Discharge Head Of 2 Kg/cm2. If
Discharge Head Is Required As 8 Kg/cm2, What
Should Be Diameter Of Impeller?
Answer : 400 mm.
Question 36. Why Thin-plate Ori ce Is Frequently

☰ Recommended For Flow Measurement In Most Of
The Cases ?
Answer : It is recommended because of its
high accuracy, low cost, and extreme exibility.
Mechatronics engineering Interview

Questions
university/mechatronics-engineering-
Question 37. How The Water Flow From A

Hydrant In A City Water System Measured ?
Answer : It can be measured by allowing the

ow of water from a hydrant and noting down the
horizontal distance (x) where jet strikes the
ground and the vertical distance (y) of outlet from
ground. Then ow = area of hydrant x
Question 38. For The Same Size, Length And

Condition Of Pipe, How The Friction Head Loss
Changes If Pipe Size Is Varied?
Answer : Under same ow conditions the

friction head loss increases as the size change to
the 4.8th power.
Question 39. How Does The Capacity Changes In

Pipe Flow With Increase In Pipe Diameter If Head
Is Constant ?
Answer : At constant head, capacity is

proportional to d25.
Question 40. How Does The Head Change In Pipe

☰
Flow With Change In Diameter, If Capacity Is
Constant?
Answer : At constant capacity, head is
proportional to
React Native Interview Questions

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Question 41. How Head Varies In Pipe Flow With

Change In Flow, If Pipe Diameter Is Same?
Answer : At constant diameter, head is

proportional to ( ow)2.
Question 42. Give Some Properties Of Errors ?
Answer : Errors give the difference between

the measured-value and the true value
Accuracy of a measurement system is
measured in terms of error
A study of error helps in nding the reliability
of the results.
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Question 43. De ne The Term Contraction

Coe cient?
Answer : The ratio of area of jet (contracted)

and the cross section of the ori ce.
Question 44. What For Pycnometer Is Used ?
Answer : Pycnometer is used to measure

☰ speci c gravity of the liquid.
Question 45. How May Types Of Bonded Strain

Gauges Used ?
Search for Jobs... Answer : Fine wire strain gauge 
Metal foil strain gauge

Piezoresistive gauge.
Question 46. Name Various Functional Elements

Of An Instrumental System ?
Answer : Primary sensing element

Variable conversion (or) transducer element
Variable manipulation element
Data transmission element
Data processing element
Data presentation element
Data storage and playback element.
Question 47. Name The Three Stages Of A

Generalised Measuring System?
Answer : Sensing and converting the input to

a convenient and practicable form.
Processing/manipulating the measured
variable.
Presenting the processed measured variable
in quantitative form.
Question 48. How Is A Pelton Turbine Braked ?
Answer : A pelton wheel is broken by a nozzle

directing a jet on the back of the buckets.
Question 49. What Is Static Pressure ? How Is It

Measured?
Answer :
The pressure caused on the walls of a pipe due to

☰
a uid at rest inside the pipe or due to the ow of
a uid parallel to walls of the pipe is called static
pressure. This static pressure is measured by
inserting a pressure measuring tube into the pipe
Search for Jobs... carrying the uid so that the tube is at right angle 
to the uid ow path.
Question 50. What Are The Requirements Of A

Control System ?
Answer : Stability, accuracy and speed of

response are the three requirements of control
system.

Weir, And Submerged Weir?
Answer : Any obstruction of a stream ow over

which water ows is weir. When the downstream
water level rises over the weir crest, it is called
submerged weir.

Spillway And Siphon Spillway ?
Answer : Spillway is an essential part of a large

dam and provides an e cient and safe means of
releasing ood water that exceeds the design
capacity of the reservoir. Siphon spillway is
spillway designed to discharge water in a closed
conduit under negative pressure.

Culverts, Stilling Basin, And Standpipe ?
Answer : Culverts are built at the points of

lowest valley to pass water across the
embankments of highways or railroads.
Stilling basin is transitional energy dissipating

☰ structure to avoid the damaging process by a
highly accelerated spilled water.
Standpipe is used principally for alleviating the
transient pressures in large pipeline system. It
also works as a pressure relief valve for the
upstream pipe during the turbine shut off.
Question 54. What Do You Understand By Run-of-

river Scheme In Hydro Power Generation ?
Answer : A scheme in which the discharge is

varying and only that much water can be utilised
for conversion as available in the river.

Firm Power And Secondary Power In Hydro
Power Plants ?
Answer : The approximate constant and

continuous power which is assured at power
station and would be available throughout the
year is called rm power.
In run-of-the river schemes which are generally

designed for % availability of water, the rm power
would be available for at least % of the years
during the life of the scheme. However in some
years discharge in the river may be more than %
availability discharge and some extra power
known as secondary power can be generated.
Question 56. What Is The Criterion For

Determining Economic Diameter Of Power Tunnel
?
Answer : The economic diameter of a power

tunnel is determined such that the total value of
following two factors is least
annual loss of revenue on account of power

☰ head lost due to friction.
recurring annual expenditure.
Question 57. What Are The Three Functions
Search for Jobs... Served By A Surge Tank In A Hydro Plant ? 
Answer : The three functions served by a surge

tank are
ow regulation - act as a reservoir for

acceptance or delivery of water to meet
requirements of load changes.
water-hammer relief or pressure regulation.
improvement in speed regulation.
Question 58. What Is The Criterion To Determine

The Economic Diameter Of Penstock ?
Answer : The economic diameter of a penstock

required to carry a discharge is the one at which
annual costs due to the greater investment do not
exceed the annual value of resulting increment
energy output.
Question 59. If Jet Ratio For A Pelton Wheel Is 12

Then Number Of Buckets Should Be ?
Answer : 0.5 x 12+ 15 = 21.

Anti-friction And Hydrostatic Bearings ?
Answer : In anti-friction bearings rolling

components are introduced between the sliding
surfaces. In hydrostatic bearings lubricant is
supplied at a high pressure to a pocket in the
bearing.
Question 61. What Is Inviscid Fluid ?

☰
Answer : It is the frictionless uid.
Question 62. State Law Of Conservation Of

Momentum ?
Answer : The ratio of change of momentum of
a mass of uid is equal to the vector sum of all
external forces acting on it.
Question 63. De ne Turbulent Flow ?
Answer : Flow in which adjacent layers mix

continuously, so that the ow pattern is unsteady,
full of eddies, and apparently without any
mathematically expressible regularity.
Question 64. De ne Reynolds Law Of Similitude ?
Answer : Two geometrically similar ow

systems subject only to friction and inertia forces
are dynamically similar if both have the same
'Reynolds' number.

Boundary Lubrication And Fluid Film Lubrication
?
Answer : In boundary lubrication condition the

ratio of thickness of lubrication lm to surface
roughness (CLA value) is less than 1 and for uid
lm lubrication condition this ratio is greater than
5 and less than 100.
Question 66. A Bearing In Which Hydrodynamic

Pressure Is Generated Due To Rotation Of
Jour¬nal Is Called.?
Answer : Journal bearing.
Question 67. For A Journal Running In A Bearing

☰ Clockwise At Steady State, Where Will Be The
Minimum Clearance ?
Answer : To the left of the load line.
Search for Jobs... Question 68. Out Of Impulse And Reaction Type 
Hydraulic Turbines, Which Has Higher Speci c

Speed ?
Answer : Reaction turbine.
Question 69. What Is Order Of The System?
Answer : The order of the system is the order

of the highest derivative of the ordinary
differential equation with constant coe cients
which de nes the system mathematically.
Question 70. What Is Bode Plot ?
Answer : Bode plot is a logarithmic plot used to

represent transfer functions. The Bode plot
consists of two plots namely.
The plot of magnitude in db (on linear scale)

vs. frequency to (on log scale)
The plot of phase angle in degrees (on linear
scale) vs. frequency co (on log scale)
Question 71. Navier Stokes Equation Represents

The Conservation Of Which Quantity ?
Answer : Momentum.
Question 72. What Are The Characteristics Of

Precision ?
Answer : If a number of measurements are

made on same true value, the degree of
closeness of these measurements gives
precision
It is a measure of the degree of repeatability

☰
or reproducibility of the measuring system.
Question 73. What Is Meant By Loading ?

Answer : During the act of measurement the
Search for Jobs... measuring instrument takes energy from the 
signal source or measured medium and thus the

signal source is altered. This effect is called
loading.
Question 74. Give Two Uses Of Bode Plots?
Answer : They are the logarithmic plots used

to represent transfer functions
They are used in the calculation of gain
margin and phase margin.
Question 75. What Is The Name Of

Nondimensional Group For Ratio Of Inertia Force
To Gravity Force?
Answer : Froude number.
Question 76. The Head Loss In A Fully Developed

Laminar Flow In A Circular Pipe Due To Friction Is
Directly Proportional To ?
Answer : Square of mean velocity.
Question 77. For What Type Of Flow, The

Streamlines, Pathlines And Streaklines Are
Virtually Identical ?
Answer : Steady ow.
Question 78. How The Streamlines And

Equipotential Lines Are Related In A Flow Field ?
Answer : They are orthogonal everywhere in

the ow eld.
Question 79. Under What Kind And Condition Of

☰ A Fluid The Velocity Potential Exists ?
Answer : Irrotational ow.

Question 80. Where Should Centre Of Gravity Of
Search for Jobs... A Body Lie For It To Float In Stable Equilibrium ? 
Answer : e.g. should be located below the

metacentre.
Question 81. For Fully Developed Flow Through A

Pipe, What Is The Ratio Of Maximum To Average
Velocity ?
Answer : 2.
Question 82. Out Of Centrifugal, Axial And

Positive Displacement Pumps, Which Has
Maximum Speci c Speed And Which Has
Minimum ?
Answer : Axial pump has maximum speci c

speed and reciprocating pump has minimum.
Question 83. Speci c Speed Of A Turbine Is 800.

What Type Of Turbine Is This ?
Answer : Kaplan turbine.
Question 84. In Which Type Of Lubrication

System The Starting Friction Is Low ?
Answer : Hydrostatic lubrication.
Question 85. At Which Point The Cavitation Is

Most Likely To Occur In A Hydel Plant ?
Answer : At turbine rotor exit.

Lower Pair And Higher Pair ?
Answer : In a kinematic pair, if the elements

☰
have surface contact when in motion, the pair is
called lower pair and if elements have line or point
contact the pair is called higher pair.
Search for Jobs... Question 87. What Do You Understand By 

Inversions And How Many Inversions Are
Possible In A Kinematic Chain Having 'n' Links ?
Answer : Inversions are different mechanisms

obtained by xing different links in a kinematic
chain but keeping relative motions of links
unchanged with respect to one another. A
kinematic chain with 'n' links can have 'n'
inversions.

Basic Kinematic Chain And Compound Kinematic
Chain ? What Is The Criteria For A Chain To Be
Constrained ?
Answer : A basic kinematic chain consists of

four kinematic links and a compound kinematic
chain is a constrained chain of more than four
links. A chain is constrained if no. of binary joints
and half of number of higher pairs is equal to 3/2
of no. of links minus 2.
Question 89. What Is The Difference Between A

Machine And A Mechanism ?
Answer : A mechanism consists of links

forming a constrained kinematic chain. Its
function is basically to transmit or modify motion.
A machine is a mechanism but here we are
concerned with forces to be transmitted and it is
used to modify mechanical work.
Question 90. In Which Type Of Motion,

☰
Acceleration Is Directly Proportional To
Displacement ?
Answer : SHM.
Search for Jobs... Question 91. What Is The Function Of A 
Transducer Element ?
Answer : The function of a transducer element

is to sense and convert the desired input into a
more convenient and practicable form to be
handled by measurement system.
Question 92. What Is The Direction Of Tangential

Acceleration ?
Answer : The direction of tangential

acceleration may be same or opposite to that of
angular velocity.
Question 93. What Is The Number Of Degrees Of

Freedom Constrained In Each Case By The
Kinematic Pairs.
Re Volute Pair,
cylindrical Pair,
screw Pair,
Spherical Pair.
Answer : Revolute pair—single degree of

freedom.
cylindrical pair—two degrees of freedom.
Screw pair—one degree of freedom.
spherical pair—three degrees of freedom.
Question 94. What Is The Purpose Of D-slide

Valve In Steam Engines ?
Answer :
It controls the piston position for cut off of steam,

☰ for release of steam and compression position for
steam in cylinder.
Question 95. What Is The Purpose Of Corliss
Search for Jobs... Valve In Place Of D'-slide Valve In Steam Engine ? 
Answer : Corliss valve reduces condensation,

provides independent control on admission, cut
off, release and compression, and reduces driving
power requirements.
Question 96. On What Factor The Size Of Cam

Depends ?
Answer : Size of cam depends on base circle.
Question 97. If Base Circle Diameter Of Cam

Increases, What Happens To Pressure Angle ?
Answer : It decreases.
Question 98. If Angular Speed Of Cam Is

Increased Two Times, How Much Jerk Will Be
Increased ?
Answer : Eight times.
Question 99. De ne Primary And Secondary

Transducers ?
Answer : A primary transducer senses a

physical phenomena and converts it to an
analogue output.
The analogue output is then converted into an

electrical signal by secondary transducer.
Question 100. What Is The Relationship Between
Axes Of Spin, Precession, And Applied

Gyroscopic Torque And
in Between Their Planes ?

☰
Answer : The axes of spin, precession, and
applied gyroscopic torque are contained in two
planes perpendicular to each other, and planes of
spin, precession, and applied gyroscopic torque in
the three planes perpendicular to one another.
Question 101. How Shear Forces Are Incurred In

Fluid Flow ?
Answer : Shear forces between uid particles

and boundary walls and between the uid
particles themselves, result from the viscosity of
the real uid.
Question 102. In Laminar Flow, How Discharge Is

Related To Viscosity ?
Answer : Discharge varies inversely as

viscosity.
Question 103. What Is Best Hydraulic Section ?
Answer : Best hydraulic section is one in which

for a given cross-section area, the channel section
has least wetted perimeter.
Question 104. What Is Best Hydraulic Trapezoidal

Section ?
Answer : It is a half-hexagon in shape.
Question 105. What Is Speci c Energy In A

Channel Section ?
Answer : It is de ned as the energy head

measured with respect to the channel bottom at
the section. At any section, it is equal to sum of
the velocity head and the water depth at the
section.
Question 106. What Is Critical Depth And Critical

☰ Flow ?
Answer : Critical depth is the depth, at which

the discharge may be delivered through the
section at minimum energy.
Critical ow is the ow in open channel
corresponding to critical depth.
Question 107. What Causes Boundary Layer

Separation ?
Answer : An adverse pressure gradient.
Question 108. What Is The Importance Of Nose

Radius ?
Answer : Nose radius is favourable to long tool

life and good surface nish. A sharp point on the
end of a tool is highly stressed, short lived and
leaves a groove in the path of cut.
Question 109. At What Point Below Free Surface

In A Uniform Laminar Flow In A Channel The
Point Velocity Is Equal To Mean Velocity Of Flow
?
Answer : At 0.577 depth of channel.
Question 110. What Is The Value Of Friction

Factor For Smooth Pile When Reynolds Number
Is Approximately = 10g ?
Answer : 0.01.
Question 111. How Hydraulic Grade Line And

Free Surface Of Open Channel Flow Related ?
Answer : They coincide.
Question 112. What Are The First And Last

☰
Elements Of Tool Signatures ?
Answer : Back rake angle and nose radius.

Question 113. What Is Open Channel Flow ?
Search for Jobs... Explain 4 Types Of Open Channel Flows? 
Answer : Open channel ow has a free water

surface which is normally subject to the
atmospheric pressure.
Steady open channel ow : In this case the

discharge and water depth at any section in the
reach do not change with time during the period
of interest.
Unsteady open channel ow : In this case the

discharge and the water depth at any section in
the reach change with time.
Uniform open channel ow : In this case the

discharge and the water depth remain the same in
energy section in the channel reach. It is mostly
steady.
Varied open channel {low : In this case the water

depth and/or the discharge change along the
length of the channel. It may be steady (such as
ow over a spillway crest) or unsteady (as in the
case of ood waves or tidal surge).
Question 114. When Does Wake Occur ?
Answer : It occurs after a separation point.
Question 115. In Straight Polarity, To Which

Terminal The Electrode Is Connected ?
Answer : Negative.
Question 116. What Is Hydraulic Radius ?
Answer : It is the ratio of uid ow area/shear

☰
perimeter.
Question 117. De ne Flow Work?

Answer : Flow work is the amount of
Search for Jobs... mechanical energy required to push or force a 
owing uid across a section boundary.
Question 118. What Do You Understand By

Dimensional Analysis ?
Answer : Dimensional analysis is the

mathematics of dimensions and quantities and
provides procedural techniques whereby the
variables that are assumed to be signi cant in a
problem can be formed into dimensionless
parameters, the number of parameters being less
than the number of variables.
Question 119. What Is Hydraulic Depth For Open

Channel Flow ?
Answer : It is the ratio of area and the top width

of the channel section.
Question 120. Which Welding Set Will You Select

For Welding Both Ferrous And Non Ferrous
Materials?
Answer : D.C. generator set.
Question 121. Which Welding Process Is A

Combination Of Arc Welding And Gas Welding
Processes?
Answer : Atomic hydrogen welding.
Question 122. What Is Hydraulic Jump ?
Answer :
It is a natural phenomenon in open channel. It is

☰ an abrupt reduction in ow velocity by means of a
sudden increase of water depth in the down
stream direction. Through a hydraulic jump, and
high-velocity supercritical ow is changed to a
Search for Jobs... low-velocity subcritical ow. 
Question 123. What Is Gradually Varied Flow ?
Answer : The changes in water depth in the

open channel take place very gradually with
distance. Depending on the channel slope, the
surface conditions, the sectional geometry, and
the discharge, these may be classi ed into ve
categories : steep channel, critical channel, mild
channel, horizontal channel, and adverse channel.
Question 124. Explain 5 Types Of Channels?
Answer : Steep channel : In this case normal

depth < critical depth.
Critical channel : In this case normal depth =
critical depth.
Mild channel : In this case, normal depth > critical
depth.
Adverse channel : In this case, the slope of
channel bed < 0
Horizontal channel : In this case, the slope of
channel bed = 0.
Question 125. What Is Similarity Between Normal

Shock Wave And Hydraulic Jump ?
Answer : Both are analogous and irreversible.
Question 126. For What Purpose Chills Are Used

In Moulds ?
Answer :
Chills are used to achieve directional

☰ solidi cation.
Question 127. What Is Tumbler Gear Mechanism

?
Search for Jobs... Answer : Tumbler gear mechanism is a 
mechanism consisting of number of different

sized gears keyed to the driving shaft in the form
of cone and is used to give the desired direction
of motion of the lathe spindle.
Question 128. What Is Relative Roughness Of

Pipe ?
Answer : It is the ratio of the size of the surface

imperfections to the inside diameter of the pipe.
Question 129. What Is Conicity ?
Answer : The ratio of the difference in diameter

of the taper to its length is termed conicity.
Question 130. Under What Condition The Effect

Of Compressibility Of Fluid Can Be Neglected ?
Answer : When Mach number is less than 0.4.
Question 131. For Which Type Of Flow The

Velocity Distribution In A Pipe Is Parabolic?
Answer : For uniform laminar ow.

Center Line Velocity And Average Velocity For A
Laminar Flow In A Pipe ?
Answer : Average velocity = 1/2 centre line

velocity.
Question 133. On Which Factor The Friction

☰
Factor For A Smooth Pipe In Turbulent Flow
Depends ?
Answer : Reynolds number.
Search for Jobs... Question 134. What Do You Understand By Pipe 
Branchings ?
Answer : When water is brought by pipes to a

junction where more than two pipes meet, them
the total amount of water brought by pipes to a
junction must always be equal to that carried
away from the junction by other pipes, and all
pipes that meet at the junction must share the
same pressure at the junction.
Question 135. What Is Pipe Networks And What

Are The Condition For Network ?
Answer : Pipe network comprises a number of

pipes connected together to form loops and
branches. For a network,
at any junction, Y.Q = 0 and

between any two junctions the total head
loss is independent of the path taken.
Question 136. What Is Hardy-cross Method ?
Answer : It is a commonly used computer

program for a pipe network.
Question 137. Explain Water Hammer?
Answer : The force resulting from changing the

speed of the water mass (say in a pipe due to
sudden change of ow rate) may cause a
pressure rise in the pipe with a magnitude several
times greater than the normal static pressure in

☰
the pipe. Pressure head caused by water hammer
= C (V - velocity in pipe, C = celerity).
Question 138. What Happens To Impurities In
Search for Jobs... Centrifugal Casting ? 
Answer : They get collected at the center of the

casting.
Question 139. De ne The Terms Hydraulic

Similitude And Dimensional Analysis?
Answer : Hydraulic similitude is the principle on

which the model studies are based.
Dimensional analysis is the analysis of the basic

relationship of the various physical quantities
involved in the static and dynamic behaviors of
water ow in a hydraulic structure.

Geometric Similarity, Kinematic Similarity And
Dynamic Similarity?
Answer : Geometric similarity : It implies

similarity of form. The model is a geometric
reduction of the prototype and is accomplished by
maintaining a xed ratio for all homologous
lengths between the model and the prototype.
Kinematic similarity : It implies similarity in

motion. Kinematic similarity between a model and
the prototype is obtained if the homologous
moving particles have the same velocity ratio
along geometrically similar paths. It involves the
scale of time as well as length.
Dynamic similarity : It implies similarity in forces

involved in motion.
Question 141. De ne Reynolds Law ?

☰
Answer : When the inertial force and the
viscous force are considered to be the only forces
governing the motion of the water, the Reynolds
number of the model and the prototype must be
kept at the same value.
Question 142. When A Built Up Edge Is Formed

While Machining ?
Answer : While machining ductile materials at

high speed.
Question 143. On What Factor The Friction Factor

For A Rough Pipe In Turbulent Flow Depends ?
Answer : Relative roughness.
Question 144. What Is Unit Power Of A Turbine ?
Answer : PHP12.
Question 145. How Cavitation Causes Damage ?
Answer : In a a closed system (pipelines, or

pumps), water evaporates rapidly in regions where
the pressure drops below the vapour pressure.
This phenomenon is called cavitation. The vapour
bubbles formed in cavitation usually collapse in a
violent manner, which may cause considerable
damage to the system.
Question 146. In Milling Process, How The Arbor

Torque Can Be Smooth End ?
Answer : Arbor torque can be smooth end by

increasing number of teeth, using higher spiral
angle of teeth, using higher cutting depth.
Question 147. What Are Webs In A Twist Drill ?
Answer : Webs are the metal column in the drill

☰ which separates the utes.
Question 148. What Is Bluff Body ?

Answer : It is a body with such shape that the
Search for Jobs... ow is separated much ahead of its rear end 
resulting in a large wake, the pressure drag being

much greater than the friction drag.
Question 149. What Is Bulk Modulus ?
Answer : It is the ratio of hydrostatic stress to

volumetric strain within the elastic limits.
Question 150. De ne Boundary Layer?
Answer : It is the uid layer in the

neighborhood of a solid boundary where the
effects of uid friction are predominant.
Question 151. What Is Creep Flow ?
Answer : It is ow at very low Reynolds number

where viscous forces are larger than the inertia
forces.
Question 152. What Is Torricellis Theorem ?
Answer : According to it velocity of jet owing

out of a small opening is proportional to the
square root of head of liquid above it.
Question 153. How Does Cavitation Manifest

Itself In A Centrifugal Pump ?
Answer : Usual symptoms of cavitation of

pump are noise, vibration, a drop in head and
capacity with a decrease in e ciency,
accompanied by pitting and corrosion of the
impeller vanes.
Question 154. What Happens If Centrifugal Pump

☰
Is Operated At Excessive Speeds ?
Answer : When a pump is operated at

excessive speeds, the differential pressure
developed increases and causes a powerful
pulsating vacuum on the underside of the blade
tips and each particle of water is pulled away
from the blade, taking away with it a small particle
of metal, producing pitting/grooved effect.
Repeated erosive action results in complete honey
combing and total destruction of blade, with
resultant loss in pump performance.
Question 155. On What Parameters The Head

Developed By A Centrifugal Pump Depends ?
Answer : It depends upon the impeller diameter

and its rotation speed.
Question 156. Which Factors Determine The

Selection Of Electrolyte For Electrochemical
Machining Process ?
Answer : Electrolyte should be chemically

stable and have high electrical conductivity.
Question 157. What Is The Disadvantages Of

Centrifugal Pump Having Very Low Speci c
Speed ?
Answer : For a.centrifugal pump having very

low speci c speed, the impeller diameter is large
and narrow having excessively high disc friction
and excessive hydraulic losses.
Question 158. On What Factors The E ciency Of

Pump Depends ?
Answer :
E ciency of a pump (centrifugal) depends on the

☰
size, speed, and proportions of the impeller and
casing.
Question 159. On What Factors The Cavitation In
Search for Jobs... Centrifugal Pumps Is Dependent ? 
Answer : Cavitation in centrifugal pumps

depends on the velocity of water entering the
impeller and on the relative velocity of the impeller
blades where the water is picked up.
Question 160. What Are The Losses In A

Centrifugal Pump ?
Answer : The losses in a centrifugal pump are :

Friction losses due to eddies in ow, leakage,
friction loss due to rotation of impeller in chamber
of water, gland and bearing power losses.
Question 161. What Should Be Done To Avoid

Cavitation In Pumps ?
Answer : In order to avoid cavitation, the

suction lift and the operating speed must be
carefully chosen.
Question 162. What Will Happen If Speed Of

Reciprocating Pump Is Increased ?
Answer : If speed of a reciprocating pump is

increased beyond a limit, then atmospheric
pressure would be insu cient to force water into
the pump at the same speed as the piston. This
would a break in the continuity of the water in
suction pipe (cavitation) and give rise to vibration,
noise, and chemical attack by any dissolved
gases which may be released from the water

☰
owing to the high vacuum and the breaking of the
water column.
Question 163. What Is The Order Of E ciency Of
Search for Jobs... Cenetrifugal And Reciprocating Pumps ? 
Answer : The e ciency of centrifugal pump is

of the order of 45% whereas that of reciprocating
pump is around %.
Question 164. What Are The Basic Operations

Performed In A Slotter ?
Answer : The different operations done in

slotter are :
Machining grooves
Machining cylindrical surface
Machining irregular pro les.
Question 165. How The Positive Displacement Is

Obtained In Rotary Pumps ?
Answer : Positive displacement in rotary

pumps is achieved in two ways :
A rotor carries radially adjustable vanes, the

outer tips of which are constrained by a
circular casing, whose centre is remote from
that of the rotor.
Various combinations of gears, lobes,
helices, etc. within a casing arranged so that
the lobes or teeth attached to each rotor
pass in sequence through the same
pumping space.
Question 166. Under What Condition The Flow

And Power Of Pump Vary As Square Of The Size
?
Answer : The ow and power vary as size2

☰ when the geometric size changes as inverse of
change of speed.
Question 167. How The Incidence Of Cavitation
Search for Jobs... Detected ? 
Answer : The incidence of cavitation is

detected by the following in order of appearance.
stroboscopic observation of bubble

appearance and size
sensitive acoustic tests of cavitation noise
reduction of e ciency and/or head of 3%.
Question 168. How Cavitation Erosion Is

Assessed ?
Answer : Cavitation erosion is assessed by

depth of attack or weight of metal removed.
Question 169. At Which Temperature The

Cavitation Erosion Is Negligible And Why ?
Answer : Cavitation erosion is negligible at

above 300°C because the water and steam have
same densities at critical temperature of 374°C
and thus there is no volume change or bubble
collapse in the vicinity of this range.
Question 170. What Is An Arbor ?
Answer : An arbor is an accurately machined

shaft for holding and driving the arbor type cutter.
It is tapered at one end to t the spindle nose and
has two slots to t the nose keys for locating and
driving it.
Question 171. What Is The Condition For A Flow

To Be Fully Developed Through A Pipe ?
Answer : Ratio of maximum velocity to average

☰ velocity should be 2.
Question 172. When A Fluid Is Moving With

Uniform Velocity, Whether The Pressure Of Fluid
Search for Jobs... Will Depend On Its Depth And Orientation ? 
Answer : No.
Question 173. How Much Is The Vertical

Component Of Force On A Curved Surface
Submerged In A Static Liquid ?
Answer : It is equal to weight of the liquid

above the curved surface.
Question 174. On Which Factors Depends The

Friction Factor In A Rough Turbulent Flow In A
Pipe?
Answer : It depends on pipe diameter and the

condition of the pipe.
Question 175. What Does The Realisation Of

Velocity Potential In Fluid Flow Indicate ?
Answer : It indicates that ow is irrotational.

Potential Flow And Creep Flow ?
Answer : Potential ow assumes viscous

forces to be zero but same is considered larger
than inertia forces in creep ow.
Question 177. For Which Application Mach

Number And Froude Numbers Are Signi cant ?
Answer : Mach no. is signi cant in the study of

projectiles and jet propulsion. Froude number is
signi cant in the study of ship hulls.

☰
Geometric, Kinematic, And Dynamic Similarities
Between Model And Prototype ?
Answer :
Geometric similarity is mainly for same shape for

model and prototype, kinematic similarity is
concerned with streamline pattern, whereas
dynamic similarity concerns the ratio of forces.
Question 179. A Body Is Floating In Water. If It Is

Displaced Slightly Then About Which Point It Will
Oscillate?
Answer : It will oscillate about centre of

buoyancy.
Question 180. Why Uniform Ramming Is

Considered Desirable In Green Sand Moulding
Process ?
Answer : Uniform ramming results in greater

dimensional stability of a casting.
Question 181. On What Account The Friction

Drag Is Experienced ?
Answer : Friction drag is experienced on

separation of boundary layer.
Question 182. What Is The Characteristic Of

Centrifugally Cast Components ?
Answer : These have ne grain structure with

high density.
Question 183. Under What Condition The

Separation Of Flow Occurs ?
Answer : When pressure gradient changes

abruptly.
Question 184. What Is The Criterion For Shaping

☰
Of Streamlined Body ?
Answer : It is shaped to suppress the ow

separation about the body and to shift the
boundary layer separation to near most part of
body to reduce the wake size.

Entrance Length And What Is Its Value For
Turbulent Flow In Smooth Pipe ?
Answer : Entrance length of ow is the initial

length in which the ow develops fully such that
the velocity pro le remains unchanged
downstream. For turbulent ow in smooth pipe,
entrance length is taken as 50 x diameter of pipe.

Friction Drag And Pressure Drag?
Answer : Friction drag is the drag force exerted

by a uid on the surface due to friction action
when the ow occurs past a at surface at zero
incidence. Pressure drag is the additional drag
force on account of the differences of pressure
over the body surface when ow occurs past a
surface which is not everywhere parallel to the
uid stream. Pressure drag depends upon
separation of boundary layer and the size of wake.
Friction drag is due to shear stresses generated
due to viscous action.

Choking In Pipe Line ?
Answer : When speci c mass ow is not able

to take place in a pipe line.

☰
Streamline Body And Bluff Body ?
Answer : In streamline body the shape is such

that separation in ow occurs past the nearmost
part of the body so that wake formed is small and
thus friction drag is much greater than pressure
drag. In bluff body the ow gets separated much
ahead of its rear resulting in large wake and thus
pressure drag is much greater than the friction
drag.

Dressing And Truing Of A Grinding Wheel ?
Answer : Dressing is the process used to clear

the cutting surface of the grinding wheel of any
dull grits and embedded swarf in order to improve
the cutting action. Truing is the process employed
to bring the wheel to the required geometric shop
and also to restore the cutting action of a worn
wheel.
Question 190. Whether Hard Grade Or Softer

Grade Is Required For Internal Grinding Than
External Grinding?
Answer : Softer graders of wheel are required

for internal grinding than for external grinding.
Question 191. How Is The Velocity Pro le And

Stress Distribution Due To Laminar Flow Of An
Incompressible Flow Under Steady Conditions In
A Circular Pipe?
Answer : Velocity pro le is parabolic with zero

velocity at boundary and maximum at the centre.
Shear stress distribution is linear, being maximum
at boundary and zero at centre.
Question 192. Where The Maximum Velocity

☰ Occurs In Open Channels ?
Answer : Near the channel bottom.

Question 193. De ne Hydraulically E cient
Search for Jobs... Channel Cross Section? 
Answer : The shape of such section is that

which produces minimum wetted perimeter for a
given area of ow and carries maximum ow.
Question 194. What Is Follower Rest ?
Answer : For slender work a travelling or

follower rest is used. This ts on the lathe - saddle
and travels to and fro with it. By this means
support is constantly provided at the position of
cut. Thus the work piece being turn is rigidly held
against the tool.
Question 195. What Is The Meaning Of The Term

Sensitive Drill Press ?
Answer : A sensitive drilling press is a light,

simple, bench type machine for light duty working
with in nite speed ratio.
Question 196. Why Carburised Machine

Components Have High Endurance Limit ?
Answer : In carburised machine components,

the process of carburisation introduces a
compressive layer on the surface and thus
endurance limit is increased.
Question 197. What Is Anisotropy ?
Answer : The phenomenon of different

properties in different directions is called
anisotropy.
Question 198. What Is Vapour Pressure And

☰
When It Becomes Important ?
Answer : Vapour pressure is the partial

pressure created by the vapour molecules when
evaporation takes place within an enclosed space.
It becomes important when negative pressures
are involved.
Question 199. Explain Absolute Viscosity ?
Answer : It is the ratio of shear stress and the

gradient of velocity with distance between a xed
plate and moving plate (Its unit is Pa . s).
Question 200. De ne Surface Tension ?
Answer : Surface tension of a liquid is the work

that must be done to bring enough molecules
from inside the liquid to the surface to form one
new unit area of that surface. (Its unit is Nm/m2
or N/m).
Question 201. What Is Capillarity And When

Liquid Rises Or Falls ?
Answer : Capillarity : The rise or fall of a liquid

in a capillary tube caused by surface tension. The
magnitude of rise or fall depends on the relative
magnitudes of the cohesion of the liquid and
adhesion of the liquid to the walls of the
containing vessels. Capillarity is of importance in
tubes smaller than 10 mm diameter.
Rise of liquid : Liquids rise (in capillary tube)

when they wet and adhesion of the liquid to the
walls is greater than the cohesion of the liquid.
Fall of liquid : Liquids fall (in capillary tube) when

☰
they do not wet and the cohesion of the liquid is
greater than the adhesion of the liquid to the
walls.
Search for Jobs... Question 202. What Is The Difference Between 

Perfect And Real Fluids ?
Answer : Perfect uids are treated as if all

tangential forces created by friction can be
ignored.
Real uids refer to the cases in which friction

must properly be taken into account.
Question 203. Which Factors Affect Tool Size ?
Answer : Following factors in uence tool size :
Process variable (speed, feed and depth of

cut)
Tool material
Tool geometry
Workpiece material, its hardness,
microstructure and surface condition
Cutting conditions.
Question 204. When The Motion Of Fluid Is Fully

Known ?
Answer : The motion of a uid is fully known

when the velocity of each of its particles can be
speci ed.
Question 205. De ne Fluid?
Answer : A uid is a substance that can't

remain at rest under the action of any shear force.
Question 206. How Is The Size Of A Vertical

Boring Machine Designated ?
Answer : The speci cations of vertical boring

☰ machine are :
Column height
Table size
Floor area
Weight of the job
Spindle of the motor.
Question 207. What Do You Mean By Drill Sleeve

And A Drill Socket ?
Answer : The drill sleeve is suitable for holding

only one size of shank. If the taper shank of the
tool is smaller than the taper in the spindle hole, a
taper sleeve is used.
When the taper tool shank is larger than the

spindle taper, drill sockets are used to hold the
tools. Drill sockets are much longer in size than
the drill sleeves.
Question 208. What Is Non Barotropic Fluid ?
Answer : Fluid such as air for which the density

is not a single-valued function of the pressure
(aerostatics).
Question 209. On Account Of Which Property,

The Falling Drops Of Rain Acquire Superical
Shape?
Answer : Surface tension.
Question 210. How You Can De ne Standard

Atmospheric Pressure ?
Answer : By international agreement, the

standard atmospheric pressure is de ned as
101.325 kN/m2.

☰
Acoustic Velocity ?
Answer : Acoustic velocity is the speed of a

small pressure (sound) wave in a uid.
Search for Jobs... Question 212. Explain The Difference Between 
Centipoise And Centistoke ?
Answer : Centipoise is the unit of dynamic

viscosity. It is equal to 1/100 of poise, and poise =
0.1 Pa . s. Value of dynamic viscosity of water at
20°C is approximately equal to 1 Centipoise.
Centistoke is the unit of kinematic viscosity and is
equal to 1/100 x stoke. Stoke is de ned as 1
square centimeter per second.
Question 213. What Is Saybolt Seconds Universal

?
Answer : Saybolt Seconds Universal (SSU) is

the unit of viscosity and is equal to the time
required for a gravity ow of 60 cc through saybolt
universal viscometer.
Question 214. Explain Difference Between

Cohesion, Adhesion And Capillarity ?
Answer : Cohesion is the attraction of like

molecules.
Adhesion is the attraction of unlike molecules for

each other.
Capillarity is the elevation or depression of a liquid

surface in contact with a solid.
Question 215. Differentiate Between Gear

Hobbing And Gear Shaping With Reference To
Various Relative Motions And Applications?
Answer : Gear hobbing is a continuous

☰ indexing process in which both cutting tool (a
hob) and work piece rotate in a constant
relationship while the hob is being fed into work.
Hob is also imparted a radial feed.
Gear shaping uses a pinion type of cutter which is
reciprocated with required cutting speed along the
face of workpiece and is gradually fed radially to
plunge. Continuous generation motion is obtained
by feeding cutter to full depth and rotating the
cutter and workpiece slowly.
Question 216. What Is Bulk Modulus Of Elasticity

?
Answer : It represents the compressibility of a

uid. It is the ratio of the change in unit pressure
to the corresponding volume change per unit of
volume.
Question 217. What Is Isentropic Exponent ?
Answer : It is the ratio of the speci c heat of a

gas at constant pressure to the speci c heat at
constant volume.
Question 218. The Best Shape Of A Runner In

Sand Casting Is An Inverted Frustum Of A Cone
Why ?
Answer : Tapered shape with bigger diameter

at top and smaller at bottom ensures avoidance
of entrainment or absorption of air/gases into the
metal while passing through the runner.
Question 219. Explain Difference Between Ideal

Fluid And Non-newtonian Fluid?
Answer :
Ideal uid is one for which resistance to shearing

☰ deformation is zero.
Non-newtonian uids deform in such a way that

shear stress is not proportional to the rate of
shearing deformation.

Poise And Stoke?
Answer : Poise is the unit of viscosity in CGS

unit and is measured in dyne sec/cm2.1 poise =
10_1 Pa s.
Stoke is the unit of kinematic viscosity in CGS

units and is measured in cm2/s.
Question 221. How Does The Pressure In An

Isothermal Atmosphere Behave ?
Answer : It increases exponentially with

elevation.
Question 222. The Centre Of Pressure For A

Plane Surface Immersed Vertically In A Static
Liquid Compared To Centroid Of Area Is Always?
Answer : Below.
Question 223. What Is Buoyant Force Equal To ?

De ne Centroid Of The Area?
Answer : Volume of liquid displaced.
Centroid of the area : The point at which the area

might be concentrated and still leave un¬changed
the rst moment of the area around any axis. It is
also the centre of gravity.
Question 224. De ne Vapour Pressure And On

What Parameters It Depends ?
Answer :
The pressure exerted when a solid or liquid is in

☰
equilibrium with its own vapour is called vapour
pressure. It is a function of the substance and its
temperature.
Search for Jobs... Question 225. Explain The Difference Between 

Steady Flow, One Dimensional Flow, Two
Dimensional Flow And Three Dimensional Flow ?
Answer : If at every point in the continuum, the

local velocity and other uid property, remains
unchanged with time, it is referred to as steady
ow.
One dimensional ow is one in which a line is

necessary to describe the velocity pro le.
Two dimensional ow is one in which an area is

necessary to describe the velocity pro le.
Three dimensional ow is one in which a volume

is necessary to describe the velocity pro le.
Question 226. What Is Aquifer And Explain

Difference Between Con ned And Uncon ned
Aquifers?
Answer : Groundwater occurs in permeable,

water-bearing geologic formations known as
aquifers.
Con ned aquifer : It is a relatively high-permeable,

water-bearing formation.
Uncon ned aquifer : It is a water-bearing

formation with a free water table, below which the
soil is saturated.

Fluvial Hydraulics ?
Answer :
The channels may be classi ed as rigid boundary

☰ or mobile boundary channels. Mobile boundary
channels include rivers and unlined alluvial canals,
the boundaries of which are made of loose soil
which can be easily eroded and transported by
Search for Jobs... owing water. The study of ow of water in 
mobile boundary channels is dealt in uvial

hydraulics.
Question 228. By Which Instruments The Shear

Stress In Fluids Can Be Measured Directly ?
Answer : By Stanton tube or Preston tube.
Question 229. On What Factors Does The

Pressure At A Point As A Static Mass Of Liquid
Depends Upon?
Answer : Speci c weight of liquid and the

depth below the free liquid surface.

Hoop Or Longitudinal Tension And
Circumferential Tension ?
Answer : Hoop tension is created in the walls

of a cylinder subjected to internal pressure. For
thin walled cylinder (t < 0.1 d), hoop stress =
pressure x radius/thickness.
Longitudinal tension in thin-walled cylinders

closed at the ends is equal to half the hoop
tension.
Question 231. How Much Force Is Exerted By

Liquid ?
Answer : Force exerted by a liquid on a plane

area A is equal to the product of the unit weight
pg of the liquid, the depth hcg of the centre of
gravity of the area, and the area.

☰
Question 232. State Standard Point Angle And
Helix Angle Of A Twist Drill?
Answer : Standard point angle of twist drill is
Search for Jobs... 118° and helix angle varies from 16° to 30° 
depending as diameter of hole.

Horizontal And Vertical Components Of
Hydrostatic Force ?
Answer : The horizontal component of the

hydrostatic force on any surface is equal to the
normal force on the vertical projection of the
surface and acts through the center of pressure
for the vertical projection.
Vertical component of the hydrostatic force on

any surface is equal to the weight of the volume
of liquid above the area and passes through the
e.g. of the volume.
Question 234. What Should Be Diameter Of

Capillary Tube To Avoid Correction For Effect Of
Capillarity In Manometer ?
Answer : Greater than 6 mm.
Question 235. How Much Hydrostatic Pressure

Acts On A Curved Surface ?
Answer : The horizontal component of the total

hydrostatic pressure force on any surface is
always equal to the total pressure on the vertical
projection of the surface, and can be located
through the center of pressure of this projection.
The vertical components of the total hydrostatic

☰
pressure force on any surface is always equal to
the weight of the entire water column above the
surface extending vertically to the free surface,
and can be located through the centroid of this
Search for Jobs... column. 
Question 236. How Much Is The Horizontal

Component Of Force On A Curved Surface ?
Answer : Force on a vertical projection of the

curved surface.
Question 237. State Archimedes Principle?
Answer : Any weight, oating or immersed in a

liquid, is acted upon by a buoyant force equal to
the weight of the liquid displaced. This force acts
through the center of buoyancy, i.e. the e.g. of the
displaced liquid.

Center Of Buoyancy ?
Answer : Center of buoyancy is the center of

gravity of the displaced liquid and buoyant force
acts through it.
Question 239. How One Can Establish Stability Of

Submerged Body And Floating Body ?
Answer : A submerged body oats in stable

equilibrium when the center of gravity of the body
lies directly below the center of buoyancy.
Question 240. What Is Neutral Equilibrium ?
Answer : A submerged body is in neutral

equilibrium for all positions when the center of
gravity of body coincides with the center of
buoyancy.
☰
Question 241. On What Factors The Stability Of
Floating Objects Depends ?
Answer : Stability of oating objects depends
Search for Jobs... upon whether righting or overturning moment is 
developed when the center of gravity and center

of buoyancy move out of vertical alignment due to
the shifting of position of center of buoyancy.
Question 242. State Two Products Each

Produced By Forward Extrusion And Reverse
Impact Extrusion?
Answer : Two examples of products made by

direct extrusion are : gear pro le, solder wire.
Two examples of reverse impact extrusion are :

Short tubes of soft alloys, tooth paste containers.
Question 243. What Are The Best Geometrical

Shapes Suggested For Sheet Metal Drawing And
Spinning?
Answer : Cup shape is best suited by drawing

operation. Conical shape is easiest to produce by
spinning operation.
Question 244. What Are The Conditions For

Stability Of Buoyant Bodies ?
Answer : A oating body is stable if the center

of gravity is below the metacentre.
A submerged body is stable if the center of gravity

is below the center of buoyancy.
Question 245. De ne Pipe Flow ?
Answer :
It refers to full water ow in closed conduits of

☰
circular cross section under a certain pres¬sure
gradient.
Question 246. How Much Is Vertical Component
Search for Jobs... Of Pressure Force On A Submerged Curved 
Surface ?
Answer : The weight of liquid vertically above

the curved surface.
Question 247. Multiple Coated, Disposable

Carbide Tips Have More-or-less Replaced Brazed
Carbide Tipped Tools In Cnc Applications. Why ?
Answer : Disposable tips are usually indexable

type and have a number of cutting edges. Very
convenient gripping devices for holding such
inserts on tool holders are available. A wide
variety of ready made inserts are available which
require no grinding or adjustment.
Question 248. State, Sequentially Elements Of A

Canned Cnc Drilling Cycle?
Answer : Canned cycles are xed cycles for

general sequences of operations. For drilling
operation, sequence of operations will be
movement of drill or workpiece to position of
actual drilling, movement of drill downwards till it
is in the proximity of workpiece, the movement of
drill at desired feed rate to su cient depth of hole,
retracting the drill above the workpiece.

One And Two Dimensional Flow ?
Answer :
True one-dimensional ow occurs when the

☰
direction and magnitude of the velocity at all
points are identical. Velocities and accelerations
normal to the streamline are negligible. Two
dimensional ow occurs when the uid particles,
Search for Jobs... move in planes or parallel planes and the stream- 
line patterns are identical in each plane.

Irrotational And Rotational Flow ?
Answer : Irrotational ow : An ideal uid ow in

which no shear stresses occur and hence no
torques exist. Rotational motion of uid particles
about their own mass centers can not exist. It can
be represented by a ow net.
Rotational ow occurs when the velocity of each

particle varies directly as the distance from the
center of rotation.

Steady And Unsteady Flows?
Answer : In steady ow, at any point, the

velocity of successive uid particles is the same
at successive periods of time.
Flow is unsteady when conditions at any point in a

uid change with time,

Uniform And Non-uniform Flows ?
Answer : Uniform ow occurs when the

magnitude and direction of the velocity do not
change from point to point in the uid.
Non uniform ow occurs when velocity, depth,

☰
pressure, etc. change from point to point in the
uid ow.
Search for Jobs... Stream Lines And Stream Tube? 
Answer : Stream lines are imaginary curves

drawn through a uid to indicate the direction of
motion in various sections of the ow of the uid
system. There can be no ow across a streamline
at any point.
Stream tube represents elementary portions of a

owing uid bounded by a group of streamlines
which con ne the ow.
Question 254. What Is The Advantages Of

Independent Jaw Chuck ?
Answer : Irregular job can be xed.
Question 255. De ne Vorticity ?
Answer : It equals twice the angular velocity.
Question 256. What Is Irrational How ?
Answer : If a ow is uniform in one region

(without rotation), this property is conserved as
the uid moves into a region of space where the
motion is not uniform, and the ow is termed
irrotational ow.
Question 257. What Is One-seventh Power Law ?
Answer : According to one-seventh power law

of turbulent, velocity variation corresponds to a
much favoured velocity pro le and the mean
velocity increases as the one-seventh power of
the distance from the boundary wall.
Question 258. What Is The Magnitude Of Buoyant

☰ Force And Where Does The Line Of Action Of
Buoyant Force Act ?
Answer : It is equal to the volume of the liquid
displaced. The line of action of buoyant force acts
through the centroid of the displaced volume of
the uid.
Question 259. What Is Metacentre ?
Answer : Metacentre is the point at the

intersection of the buoyancy with the vertical axis
of the body.
Question 260. De ne Prandtl's Pitot-static Tube?
Answer : It is a combination of pressure probe

and pitot tube. It is widely used for pressure
measurements in wind-tunnel installations.
Question 261. De ne The Term Fluid Friction?
Answer : The deformation of real uids is

resisted by forces caused by internal friction or
viscosity. Viscosity is that property of a real uid
which creates shear forces ( uid friction) between
two liquid elements.
Question 262. Why Are Hydrodynamic Bearings

Used For Grinding Machines In Preference To Ball
Or Roller Bearings ?
Answer : Hydrodynamic bearings are more

suitable at high speed, better tolerances, quiet
operation, higher capacity to withstand shock,
lesser space requirement, better life under fatigue
conditions etc.
Question 263. Distinguish Between A Jig And

☰ Fixture?
Answer : Jig clamps and locates parts in

positive manner and guides cutting tools (drills,
reamers, taps etc). Fixture is bolted or xed
securely to the machine table so that work is in
correct location ship to the cutter. Fixtures are
used for mass milling, turning and grinding, etc.
Question 264. State The Similarities And

Differences Between A Fixture And A Jig?
Answer : Both jig and xture positively locate,

hold and clamp the workpiece. Jigs guide the tool
for drilling etc but xture has no facility to guide
the cutting tools. Jigs are used for drilling etc and
xture for mass milling, turning, grinding, etc.

Relative Density, Viscosity And Kinematic
Viscosity ?
Answer : Relative density is that pure number

which denotes the ratio of the mass of a body to
the mass of an equal volume of a substance
taken as a standard. This standard is usually
water (at 4°C) for solids and liquids, and air free or
C02 or hydrogen (at 0°C and 1 atmosphere =
1.013 x 105 Pa pressure) for gases.
Viscosity of a uid is that property which

determines the amount of its resistance to a
shearing force. It is due primarily to interaction
between uid molecules.
Kinematic viscosity is the ratio of absolute

viscosity and mass density. (Its unit is m2/s).
Question 266. A Right Hand Helical Gear Is Being

☰
Cut On A Milling Machine. What Changes In
Machine Settings Have To Be Made To Cut A Left
Hand Helical Gear Of Same Pitch And Number Of
Teeth ?
Answer : For cutting right hand helical gear
right side of milling table is tilted up from normal
position by the helix angle. For cutting left hand
helical gear, right side of table needs to be tilted
down at helix angle, all other settings remaining
unchanged.
Question 267. Explain What You Understand By

The Term Hydrostatic Paradox ?
Answer : Hydrostatic paradox is the

phenomenon that the oor load of water in
vessels of different shapes carrying water at
same level depends only on the area of the
bottom surface and not on the shape of the
vessel.
Question 268. De ne Buoyancy In Brief?
Answer : Buoyancy is the vertical force exerted

on the body by the uid at rest. The buoyancy of a
submerged body in a uid at rest is equal to the
weight of the uid displaced by the body and it
acts upward through the center of gravity of the
displaced volume (the center of buoyancy).
Question 269. What Is The Necessary Condition

For A Body To Float In Stable Equilibrium ?
Answer : Meta center should be above the

center of gravity.
Question 270. If Liquid Rotates At Constant

☰
Angular Velocity About A Vertical Axis As A Rigid
Body, Then How Its Pressure Varies At Various
Radial Distances ?
Answer : As square of the radial distance.
Question 271. How Does The Velocity Vary Along

Radius In A Few Vortex ?
Answer : It decreases with radius.
Question 272. What Type Of Flow Will Occur

When Liquid Discharges At Constant Rate
Through A Long, Straight Tapering Pipe ?
Answer : Steady non-uniform ow.
Question 273. What Does Continuity Equation

Represent ?
Answer : It relates mass rate of ow along a

stream tube.
Question 274. Under What Condition Steady Flow

Occurs ?
Answer : When conditions do not change with

time at any point.
Question 275. Why A Drill Can Not Drill Deeper

Than Its Flute Length ?
Answer : If ute submerged in a drilled hole,

the chips disposal passage is blocked and the drill
will get jammed in the hole.
Question 276. When Do You Recommend The

Use Of Straight Fluted Drill ?
Answer :
Drills used for brass and other soft materials and

☰
thin sheets need not be provided with any helix
angle, to prevent the lips digging into the
workpiece.
Search for Jobs... Question 277. Explain Velocity Distribution For 

Laminar And Turbulent Flows?
Answer : In case of laminar ow, the velocity

distribution follows a parabolic law of variation.
The maximum velocity at center of pipe is twice
the average velocity. For turbulent ow, more
uniform velocity distribution results.
Question 278. In Which Type Of Flow The Stream

Lines, Streak Lines And Path Lines Are Identical ?
Answer : In steady ow.
Question 279. Under What Condition A Drill May

Not Cut ?
Answer : When the cutting lips are not provided

with clearance angles. It will cut if 12° clearance
angle is ground.
Question 280. Some Drills Have Straight Shanks

And Some Have Tapered Shank. Why ?
Answer : Small drills (less than 12 mm

diameter) are provided with straight shanks which
can be held in Dhiren chucks. Bigger drills have
tapered shank using self holding Morse tapers
which prevent gravitational fall of drill.
Question 281. What Are The Main Factors That

Are Responsible For The Formation Of Built Up
Edge ?
Answer :
The main factors that are responsible for the

☰ formation of built up edge are :
Extreme pressure in the cutting zone

High friction in the tool chip interface
High local temperature.
Question 282. In Which Type Of Flow The Navier-

stokes Equation Is Useful ?
Answer : Viscous ow.

Energy Line And Hydraulic Grade Line ?
Answer : The energy line is a graphical

representation of the energy at each section.
Hydraulic grade line lies below the energy line by

an amount equal to the velocity head at the
section.
Question 284. What Is The Characteristic Of

Equipotential Line ?
Answer : It has no velocity component tangent

to it.
Question 285. How Speci c Cutting Pressure

Behaves With Feed Rate And What Conclusion
Can Be Drawn From This ?
Answer : As feed rate increases, the speci c

cutting pressure decreases. It leads to conclude
that feed rates be maximised in metal cutting
process.
Question 286. What Is Hydraulically Rough Pipe ?
Answer : When Reynolds number is very small,

friction factor f becomes independent of the
Reynolds number and depends only on the relative
roughness height. Such a pipe behaves as

☰ hydraulically rough pipe.
Question 287. What Are The Qualities Of Ideal

Tool Material ?
Search for Jobs... Answer : It should be hard to resist ank wear 
and deformation, have high toughness to resist

fracture, be chemically inert to the workpiece, be
chemically stable to resist oxidation and
dissolution, and have good resistance to thermal
shocks.
Question 288. What Are The Factors To Be

Considered While Evaluating The Machinability ?
Answer : Tool life

Rate of metal removal
Power required
Surface texture and size of component
Temperature of tool (or) chip.
Question 289. Which Equation Is Satis ed By

Ideal Or Real, Laminar Or Turbulent Flow ?
Answer : Continuity equation.
Question 290. How To Judge The Unsatisfactory

Performance Of Cutting Tool ?
Answer : Unsatisfactory performance of

cutting tool leads to loss of dimensional accuracy,
increase in surface roughness and increase in
power requirements.
Question 291. What Are The Criteria For Judging

Machinability ?
Answer :
Cutting speed, tool life, surface nish, cutting

☰
force/energy required, temperature rise at cutting
point.
Question 292. What Is Critical Velocity ?
Search for Jobs... Answer : It is the velocity below which all 
turbulence is damped out by the viscosity of the

uid.
Question 293. What Is Laminar Flow ?
Answer : In laminar ow the uid particles

move along straight, parallel paths in layers or
laminae. Laminar ow is governed by the law
relating shear stress to rate of angular
deformation i.e. the product of the viscosity of the
uid and velocity gradient.
Question 294. Why Excess Air Is Required To

Burn A Fuel Completely ?
Answer : Excess air is required to ensure

adequate mixing of fuel and air, avoid smoke,
minimize slagging in coal burning, and to ensure
maximum steam output.
Question 295. What Is Factor Of Evaporation ?
Answer : It is the ratio of heat change from

feed water to steam and the heat of vaporization
of steam at atmospheric pressure.
Question 296. Materials Which Absorb Neutrons

And Produce Fissionable Material Are Called ?
Answer : Fertile materials, such as U28 and

Th22.
Question 297. What Is The Process Which

☰
Produces Fissionable Material From A Fertile
Material ?
Answer : Breeding.
Search for Jobs... Question 298. What Is Burn Up In Connection 
With Fissionable Material ?
Answer : Burn up corresponds to destruction of

ssionable material when it undergoes nuclear
ssion.
Question 299. What Kind Of Nuclear Fuel Is Used

In Narora, Kalpakkam And Rana Pratap Sagar
Nuclear Plants ?
Answer : Natural uranium.
Question 300. Which Type Of Plant Will You

Recommend For Remote Location If Power Is
Required In Six To Twelve Months Time ?
Answer : Diesel engine power plant.
Question 301. Under What Condition A Nuclear

Reaction Is Said To Be Critical ?
Answer : For critical condition, the reaction

should continue at a steady rate which is possible
when rate of production of neutrons is same as
the combined rate of absorption of neutrons and
the rate of leakage of neutrons.
Question 302. If A Nuclear Reactor Generates

More Fuel Than It Consumes, It Is Called ______ ?
Answer : Fast breeder reactor.
Question 303. Natural Uranium Contains Only

☰ 0.7% U25 Which Is Capable Of Switching Chain
Nuclear Reaction. How This Percentage Is
Increased ?
Answer : Percentage of U25 in natural uranium
is increased by a process called uranium
enrichment.
Question 304. Why The Vane Passages Are

Gradually Increased In Size In Successive Wheels
In Steam Turbine ?
Answer : The velocity of steam decreases in

successive stages and to accommodate same
ow per unit time, the area of ow must increase.
Question 305. At What Pressure And

Temperature The Density Of Water And Steam Is
Same ?
Answer : At 225 kg/cm2 and 74.6° C.
Question 306. What Is The Latent Heat Of

Evaporation At Critical Point ?
Answer : Zero.
Question 307. How Much Space Steam Will

Occupy At Atmospheric Pressure Corresponding
To 1 Kg Of Water ?
Answer : 100 times the space occupied by 1 kg

of water.
Question 308. What Is Meant By Quality Of Steam

?
Answer : It refers to amount of unevaporated

moisture in steam. If steam is perfectly dry, it's
quality is 100%.
Question 309. What Is Diagram E ciency In

☰
Steam Turbine_______ ?
Answer : Diagram e ciency = Change in

K.E./kg / Energy supplied/kg.
Search for Jobs... Question 310. What Do You Understand By 
Effectiveness Of Heat Exchanger ?
Answer : Effectiveness of heat exchanger =

actual heat transfer/maximum possible heat
transfer.
Question 311. If Superheat And Condenser

Temperatures Are Unchanged And If Pressure Of
Steam Is Increased, Then What Happens To
Dryness Fraction Of Steam After Isentropic
Expansion ?
Answer : It will decrease.
Question 312. As Pressure Of Steam Is

Increased, Why Reheating Is Necessary?
Answer : As pressure is increased, the dryness

fraction of steam lowers on isentropic expansion.
Therefore, steam has to be reheated after partial
expansion so that dryness fraction remains within
limits after expansion.
Question 313. What Is Boundary Layer Thickness

In Free Convection Case ?
Answer : Velocity of uid ow at solid surface

is zero and it increases rapidly as distance from
solid surface becomes greater, reaches a
maximum value and then decreases to that of
undisturbed uid. The distance between the solid
surface and point where boundary layer velocity

☰ equals undisturbed ow (edge) is called boundary
layer thickness.
Search for Jobs... Forced Convection ? 
Answer : When convection heat transfer occurs

between a solid body and a uid and where
circulation of uid is caused and controlled by
some mechanical.
Question 315. In Radiative Heat Transfer, A Gray

Surface Is One Whose Emissivity Is _____ ?
Answer : Independent of wavelength.
Question 316. What Is The Effect Of Water

Injection And Steam Injection In Gas Turbine Of
Heat Rate And Power Output ?
Answer : Water injection results in higher mass

ow rate through turbine section and as rich
electrical output is increased. However it
increases gas turbine heat rate because of the
additional heat consumption required to vaporise
the water.
Steam injection increases power output and

decreases heat rate because of its higher energy
entering the combustion zone.
Question 317. Water/steam Injection In Gas

Turbines Increases Power Output. What Is The
Limit And Reasons For Same ?
Answer : Water/steam injection is not allowed

beyond 5% of compressor ow to avoid ame out
in combustion and to minimise operating cost and
impact on inspection intervals.
Question 318. What Are The Advantages And

☰
Drawbacks Of Centrifugal Compressor And Axial
Flow Compressors In Gas Turbines?
Answer : Centrifugal compressors have
following advantages :
short length due to high pressure
ratio obtained in a single stage.
simple in design, easy to
manufacture, rugged in construction,
less costly.
more reliable in operation under all
operating condition.
less susceptible to the effects of
deposits left on ow path.
less sensitive to the fouling of the
ow path.
Good e ciency over a wide range of
operation.
Drawback is larger cross-section area for same

capacity and its unsuitability for high pressure
ratios. Axial ow compressor is more popular due
to high delivery capacity, high compression ratio
due to many stages, high e ciency (85-90%), low
cross sectional area. Its drawback is
sophisticated design and appreciable length due
to large number of stages, narrow operating range
for good e ciency, higher weight and cost, high
starting power.
Question 319. How The E ciency Of Heat

Recovery In Iirsg Increased ?
Answer : It can be increased by generating

steam at more than one pressure.
Further improvement is possible by heating make

☰ up water/condensate in HRSG, generating low
pressure saturated steam or deaeration steam in
HRSG using a low pressure evaporator, preheating
the make up water in a heat ex-changer before it
Search for Jobs... enters deaerator, and circulate more water than 
necessary through the economizer and recirculate

excess to the deaerator.
Question 320. No.,, Reduction In Gas Turbines Is

Challenge To Meet Environmental Regulations.
What Measures Are Taken In This Regard ?
Answer : NO* in gas turbines is controlled by
injecting water/steam into combustor,

using selective catalytic redaction (SCR) and
non-catalytic reduction system (NRS), and
better combustor design.

Fuel Nox And Thermal Nox ?
Answer : Fuel NO* is formed by the gas phase

oxidation of char nitrogen (CN~ compounds) in
the fuel and thermal NO* is formed by high
temperature reaction between the nitrogen and
oxygen in the combustion air.
Question 322. How Steam/water Injection In

Combustion Zone Lowers Nox Formation?
Answer : It lowers the ame and gas

temperatures.
Question 323. What Are Disadvantages Of

Injecting Steam/water In Combustion Zone In
Gas Turbine ?
Answer : Increased CO at lower loads
Increased fuel consumption

☰ Loss of extensively treated water
Increased complexity of engine
control
Short life of major turbine
Search for Jobs... components. 
Question 324. What For Water/steam Is Injected

In Combustion Zones Of A Gas Turbine ?
Answer : Water/steam is injected to limit the

amount of NOx formed by lowering the ame and
gas temperatures.
Question 325. What Are Improved Low Nox

Combustors ?
Answer : Dry low NOx combustors result in

improved air/fuel mixing and reduced ame
temperature. The main type are lean premixed
combustors, rich/quench lean combustors and
catalytic combustors. Variable guide vanes are
used to control the fuel-air mixture. In one design
combustion chamber is designed into a series of
small, lean premixed chambers.
Question 326. What Is Selective Catalytic

Reduction (scr) Method For No* Control In Gas
Turbines ?
Answer : SCR is a post combustion method in

which a catalyst is installed in ue gas where
temperature could be of the order of 15-400°C. It
enables vaporised NH to react with NO* in
exhaust gas to form N2 and H20. Vaporised NH is
injected into exhaust gases before it passes
through the catalyst bed. This process can
achieve in excess of 90% NOx reduction.
Question 327. What Catalyst Is Used In Scr

☰
Process For Control Of Nox In Gas Turbines ?
Answer : V2O5 supported by titanium or a

mixture of titanium and silica is generally used as
catalyst. Oxides of Ti and Mo are often
incorporated as moderators.
Question 328. Measure To Minimise Formation

Of Nox Inhibit Complete Combustion And This
Results In Formation Of Co And Volatile Organic
Compounds (vocs). How These Are Controlled ?
Answer : Catalytic oxidation, a post

combustion treatment at 470°-600° temperature
is used to reduce emission of CO and VOCs.
Question 329. It Is Usual Practice To Report

Performance Characteristics Of Gas Turbine At
Iso Conditions. What Are These ?
Answer : ISO conditions for GT performance

are : Ambient dry bulb temperature : 15°C, Relative
humidity - 60%. Ambient barometric pressure 1.0
kg/cm2.
Question 330. Which Parameters In uence The

Heat Rate Of Gas Turbines And How ?
Answer : Various parameters affecting heat

rate of GT are :
Lower the gas turbine inlet temperature,

lower the heat rate.
Higher the compression ratio, lower the heat
rate.
Higher the turbine ring temperature, lower
the heat rate.
Lower the exhaust temperature, lower the
heat rate.
Exhaust gas ow, inlet pressure loss,

☰
exhaust pressure loss also affect heat rate.
Question 331. Which Parameters In uence The

Performance Of Gas Turbines ?
Search for Jobs... Answer : Ambient conditions, inlet/ exhaust 
pressure losses, fuels, and water/ steam injection

ow rates' in uence the performance of gas
turbines.
Question 332. Why The E ciency Of Superheat

Rankine Cycle Is Higher Than That Of Simple
Rankine Cycle ?
Answer : Because the mean temperature of

heat addition is higher for superheat cycle.
Question 333. A Carnot Cycle Is To Be Designed

To Attain E ciency Of 0.75. If Temperature Of
High Temperature Reservoir Is 727°c, Then Low
Temperature Reservoir Will Have To Be
Maintained At______°c ?
Answer : - 2°C.
Question 334. A Gas Having A Negative Joule-

thomson Coe cient, When Throttled, Will
Become .... ?
Answer : hotter.
Question 335. What Is Boundary Layer Thickness

In Turbulent Boundary Layer ?
Answer : In ease of turbulent boundary layer,

boundary layer thickness is de ned as the
distance from solid surface at which the uid
velocity is 99% of the undisturbed free stream
velocity. Near the surface of solid, there is laminar

☰
ow which changes to buffer zone and nally
turbulent region.
Question 336. Stirling Cycle With Regenerative
Search for Jobs... Arrangement And Carnot Cycle Operate Within 
Same Temperature Limits. What Can Be Said
About Thermal E ciencies Of These Two ?
Answer : Thermal n of both will be same.
Question 337. How Does The Stagnation

Temperature Behave Along A Streamline In
Adiabatic Flow With Friction ?
Answer : It remains constant.
Question 338. What Is The Frequency Of

Secondary Imbalance In Four-stroke Engine ?
Answer : Two times the engine speed.
Question 339. What Would Be The Order Of

Boundary Layer In Pipe Flow
laminar
Transition, And
Fully Turbulent ?
Answer : In laminar ow, boundary layer

extends right from surface upto centre. In fully
turbulent it may extend 5-10% of radius only
whereas in transition ow, boundary layer may be
from 50-60% of radius of pipe.
Question 340. In General How The Boundary

Layer And Local Film Coe cient Of Heat Transfer
Are Related ?
Answer :
In general, the thinner the boundary layer, higher

☰ the value of local heat transfer lm coe cient.
Question 341. Out Of Constant Volume And

Constant Pressure Line, Which Line On T-s
Search for Jobs... Diagram Has Higher Slope ? 
Answer : Constant volume.
Question 342. A Heat Engine And A Refrigeration

Cycle Operate Between Two Temperature Limits
T1 And T2(t1 > T2). The Product Of E ciency Of
Heat Engine And Cop Of Refrigeration Cycle Will
Be ?
Answer : T2/TX.
Question 343. Refrigerator And A Heat Pump Are

Working On The Reversed Carnot Cycle Between
The Same Temperature Limits. How Cop Of
Refrigerator And Heat Pump Related ?
Answer : COP of refrigerator = COP of heat

pump -1.
Question 344. For A Given Set Of Operating

Pressure Limits Of A Rankine Cycle, For Which
Cycle The E ciency Will Be Highest ?
Answer : For regenerative cycle which

approaches Carnot cycle. 1
Question 345. A Steam Pipe Is To Be Insulated By

Two Different Insulating Materials Of Same
Thickness. What Arrangement Is Preferred ?
Answer : Material with lower thermal

conductivity should be used for inner layer and
material with higher thermal conductivity for the
outer layer.
Question 346. Why Steam Is In Open Space And

☰ Water Inside Tube In Condensers Used In Power
Plants ?
Answer : Overall heat transfer coe cient can
be increased by increasing velocity of water in
tube. Further steam needs more space due to
higher speci c volume.
Question 347. Why A Refrigeration Compressor

Designed To Operate With R22 Refrigerant Can't
Be Operated With R12 ?
Answer : Condensing pressure of R22 at any

given temperature is higher than that of R12.
Question 348. Leakage Of Freon-12 Refrigerant

Can Not Be Easily Detected, Still It Is Preferred
For Air-conditioning. Why ?
Answer : Leakage of Freon-12 can't obtain total

concentration but it has all desirable
characteristics as good refrigerant.
Question 349. In Which Season The Process Of

Humidi cation And In Which Season Dehumidi -
cation Is Used In Air-conditioning ?
Answer : Humidi cation in summer and

dehumidi cation in winter.
Question 350. What Is The Name Given To

Combined Process Of Cooling And Humidifying ?
Answer : Evaporative Cooling.
Question 351. Which Refrigerant Is Used For Ice

Plant And Transport Refrigeration ?
Answer : Ammonia and CO2 respectively.
Question 352. Which Cycle Is Used In Vapour

☰
Compression And Gas Cycle Refrigeration
System ?
Answer : Brayton cycle, and Bell-Coleman
cycle.
Question 353. In What Connection Wilson Line

And Willans Line Used ?
Answer : Wilson line represents saturation line

on the Mollier diagram. Willans line is connected
with determination of frictional power in IC
engines.
Question 354. How The Characteristics Of Fuel

Like Front End Volatility, Mid-range Volatility And
Tail End Volatility Affect S.i. Engines ?
Answer : These characteristics affect SI

engines in cold starting, icing of carburettor and
dilution in crankcase respectively.
Question 355. What Would Be The Approximate

Air Fuel Ratio At Time Of Cold Start, Part Load
Operation, Full Load, And Idling ?
Answer : 10, 12.5 and 16 respectively.
Question 356. Name Pressure Compounded And

Velocity Compounded Turbine?
Answer : Rateau and Curtis respectively.
Question 357. What Is The Nature Of Curve In

Case Of Transfer Of Heat By Conduction Through
A Cylindrical Wall And Through A Spherical Wall ?
Answer : Logarithmic and hyperbolic.
Question 358. What Is Radiosity ?
Answer : It is the rate at which radiation leaves

☰
a surface.
Question 359. When The Compressibility Effects

Become Signi cant In Heat Transfer Problems In
Search for Jobs... High Speed Flow ? 
Answer : Compressibility effects usually

become signi cant at gas ow velocities greater
than 0.5 times the velocity of sound.

Process Of Removing Non Condensables In
Steam And Other Vapour Cycles ?
Answer : Deaeration process.
Question 361. We Often Come Across Use Of Jet

Pumps In Process Industry ? What Is The Reason
For This ?
Answer : Jet pumps are easy to maintain and

can be used to transport gases, liquids and
mixtures of both.
Question 362. When It Can Be Said That A Fluid

Is Newtonian ?
Answer : When the shear stress is directly

proportional to velocity gradient.
Question 363. Why Alcohol Can't Be Used In

Diesel Engine ?
Answer : Alcohol has low cetane number and

thus its ignition is prevented by compression.
Question 364. Out Of 2 Stroke Si Engine, 4 Stroke

Si Engine, And 4 Stroke Ci Engine, How The Brake
Thermal E ciency Behaves If These Are To Be
Used For Road Vehicles ?

☰
Answer : 4 stroke CI engine has highest brake
thermal e ciency followed by 4 stroke SI engine
and the 2 stroke SI has lowest brake thermal
e ciency.
Question 365. A Jet Engine Is Used To Drive A

Vehicle. When Its Mechanical E ciency Will Be
Maximum ?
Answer : It will be maximum when vehicle

speed approaches the relative velocity of gases at
nozzle exit.
Question 366. The Knocking Tendency In A S.i.

Engine Can Be Reduced By Increasing ?
Answer : Speed
Question 367. How You De ne The Emissivity Of

A Body ?
Answer : Emissivity of a body is the ratio of the

emitted radiant energy ux density to the emitted
radiant energy ux density of a blackbody at the
same temperature.
Question 368. What Is Gray Body ?
Answer : When the emissivity of material does

not change with temperature, it is called gray
body.
Question 369. De ne Fin E ciency For Extended

Heat Transfer Surfaces?
Answer : Fin e ciency is de ned as the ratio of

the mean temperature difference from surface to
uid divided by the temperature difference from
n to uid at the base or root of the n.
Question 370. What Are The Harmful Effects Of

☰ Sulphur In Coal Used For Power Generation ?
Answer : Sulphur in coal gives rise to number

of ecological problems ranging from acid mine
drainage to ash waste problems and air pollution
due to SO2 emission. Emission of S02 is the
cause of acid rain and is responsible for severe
environmental damage.

Microbial Desulphurisation? Sulphur From Coal
Can Be Removed By Physical, Chemical And
Microbial Me
Answer : Microbial means has a number of

advantages over other methods. Thiobacillus
ferrooxidans is the most widely used micro
organism studied for coal desulphurisation. This
bacteria can remove 90-98% of pyritic sulphur
from coal. The reaction, of course, is slow and
may take several days to several weeks to
complete the reaction.
Question 372. What Causes Rotation Of Steam

Turbine Rotor ?
Answer : Rotation of turbine rotor is caused by

centrifugal force created due to change of
direction of fast owing jet of steam.
Question 373. What Do You Understand By The

Term Coagulation ?
Answer : Impurities in water are usually in

nely divided state which takes long time to settle
and these usually pass through the ltering
media. By adding certain chemicals (coagulants),
gelatinous substances are formed which cause

☰ small particles to coalesce into groups large
enough to be checked during ltering.
Question 374. What Is Equivalent Evaporation In
Search for Jobs... A Boiler Plant ? 
Answer : It is the amount of water that would

be evaporated from water at 100°C to steam at
100°C by the same amount of heat which was
actually absorbed by water and steam under
operating conditions.
Question 375. What Is Meant By Balanced Draft

In Boiler ?
Answer : Balanced draft refers to combination

of forced and induced draft fans controlled to
keep the furnace under slightly vacuum condition.
Question 376. How Is Dryness Fraction Of Steam

Measured ?
Answer : By using throttling calorimeter.

Isentropic Process And Throttling Process ?
Answer : In isentropic process, heat transfer

takes place and in throttling process, enthalpy
before and after the process is same.

Pyrometer, Pyranometer And Pyrheliometer?
Answer : Pyrometer measures temperature by

radiation principle. Pyranometer is used to
measure total hemispherical solar radiation.
Pyrheliometer is used to measure beam intensity
by collimating the radiation.
Question 379. What Is The Name Given To Useful

☰
Part Of Available Energy Which Is Available For
Conversion To Useful Work ?
Answer : Exergy.
Search for Jobs... Question 380. Does The Area On Pv Diagram For 
A Process Represent Work For Both Reversible

And Non-reversible Process ?
Answer : No. Same is true for only reversible

process.
Question 381. Why Work Is Considered As High

Grade Of Energy And Heat As Low Grade Energy ?
Answer : While work can be completely

converted to heat, heat cannot be converted fully
to work.
Question 382. When Coulomb Friction Comes

Into Existence Between Two Surfaces ?
Answer : When there is relative motion

between them.
Question 383. Under What Condition A Number

Of Forces Acting At A Point Are In Equilibrium ?
Answer : When sum of the resolved parts in

any two perpendicular directions is zero.
Question 384. What Happens To Two Equal And

Opposite Coplanar Couples ?
Answer : They balance each other.
Question 385. To Slide A Heavy Block Over A

Rough Floor By A Rope With Minimum Force By A
Man, At What Angle The Rope Should Be Inclined
With The Level Of Floor ?
Answer : He should incline the rope with

☰
horizontal at angle of friction between oor and
block.
Question 386. A Body Is Dropped From A Certain
Search for Jobs... Height. If Same Body Were To Move Down A 
Smooth Inclined Plane From Same Height, Which
Parameters Will Be Same On Reaching The
Ground ?
Answer : Velocity, kinetic energy and

momentum.
Question 387. A Test Specimen Is Stressed

Slightly Beyond The Yield Point And Then
Unloaded. What Happens To Its Yield Strength ?
Answer : It will increase.
Question 388. Out Of Circular, Square, Channel, I

Sections, Which Is Most Economical For A
Component Subjected To Bending ?
Answer : I section.
Question 389. What Does The Area Under The

Stress-strain Curve Represent ?
Answer : Energy required to cause failure.
Question 390. A Tension Member Of Certain

Diameter Is To Be Replaced By A Square Bar Of
The Same Material. Side Of Square Compared To
Diameter Will Be ?
Answer : Smaller.
Question 391. A Circular Bar Subjected To

Tension Is Designed For A Particular Safety
Factor. If Both Load And Diameter Are Doubled,
Then Factor Of Safety Will Be ?

☰
Answer : doubled.

Scavenging And Supercharging ?
Answer : Scavenging is process of ushing out
burnt gases from engine cylinder by introducing
fresh air in the cylinder before exhaust stroke
ends. Supercharging is the process of supplying
higher mass of air by compressing the
atmospheric air.
Question 393. What Are The Names Given To

Constant Temperature, Constant Pressure,
Constant Volume, Constant Internal Energy,
Constant Enthalpy, And Constant Entropy
Processes?
Answer : Isothermal, isochoric, isobaric, free

expression, throttling and adiabatic processes
respectively.
Question 394. In A Rankine Cycle If Maximum

Steam Pressure Is Increased Keeping Steam
Temperature And Condenser Pressure Same,
What Will Happen To Dryness Fraction Of Steam
After Expansion ?
Answer : It will decrease.
Question 395. Why Entropy Change For A

Reversible Adiabatic Process Is Zero ?
Answer : Because there is no heat transfer in

this process.
Question 396. What Are Two Essential Conditions

Of Perfect Gas ?
Answer : It satis es equation of state and its

☰ speci c heats are constant.
Question 397. Enthalpy And Entropy Are

Functions Of One Single Parameter. Which Is
Search for Jobs... That ? 
Answer : Temperature.
Question 398. Why Rate Of Condensation Is

Higher On A Polished Surface Compared To
Rusty Surface ?
Answer : Polished surface promotes dropwise

condensation and does not wet the surface.
Question 399. How Much Resistance Is Offered

To Heat Flow By Drop Wise Condensation ?
Answer : Nil

Cop Of Heating And Cooling ?
Answer : COP of heating is one(unity) more

than COP of cooling.
Question 401. How Much Is The Work Done In

Isochoric Process ?
Answer : Zero.
Question 402. When Maximum Discharge Is

Obtained In Nozzle ?
Answer : At the critical pressure ratio.
Question 403. Under What Condition The Work

Done In Reciprocating Compressor Will Be Least
?
Answer :
It is least when compression process approaches

☰
isothermal. For this purpose, attempts are made
to cool the air during compression.
Search for Jobs... Stalling And Surging In Rotary Compressions ? 
Answer : Stalling is a local phenomenon and it

occurs when How breaks away from the blades.
Surging causes complete breakdown of ow and
as such it affects the whole machine.
Question 405. Why The Electric Motor Of A Fan

With Backward Curved Blades Is Never Got
Overloaded Under Any Condition ?
Answer : The maximum power is consumed at

about 70% of maximum ow in case'of fan with
backward blades. For higher ow, power
consumption gets lower.
Question 406. Why The Work Per Kg Of Air Flow

In Axial Flow Compressor Is Less Compared To
Centrifugal Compressor For Same Pressure Ratio
?
Answer : Isentropic e ciency of axial ow

compressor is higher.

Portion Of Thermal Energy To Be Necessarily
Rejected To Environment ?
Answer : Anergy.
Question 408. What Is Pitting ? How It Is Caused

?
Answer :
Non uniform corrosion over the entire metal

☰
surface, but occurring only in small pits is called
pitting. It is caused by lack of uniformity in metal.
Question 409. What Is Caustic Embrittlement ?
Search for Jobs... Answer : It is the actual physical change in 
metal that makes it extremely brittle and lled

with minute cracks. It occurs particularly in the
seams of riveted joints and around the rivet holes.
Question 410. Which Impurities Form Hard Scale

And Which Impurities Soft Scale ?
Answer : Sulphates and chlorides of lime and

magnesium form hard scale, and carbonates of
lime and magnesium form soft scale.

Hard Water And Soft Water ?
Answer : Hard water contains excess of scale

forming impurities and soft water contains very
little or no scale forming substances.
Question 412. Which Two Elements In Feed

Water Can Cause Corrosion Of Tubes And Plates
In Boiler ?
Answer : Acid and oxygen in feed water lead to

corrosion.
Question 413. What Should Be Done To Prevent A

Safety Valve To Stick To Its Seat ?
Answer : Safety valve should be blown off

periodically so that no corrosion can take place on
valve and valve seat.
Question 414. Why Large Boilers Are Water Tube

☰
Type ?
Answer : Water tube boilers raise steam fast

because of large heat transfer area and positive
water circulation. Thus they respond faster to
uctuations in demand. Further single tube failure
does not lead to catastrophe.
Question 415. What Type Of Boiler Does Not

Need A Steam Drum ?
Answer : Super-critical pressure boiler.
Question 416. Why Manholes In Vessels Are

Usually Elliptical In Shape ?
Answer : Elliptical shape has minimum area of

opening and thus plate is weakened the least.
Further it is very convenient to insert and take out
the cover plate from elliptical opening.
Question 417. Low Water In Boiler Drum Is

Unsafe Because It May Result In Overheating Of
Water Tubes In Furnace. Why It Is Unsafe To
Have High Water Condition In Boiler Drum ?
Answer : High drum level does not allow steam

separation to be effective and some water can be
carried over with steam which is not desirable for
steam turbine.
Question 418. Why Boiler Is Purged Everytime

Before Starting Firing Of Fuel ?
Answer : Purging ensures that any unburnt fuel

in furnace is removed, otherwise it may lead to
explosion.
Question 419. What Is The Principle Of

☰
Mechanical Refrigeration ?
Answer : A volatile liquid will boil under the

proper conditions and in so doing will absorb heat
from surrounding objects.
Question 420. Why High Latent Heat Of

Vaporization Is Desirable In A Refrigerant ?
Answer : A high latent heat of vaporization of

refrigerant results in small amount of refrigerant
and thus lesser circulation system of refrigerant
for same tonnage.
Question 421. What Is The Critical Temperature

Of A Refrigerant ?
Answer : Critical temperature is the maximum

temperature of a refrigerant at which it can be
condensed into liquid and beyond this it remains
gas irrespective of pressure applied.
Question 422. Maximum Combustion

Temperature In Gas Turbines Is Of The Order Of
1100 To 10°c Whereas Same Is Around 00°c In
I.c. Engine ? Why ?
Answer : High temperature in I.C. engine can

be tolerated because it lasts for a fraction of
second but gas turbines have to face it
continuously which metals can't withstand.
Question 423. Why E ciency Of Gas Turbines Is

Lower Compared To I.c. Engines ?
Answer : In gas turbines, 70% of the output of

gas turbine is consumed by compressor. I.C.
engines have much lower auxiliary consumption.
Further combustion temperature of I.C. engines is

☰
much higher compared to gas turbine.
Question 424. What Do You Understand By Timed

Cylinder Lubrication ?
Search for Jobs... Answer : For effective lubrication, lub oil needs 
to be injected between two piston rings when

piston is at bottom of stroke so that piston rides
in oi during upward movement. This way lot of lub
oil can be saved and used properly.
Question 425. What Is Iiucr In Relation To Petrol

Engine ?
Answer : HUCR is highest useful compression

ratio at which the fuel can be used in a speci c
test engine, under speci ed operating conditions,
without knocking.
Question 426. In Some Engines Glycerine Is Used

In Place Of Water For Cooling Of Engine. Why ?
Answer : Glycerine has boiling point of 90°C

which increases its heat carrying capacity. Thus
weight of coolant gets reduced and smaller
radiator can be used.
Question 427. Why Consumption Of Lubricating

Oil Is More In Two-stroke Cycle Petrol Engine
Than Four-stroke Cycle Petrol Engine ?
Answer : In two-stroke engine lub oil is mixed

with petrol and thus some lub oil is blown out
through the exhaust valves by scavenging and
charging air. There is no such wastage in four
stroke petrol engine.
Question 428. As Compression Ratio Increases,

☰
Thermal N Increases. How Is Thermal N Affected
By Weak And Rich Mixture Strength ?
Answer : Thermal n is high for weak mixture
and it decreases as mixture strength becomes
rich.
Question 429. How Engine Design Needs To Be

Changed To Burn Lean Mixture ?
Answer : Engine to burn lean mixture uses high

compression ratio and the highly turbulent
movement of the charge is produced by the
geometry of the combustion chamber.
Question 430. Horse Power Of I.c. Engines Can

Be Expressed As Rac Rating, Sae Rating, Or Din
Rating. To Which Countries These Standards
Belong ?
Answer : U.K., USA and Germany respectively.
Question 431. What Is The Use Of Flash Chamber

In A Vapour Compression Refrigeration Cycle To
Improve The Cop Of Refrigeration Cycle ?
Answer : When liquid refrigerant as obtained

from condenser is throttled, there are some
vapours. These vapours if carried through the
evaporator will not contribute to refrigerating
effect. Using a ash chamber at some
intermediate pressure, the ash vapour at this
pressure can be bled off and fed back to the
compression process. The throttling process is
then carried out in stages. Similarly compression
process is also done in two separate compressor
stages.
Question 432. Why Pistons Are Usually Dishes At

☰
Top ?
Answer : Pistons are usually hollowed at top to

provide greater space for combustion,
increase surface for ue gases to act upon,
and
better distribution of stresses.
Question 433. What Is The Function Of

Thermostat In Cooling System Of An Engine ?
Answer : Thermostat ensures optimum cooling

because excessive cooling decreases the overall
e ciency. It allows cooling water to go to radiator
beyond a predetermined temperature.
Question 434. What Are The Causes Of Failure Of

Boiler Tubes ?
Answer : Boiler tubes, usually are made from

carbon steel and are subject to
high rates of heat transfer,

bending stresses due to uneven heating,
especially at expanded or welded joints into
headers or drums,
external erosion from burners and ue gas,
possible corrosion on the boiler side, and
occasional manufacturing defects.
Failure may occur due to following reasons :
High thermal ratings may lead to rapid

failure if the internal uid ow is reduced for
any reason. The resultant overheating leads
to a failure by creep, characterised by the
bulging of the tube with the eventual
development of a longitudinal split.
Fatigue cracking due to bending stresses

☰
occur. These are associated with change of
section and/or weld undercut, where tubes
are expanded or welded into headers.
Failure may arise due to overstressing of a
Search for Jobs... reduced section of metal. 
Sudden failure of the boiler tube due to

corrosion arises from embrittlement of the
carbon steel due to interaction between
atomic hydrogen from the corrosion process
and the iron carbide present in the steel.
Defects in tube manufacture, although far
from being a regular occurrence, can be a
cause of serious trouble. Lamination in
boiler tubes or score marks arising from the
cold drawing of tubes, give rise to premature
failure and may promote corrosion at these
regions.
Question 435. What Are The Causes Of Failure Of

Superheater Tubes ?
Answer : Superheater tubes are subjected to

the most severe combination of stress,
temperature and corrosive environment. In
addition to high-temperature strength, resistance
to corrosion is also important. For example, low-
alloy ferritic steel such as -1/% Cr, 1% Mo would
not be used at metal temperatures above 580°C
because of inadequate resistance to corrosion
and oxidation over a full service life of
100,000/150,000 hr.
Failures in superheater tubes may arise from :
Prior fabrication history

Faulty heat treatment
Consequences of welding
☰
Overheating of the tube metal
Gas-side corrosion
Stress corrosion (austenitic steels).
Search for Jobs... Question 436. Why Supercritical Boilers Use Less 
Amount Of Steel Compared To Non-supercritical
Boilers ?
Answer : Supercritical boilers do not head

heavy drum for separation of steam from mixture
of water and steam.
Question 437. Out Of Electric Heater And Heat

Pump, Which Is Economical In Operation ?
Answer : Heat pump.
Question 438. Which Furnace Burns Low-ash

Fusion Coal And Retains Most Of The Coal Ash In
The Slag?
Answer : Cyclone furnace.
Question 439. How The Thickness Of Thermal

Boundary Layer And Thickness Of Hydrodynamic
Boundary Layer Related ?
Answer : Ratio of their thickness = (Prandtl

number)-1/3.
Question 440. What Is The Effect Of Friction On

Flow Of Steam Through A Nozzle ?
Answer : To decrease both mass ow rate and

wetness of steam.
Question 441. Why Gas Turbine Power Plant

Needs E cient Compressor ?
Answer :
Because a large portion of turbine work is eaten

☰
away by compressor and its ine ciency will affect
net power output and cost of generation.
Question 442. Why Rockets Using Liquid
Search for Jobs... Hydrogen Have Higher Speci c Impulse 
Compared To Liquid Hydrocarbon ?
Answer : Liquid hydrogen has higher burning

velocity.
Question 443. Why Axial Flow Compressor Is

Preferred For Gas Turbines For Aeroplanes ?
Answer : Because it has low frontal area.
Question 444. What Is The Effect Of Inter Cooling

In Gas Turbines ?
Answer : It decreases thermal e ciency but

increases net output.
Question 445. Why Iso-octane Is Chosen As

Reference Fuel For S.i. Engines And Allotted 100
Value For Its Octane Number ?
Answer : Iso-octane permits highest

compression without causing knocking.
Question 446. Why Thermal E ciency Of I.c.

Engines Is More Than That Of Gas Turbine Plant
?
Answer : In I.C. engine maximum temperature

attained is higher than in gas turbine.
Question 447. Which Are The Reference Fuels

For Knock Rating Of S.i. Engines ?
Answer : n-heptane and ISO-octane.
Question 448. When Effect Of Variations In

☰
Speci c Heats Is Considered Then How Do
Maximum Temperature And Pressure Vary
Compared To Air Standard Cycle ?
Answer : Temperature increases and pressure
decreases.
Question 449. Quantities Like Pressure,

Temperature, Density, Viscosity, Etc. Are
Independent Of Mass. What Are These Called ?
Answer : Intensive properties.
Question 450. The Amount Of Radiation Emitted

Per Scm Per Sec Is Called .... ?
Answer : Emissive power.
Question 451. In Convection Heat Transfer, If

Heat Flux Intensity Is Doubled Then Temperature
Difference Between Solid Surface And Fluid Will ?
Answer : Get doubled.
Question 452. How You Can De ne Coal ?
Answer : Coal is a naturally occurring

hydrocarbon that consists of the fossilised
remains of buried plant debris that have
undergone progressive physical and chemical
alteration, called coali cation, in the course of
geologic time.
Question 453. Which Pollutant Is Major

Greenhouse Gas And What Is Its Effect ?
Answer : CO is major greenhouse gas and it

traps the radiation of heat from the sun within
earth's atmosphere.
Question 454. In Order To Increase E ciency And

☰
Reduce Co Emissions And Other Emissions, Clear
Coal Technologies Are Receiving Major
Attention. What Are These ?
Answer : Advanced pulverised and
pressurised pulverised fuel combustion.
Atmospheric uidised bed combustion and
pressurised uidised bed combustion.
Supercritical boilers.
Integrated gasi cation combined cycle
systems.
Advanced integrated gasi cation, including
fuel cell systems.
Magneto hydrodynamic electricity
generation.
Question 455. What Are The Important

Operational Performance Parameters In Design
Of Fuel Firing Equipment ?
Answer : Fuel exibility, electrical load

following capability, reliability, availability, and
maintenance ease.

Total Moisture And Inherent Moisture In Coal ?
Answer : The moisture content of the bulk as

sampled is referred to as total moisture, and that
of the air dried sample is called inherent moisture.
Question 457. Proximity Analysis Of Coal

Provides Data For A First, General Assessment Of
A Coal's Quality And Type. What Elements It
Reports ?
Answer : Moisture, volatile matter, ash and

xed carbon.
Question 458. Ultimate Analysis Of Coal Is

☰
Elementary Analysis. What It Is Concerned With ?
Answer : Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and

sulphur in coal on a weight percentage basis.
Search for Jobs... Question 459. What For Schmidt Plot For Is Used 
In Heat Transfer Problems ?
Answer : Schmidt plot is a graphical method

for determining the temperature at any point in a
body at a speci ed time during the transient
heating or cooling period.
Question 460. In Which Reactor The Coolant And

Moderator Are The Same ?
Answer : Pressurised water reactor.
Question 461. Which Reactor Has No Moderator ?
Answer : Fast breeder reactor.
Question 462. What Are Thermal Neutrons ?
Answer : Thermal neutrons are slow neutrons

(having energy below 1 eV) which are in thermal
equilibrium with their surroundings.
Question 463. What Is Big Advantage Of Fast

Breeder Reactor ?
Answer : It has rapid self breeding of ssile

fuel during the operation of the reactor, and thus,
it offers about sixty times the output with same
natural uranium resources through ordinary non-
breeder nuclear reactor.
Question 464. What Is The Purpose Of Biological

Shield In Nuclear Plants ?
Answer :
Biological shield of heavy concrete prevents

☰
exposure to neutrons, beta rays and gamma rays
which kill living things.
Question 465. Which Two Elements Have Same
Search for Jobs... Percentage In Proximate And Ultimate Analysis 
Of Coal?
Answer : Moisture and ash.
Question 466. On Which Analysis Is Based The

Dulong's Formula For The Heating Value Of Fuel ?
Answer : On ultimate analysis.
Question 467. Which Element Causes Difference

In Higher And Lower Heating Values Of Fuel ?
Answer : Hydrogen.
Question 468. Which Heating Value Is Indicated

By A Calorimeter And Why ?
Answer : Gross heating value because steam is

condensed and heat of vapour formed is
recovered.
Question 469. State The Difference Between

Ultimate And Proximate Analysis Of Coal ?
Answer : In ultimate analysis, chemical

determination of following elements is made by
weight: Fixed and combined carbon, H, O, N, S,
water and ash. Heating value is due to C, H and S.
In proximate analysis following constituents are

mechanically determined by weight. Moisture,
volatile matter, xed carbon and ash. Heating
value is due to xed carbon and volatile matter.
Question 470. What Is Fuel Ratio ?
Answer : Fuel ratio is the ratio of its % age of

☰
xed carbon to volatile matter.
Question 471. How The Analyses And Calori c

Values Of Fuels Can Be Reported ?
Search for Jobs... Answer : It may be reported as 
as received or red (wet) basis

dry or moisture free basis
combustible or ash and moisture free basis

Nuclear Fission And Fission Chain Reaction?
Answer : The process of splitting of nucleus

into two almost equal fragments accompanied by
re¬lease of heat is nuclear ssion. Self sustained,
continuing, sequence of ssion reactions in a
controlled manner is ssion chain reaction.
Question 473. Explain Difference Between Fissile

And Fertile Materials?
Answer : The materials which can give nuclear

ssion e.g. U 35, Pu 39, U 33 are ssile materi¬als.
Fertile material itself is not ssionable, but it can
be converted to a ssionable material by
irradiation of neutrons in a nuclear reactor.
Question 474. What Do You Understand By Fuel

Cycle In Nuclear Plants ?
Answer : Fuel cycle a series of sequential steps

involved in supplying fuel to a nuclear power
reactor. The steps include : Mining, re ning
uranium, fabrication of fuel elements, their use in
nuclear reactor, chemical processing to recover
remaining ssionable material, re-enrichment of

☰
fuel from recovered material, refabrication of new
fuel elements, waste storage etc.
Question 475. What Is Heavy Water And What Is
Search for Jobs... Its Use In Nuclear Plants ? 
Answer : Water containing heavy isotopes of

hydrogen (Deuterium) is known as heavy water.
Heavy water is used as a moderator. Heavy water
has low cross section for absorption of neutrons
than ordinary water. Heavy water slows down the
fast neutrons and thus moderates the chain
reaction.
Question 476. What Is A Converter Reactor ?
Answer : A reactor plant which is designed to

produce more fuel than it consumes. The
breeding is obtained by converting fertile material
to ssile material.
Question 477. Explain Nuclear Reactor In Brief?
Answer : A plant which initiates, sustains,

controls and maintains nuclear ssion chain
reaction and provides shielding against
radioactive radiation is nuclear reactor.
Question 478. Which Nuclear Reactor Uses Water

As A Coolant, Moderator And Re ector ?
Answer : Pressurised water reactor.
Question 479. Which Reactor Produces More

Fissionable Material Than It Consumes ?
Answer : Breeder reactor.
Question 480. Which Reactor Uses Natural

☰
Uranium As Fuel ?
Answer : Gas cooled reactor.

Question 481. Which Reactor Uses Heavy Water
Search for Jobs... As Moderator ? 
Answer : CANDU.
Question 482. Which Reactor Requires No

Moderator ?
Answer : Breeder reactor.
Question 483. Which Reactor Uses Primary

Coolant As Fluoride Salts Of Lithium, Beryllium,
Thorium And Uranium ?
Answer : Molten salt breeder reactor.
Question 484. Why An Increase In Area Is

Required To Produce An Increase Of Velocity In
Case Of Supersonic Flow ?
Answer : Increase in area for increase in

velocity for supersonic ow is required because
the density decreases faster than velocity
increases at supersonic speeds and to maintain
continuity of mass, area must increase.
Question 485. Under What Circumstances Would

There Be An Increase In Pressure In A Diver¬gent
Nozzle ?
Answer : For subsonic ow at inlet section of a

diffuser a lower velocity and higher pressure will
exist at the exit section. For supersonic isentropic
ow at the inlet section a higher velocity and
lower pressure will exist at the exit but if a shock

☰
wave occurs in the diffuser then a higher pressure
will exist at the exit.
Question 486. Why Water Can't Be Used As
Search for Jobs... Refrigerant For Small Refrigerating Equipment ? 
Answer : The refrigerant should be such that

vapour volume is low so that pumping work will
be low. Water vapour volume is around 4000
times compared to R- for a given mass.
Question 487. Which Parameter Remains

Constant In A Throttling Process ?
Answer : Enthalpy.

Isotropic And Anisotropic Materials ?
Answer : If a material exhibits same

mechanical properties regardless of loading
direction, it is isotropic, e.g., homogeneous cast
materials. Materials lacking this property are
anisotropic.
Question 489. What Are Orthotropic Materials ?
Answer : It is a special class of anisotropic

materials which can be described by giving their
properties in three perpendicular directions e.g.
wood; composites.
Question 490. What Is View Factor ?
Answer : View factor is dependent upon

geometry of the two surfaces exchanging
radiation.
Question 491. Explain The Effects Of Alloying

☰
Chromium And Nickel In Stainless Steel?
Answer : Addition of nickel and chromium

increases the tensile strength and increase in
resistance to corrosion takes place.
Question 492. Mention Two Types Of

Dislocation?
Answer : Dislocation refers to a break in the

continuity of the lattice. In edge dislocation, one
plane of atoms gets squeezed out. In screw
dislocation the lattice atoms move from their
regular ideal positions.
Question 493. What Are The Principal

Constituents Of Brass?
Answer : Principal constituents of brass are

copper and zinc.
Question 494. What Is Curie Point ?
Answer : Curie point is the temperature at

which ferromagnetic materials can no longer be
magnetised by outside forces.
Question 495. Speci c Strength Of Materials Is

Very High When They Are In Fibre Size But Lower
When They Are In Bar Form Why ?
Answer : Crystal structure has ordered,

repeating arrangement of atoms. Fibres are liable
to maintain this and thus have high speci c
strength. As size increases, the condition of
ordered and repeating arrangements can't be
guaranteed because of several types of defects
and dislocations and thus the speci c strength
gets lower.
Question 496. What Is The Percentage Of Carbon

☰
In Cast Iron ?
Answer : 2.5%.
Question 497. Which Element Is Added In Steel
Search for Jobs... To Increase Resistance To Corrosion ? 
Answer : Chromium.
Question 498. Whether Individual Components In

Composite Materials Retain Their Characteristics
Or Not?
Answer : yes.
Question 499. An Elastomer Is A Polymer When

Its Percentage Elongation Rate Is?
Answer : Greater than 100%.
Question 500. If Percentage Elongation Of A

Material Is More Than 200%, It Is Classed As ?
Answer : Rubber.
Question 501. Why Is It That The Maximum Value

Which The Residual Stress Can Reach Is The
Elastic Limit Of The Material ?
Answer : A stress in excess of elastic limit,

with no external force to oppose it, will relieve
itself by plastic deformation until it reaches the
value of the yield stress.
Question 502. Why Fatigue Strength Decreases

As Size Of A Part Increases Beyond Around 10
Mm?
Answer : Perfection of material conditions is

possible at lower sizes and as size increases, it is
not possible to attain uniform structure of the
material.
☰
Question 503. Distinguish Between Creep And
Fatigue?
Answer : Creep is low and progressive
Search for Jobs... deformation of a material with time under a 
constant stress at high temperature applications.

Fatigue is the reduced tendency of material to
offer resistance to applied stress under repeated
or uctuating loading condition.
Question 504. While Normal Carburising And

Nitriding Surface Treatments Increase Fatigue
Strength, Excessive Treatment May Decrease
The Fatigue Strength. Why ?
Answer : Normal carburising/nitriding

treatments increase volume due to phase
transformation at Surface and introduce residual
compressive surface stress and thus increase the
fatigue strength. By excessive treatment the high
compressive stresses are introduced but these
are balanced by high in¬ternal tensile stresses of
equal value and the subsurface fatigue cracks
may develop in the regions of high tensile stress
and lead to early fatigue failure.
Question 505. List At Least Two Factors That

Promote Transition From Ductile To Brittle
Fracture.
Answer : Manner of loading, and the rate of

loading promote transition from ductile to brittle
fracture. A machine member may have ductile
failure under static loading but may fail in brittle
fashion when the load is uctuating. Similarly a
material may evidence ductile failure under tensile
loading at ordinary testing speed but if load is

☰
applied at a high velocity then failure may be
brittle.
Question 506. Which Theories Of Failure Are
Search for Jobs... Used For 
ductile Materials, And

brittle Materials ?
Answer : For ductile materials, theories of

failure used are maximum shear stress theory,
and maximum energy of distortion theory;
while for brittle materials, theory of maximum
principal stress, and maximum strain are used.
Question 507. What Does Thermal

Diffusivity Of Metals Signify?
Answer : Thermal diffusivity is associated

with the speed of propagation of heat into
solids during changes in temperature with
time.
Question 508. For Conduction Of Heat, The

Instantaneous Rate Of Heat Flow Is Product
Of Three Factors. What Are These ?
Answer : Area of the section of the heat

ow path, perpendicular to the
direction of heat ow.
temperature gradient, i.e. change of
temperature w.r.t. length of path.
Thermal conductivity of material.
Question 509. How Convective Heat

Transfer Is Effected And On What Factors It
Depends ?
Answer : Convective heat transfer is

☰
effected between a solid and uid by a
combination of molecular conduction within
the uid in combination with energy
transport resulting from the motion of uid
particles. It depends on boundary layer
con guration, uid properties and
temperature difference.
Question 510. Which Is The Common

Element Between Brass And Bronze ?
Answer : Copper.
Question 511. What Does Following Alloy

Designation Indicate Fg 250 ?
Answer : Grey cast iron with tensile

strength of 250 MPa.
Question 512. How Is Ceramic De ned ?
Answer : It is a solid formed by

combination of metallic and non-metallic
elements.
Question 513. What Is The Name Of Solid

Solution Of Carbon In Alpha Iron And Delta
Iron ?
Answer : Ferrite and austenite

respectively.
Question 514. Explain The Difference

Between Pearlite And Cementite ?
Answer :
Pearlite is eutectoid mixture of ferrite and

☰
cementite. Cementite is chemical compound
of iron and carbon.
Question 515. Give One Example Each Of
The Following Proportion Of Materials
Dimensional, Physical, Technological And
Mechanical?
Answer : Roughness, enthalpy, toughness,

and hardness respectively.
Question 516. For Which Parts The Wahl

Factor And Lewis Form Factor Used ?
Answer : For springs and gears

respectively.
Question 517. How Oxygen Can Be

Removed From Steel During Melting? What
Are Fully Killed Steels ?
Answer : Oxygen can be removed by

adding elements such as manganese, silicon
or aluminium which, because of their high
a nity for oxygen, react with it to form non-
metallic oxides which rise into the slag.
Steels which have had most of their
dissolved oxygen removed are called "fully
killed steels".
Question 518. Hydrogen Cannot Be

Removed Easily From Molten Steel. What
Harm Hydrogen Has On Property Of Steel ?
Answer :
Excessive hydrogen results in the formation

☰
of small ssures often described as hairline
cracks or akes in the steel. Large forgings
in alloy steel are particularly sensitive to this
phenomenon.
Question 519. What Is Allotrope ? In What

Forms Of Cubic Pattern, Iron Exists ?
Answer : Some elements exist in more

than one crystalline form. Each form is
known as "allotrope". Iron exists in two
forms of cubic pattern, namely body
centered cubic (bcc) and face-centered
cubic (fee).
Question 520. What Is The Difference

Between Alpha Iron, Delta Iron And Gamma
Iron ?
Answer : The bcc form of iron exists

between room temperature and 910°C, and
between 1400°C and the melting point at
1539°C. The lower temperature form is
known as "alpha"-iron and the higher
temperature form as "delta"-iron. The face-
centered cubic form existing between 910°C
and 1400°C is referred to as "gamma-iron".

Between Isotropic Material And
Homogeneous Material ?
Answer :
In homogeneous material the composition is

☰
same throughout and in isotropic material
the elastic constants are same in all
directions.

Between The Points Of In exion And
Contra exure?
Answer : At points of in exion in a loaded

beam the bending moment is zero and at
points of contra exure in loaded beam the
bending moment changes sign from
increasing to decreasing.

Between Proof Resilience And Modulus Of
Resilience ?
Answer : Proof resilience is the maximum

strain energy that can be stored in a material
without permanent deformation. Modulus of
resilience is the maximum strain energy
stored in a material per unit volume.

Between Column And Strut ?
Answer : Both column and strut carry

compressive load. Column is always vertical
but strut as member of structure could carry
axial compressive load in any direction.

Between Ferrite, Austenite And Graphite ?
Answer : Ferrite is the solid solution of

☰
carbon and other constituents in alpha-iron.
It is soft, ductile and relatively weak.
Austenite is the solid solution of carbon and
Search for Jobs... other constituents in gamma-iron. It exists in 

ordinary steels at elevated temperatures, but
it is also found at ordinary temperatures in
some stainless steels. Graphite has a
hexagonal layer lattice.

Critical Points In Iron, Iron-carbide Diagram
?
Answer : The temperatures at which the

phase changes occur are called critical
points (or temperatures).
Question 527. Why Pert Is Preferred Over

Cpm For Evaluation Of Project ?
Answer : PERT is based on the approach

of multiple time estimates for each activity.
Question 528. What Is The Percentage Of

Chromium In 18 : 4 : 1 Iiss ?
Answer : 4%.
Question 529. What Is Stellite ?
Answer : It is a non-ferrous cast alloy

containing cobalt, chromium and tungsten.
Question 530. Which Rays Are Produced By

Cobalt-60 In Industrial Radiography ?
Answer : Gamma rays.

☰
Question 531. What Are Killed Steels And
What For These Are Used ?
Answer : Killed steels are deoxidised in

the ladle with silicon and aluminium. On
solidi cation no gas evolution occurs in
these steels because they are free from
oxygen.
Question 532. What Is Critical Temperature

In Metals ?
Answer : It is the temperature at which

the phase change occurs in metals.
Question 533. Car Tyres Are Usually Made

Of ?
Answer : Styrene-butadiene rubber.
Question 534. What Is The Structure Of

Pure Iron And Whether It Is Soft Or Hard ?
Answer : Ferrite and it is soft.
Question 535. Which Elements Increase The

Corrosion Resistance Of Steel ?
Answer : Chromium and nickel.
Question 536. What Causes Hardness In

Steel ? How Heat Treatment Alters
Properties Of Steel ?
Answer :
The shape and distribution of the carbides in

☰
the iron determines the hardness of the
steel. Carbides can be dissolved in austenite
is the basis of the heat treatment of steel. If
steel is heated above the A critical
temperature to dissolve all the carbides, and
then cooled, suitable cooling through the
cooling range will produce the desired size
and distribution of carbides in the ferrite,
imparting different properties.
Question 537. How With Alloying Of Steel It

Is Possible To A Achieve Properties Which
Can Not Be Achieved With Heat Treatment ?
Answer : A prerequisite to the hardening

of steels is that martensite should be
formed on cooling, but this can only be
achieved if the rate of cooling is great
enough to suppress the formation of pearlite
or bainite and in plain carbon steels this can
be achieved by quenching relatively small
specimens
Question 538. What Are The Major Effects

Of Alloying Elements?
Answer : To alter the transformation

temperatures and times
To modify the room temperature and
elevated temperature strengths of
given structures by
stiffening the crystals and

introducing complex precipitates
which tend to harden the steel.
To modify the type of oxide lm formed

☰
on the surface of the steel and thereby
affect its corrosion resistance.
Search for Jobs... Between Austenite Stabilisers And Ferrite 
Stabilisers ?
Answer : Austenite stabilisers have the

effect of extending the temperature range
over which austenite is formed. Such
elements are carbon, manganese, nickel,
copper and cobalt.
Ferrite stabilisers have the effect of

extending the temperature range over which
alpha and delta ferrite are formed, which
consequently reduces temperature range
over which austenite is formed. Such
elements are silicon, chromium,
molybdenum, tungsten, titanium and
niobium.
Question 540. What Is The Role Of Silicon

As Alloying Element In Steels ?
Answer : Silicon contributes greatly to the

production of sound steel because of its
deoxidizing and degasifying properties.
When added in amounts up to 2.5%, the
ultimate strength of the steel is increased
without loss in ductility. Silicon in excess of
2.5% causes brittleness, and amounts higher
than 5% make the steel non-malleable.
Resistance to oxidation and surface stability

☰
of steel are increased by the addition of
silicon. These desirable effects partially
compensate for the tendency of silicon to
lower the creep properties of steel. Silicon
increases the electrical resistivity of steel
and decreases hysteresis losses.
Question 541. Discuss The Role Of

Manganese In Alloying Steels?
Answer : Manganese is an excellent

deoxidizer and sulfur neutralizer, and
improves the mechanical properties of steel,
notably the ratio of yield strength to tensile
strength at normal temperatures. As an
alloying element, manganese serves as an
inexpensive means of preventing "hot
shortness". It improves rolling properties,
hardenability, and resistance to wear.
However manganese increases the crack
sensitivity of weldments, particularly with
steels of higher carbon content.
Question 542. De ne Buckling Factor?
Answer : It is the ratio of the equivalent

length of column to the minimum radius of
gyration.

Catenary Cable ?
Answer : A cable attached to the

supports and carrying its own weight.
Question 544. What Is Coaxing ?

☰
Answer : It is the process of improving
fatigue properties by rst under-stressing
and then increasing the stress in small
Search for Jobs... increments. 
Question 545. What Is Difference Between

Conjugate Beam And Continuous Beam ?
Answer : A conjugate beam is an

imaginary beam of same size as original
beam and carrying a distributed load in
accordance with the bending moment
diagram.
A continuous beam is one which is resting

on more than two supports.
Question 546. What Is Isotropic Material ?
Answer : It is a material having same

elastic constants in all directions.
Question 547. Explain Difference Between

Modulus Of Resilience And Modulus Of
Rigidity ?
Answer : Modulus of resilience is the

maximum strain energy stored in a material
per unit volume and modulus of rigidity is
the ratio of shearing stress to the shearing
strain within the elastic limit.

Between Basic Hole And Basic Shaft ?
Answer :
A basic hole is one whose lower deviation is

☰
zero and in case of basic shaft the upper
deviation is zero.
Question 549. What For Pyranometer Is
Used ?
Answer : It is used to measure the total

hemispherical solar radiation.
Question 550. Describe Transfer Machines

In Brief?
Answer : It is an automatic machine in

which workpiece alongwith xture is
transferred from one station to other
automatically and several operation on
workpiece are performed at each station.
Question 551. What Is Burnt-out Point ?
Answer : It corresponds to maximum

heat ux at which transition occurs from
nucleate boiling to lm boiling.

Eutectic ?
Answer : It is mechanical mixture of two

or more phases which solidify
simultaneously from the liquid alloy.

Between Grey Iron And White Iron. What Is
Mottled Iron ?
Answer :
The carbon in cast iron could exist at room

☰
temperature as either iron carbide, or as
graphite which is the more stable form. Irons
containing carbon as graphite are soft, easily
machinable and are called "grey irons". Irons
with carbon present as iron carbide are
extremely hard, di cult to machine and are
called "white" irons. Irons with fairly equal
proportions of graphite and iron carbide
have intermediate hardness and are called
"mottled" irons.
Question 554. Under What Condition A

Convergent Divergent Nozzle Required ?
Answer : When pressure ratio is greater

than critical pressure ratio.
Question 555. What Is Endurance Limit And

What Is Its Value For Steel ?
Answer : Endurance limit is the maximum

level of uctuating stress which can be
tolerated inde nitely. In most steels this
stress is approximately 50% of the ultimate
tensile strength and it is de ned as the
stress which can be endured for ten million
reversals of stress.
Question 556. How The Net Work To Drive A

Compressor And Its Volumetric E ciency
Behave With Increase In Clearance Volume
?
Answer :
Work remains unaltered and volumetric

☰
e ciency decreases.

Sulphur Print ?
Answer : Sulphides, when attached with
dilute acid, evolve hydrogen sulphide gas
which stains bromide paper and therefore
can be readily detected in ordinary steels
and cast irons. While sulphur is not always
as harmful as is sometimes supposed, a
sulphur print is a ready guide to the
distribution of segregated impurities in
general.
Question 558. What Is The Different

Between Brass And Bronze ?
Answer : Brass is an alloy of copper with

zinc; and bronze is alloy of copper with tin.
Question 559. What Is The Effect Of

Addition Of Zinc In Copper? What Is The
Use Of 70/30 Brass ?
Answer : By addition of zinc in copper,

both tensile strength and elongation
increases. The 70/30 brass has excellent
deep drawing property and is used for
making radiator ns.
Question 560. What For Admiralty Brass

Used ?
Answer :
Admiralty brass with 29% zinc and 1% tin has

☰
good corrosion resistance and is used for
condenser and feed heater tubes. Aluminium
is also added to brass to improve corrosion
resistance.
Question 561. What Is The Maximum Use Of

Magnesium ?
Answer : Magnesium is used to alloy with

aluminium and as an additive for making SG
(Spheroidal Graphite) iron.
Question 562. What For Zinc Finds

Applications ?
Answer : Galvanizing consumes the

largest proportion of zinc. Zinc is resistant to
corrosion but is attacked by acids and
alkalies. Zinc alloy.s are suited for making
die casting since the melting point is
reasonably low.

Ratio Of Actual Cycle E ciency And Ideal
Cycle E ciency?
Answer : E ciency ratio.
Question 564. List Two Effects Of

Manganese In Plain Carbon Steels?
Answer : Manganese increases tensile

strength and hardness. It decreases
weldability.
Question 565. Name The Strongest And

☰
Weakest Type Of Atomic Bonds?
Answer : Metallic bond is strongest and

molecular bond also known as Vander Waals
Search for Jobs... bond is weakest. 
Question 566. In Which Process Internal

Energy Remains Constant ?
Answer : Isothermal process.
Question 567. What Is Temper

Embrittlement In Alloy Steels And What Are
Its Effects ?
Answer : Embrittlement attack is usually

intergranular in metals, i.e. cracks progress
between the grains of the polycrystalline
material. It imparts a tendency to fail under a
static load after a given period of time in
those alloy steels which are susceptible to
embrittlement.
Question 568. What Are Whiskers ?
Answer : Whiskers are very small crystals

which are virtually free from imperfections
and dislocations.
Question 569. What Is Bauschinger Effect ?
Answer : According to Bauschinger, the

limit of proportionality of material does not
remain constant but varies according to the
direction of stress under cyclic stresses.

☰
Between Heat Capacity And Speci c Heat
Of A Material ?
Answer : The heat capacity of a material
Search for Jobs... is the amount of heat transformed to raise 

unit mass of a material 1 degree in
temperature.
The speci c heat of a material is the ratio of

the amount of heat transferred to raise unit
mass of a material 1 degree in temperature
to that required to raise unit mass of water 1
degree of temperature at some speci ed
temperature.
For most engineering purposes, heat

capacities may be assumed numerically
equal to;speci c heats.
Question 571. Explain The Rule To Find

Speci c Heat Of Aqueous Solutions?
Answer : For aqueous solutions of salts,

the speci c heat can be estimated by
assuming the speci c heat of the solution
equal to that of the water alone. Thus, for a
15% by weight solution of sodium chloride in
water, the speci c heat would be
approximately 0.85.

Latent Heat ? Give Four Examples Of Latent
Heats?
Answer :
For pure substances, the heat effects

☰
accompanying changes in state at constant
pressure (no temperature change being
evident) are known as latent heats.
Examples of latent heats are : heat of fusion,
vaporisation, sublimation, and change in
crystal form.
Question 573. Which Parameter Remains

Constant In Isochoric Process ?
Answer : Volume.
Question 574. What Is Polytropic Process ?

Under What Conditions It Approaches
Isobaric, Isothermal, And Isometric Process
? In Which Reversible Process No Work Is
Done ?
Answer : A polytropic process is one that

follows the equation pun = constant (index n
may have values from - oc to + oo. This
process approaches isobaric when n = 0,
isothermal when n = 1, and isometric when n
= . No work is done in isometric process.
Question 575. Whether Superheated Steam

Can Be Treated Like Ideal Gas ?
Answer : Yes.
Question 576. Out Of Constant Pressure

And Constant Volume Lines On Ts Diagram
Which Line Has Higher Slope ? And Whether
Slope Is Constant Or Variable ?
Answer : Constant volume line. Slope is

☰
variable.
Question 577. Whether Entropy Is Intensive

Property Or Extensive Property ?
Answer : Entropy is extensive property.
Question 578. In Which Process Fluid

Expands But Does Not Work ?
Answer : Throttling process.
Question 579. What Are The Factors That

Can Affect The Factor Of Safety Selection?
Answer : The factor of safety is used in

designing a machine component. Prior to
selecting the correct factor of safety certain
points must be taken into consideration
such as:
The properties of the material used for the

machine and the changes in its intrinsic
properties over the time period of service.
The accuracy and authenticity of test
results to the actual machine parts.
The applied load reliability.
The limit of stresses (localized).
The loss of property and life in case of
failures.
The limit of initial stresses at the time
period of manufacture.
The extent to which the assumptions can
be simpli ed.
The factor of safety also depends on

☰
numerous other considerations such as the
material, the method of manufacturing , the
various types of stress, the part shapes etc.

Question 580. What Is Heat Treatment And
Why Is It Done?
Answer : Heat treatment can be de ned

as a combination of processes or operations
in which the heating and cooling of a metal
or alloy is done in order to obtain desirable
characteristics without changing the
compositions. Some of the motives or
purpose of heat treatment are as follows:
In order to improve the hardness of

metals.
For the softening of the metal.
In order to improve the machinability of
the metal.
To change the grain size.
To provide better resistance to heat,
corrosion, wear etc.
Heat treatment is generally performed in the
following ways:
Normalizing
Annealing
Spheroidising
Hardening
Tempering
Surface or case hardening
Question 581. What Are The Rules That

☰
Must Be Kept In Mind While Designing
Castings?
Answer : Some of the points that must be
Search for Jobs... kept in mind during the process of cast 

designing are as follows:
To avoid the concentration of stresses

sharp corners and frequent use of llets
should be avoided.
Section thicknesses should be uniform as
much as possible. For variations it must
be done gradually.
Abrupt changes in the thickness should
be avoided at all costs.
Simplicity is the key, the casting should be
designed as simple as possible.
It is di cult to create true large spaces
and henceforth large at surfaces must
be avoided. > Webs and ribs used for
stiffening in castings should as minimal
as possible.
Curved shapes can be used in order to
improve the stress handling of the cast.
Question 582. What Are The Points That

Should Be Kept In Mind During Forging
Design?
Answer : Some of the points that should

be followed while forging design are:
A radial ow of grains or bers must be

achieved in the forged components.
The forged items such as drop and press
forgings should have a parting line that
should divide the forging into two equal

☰
halves.
The ribs in a forging should not be high or
thin.
In order to avoid increased die wear the
Search for Jobs... pockets and recesses in forgings should 
be minimum.
In forgings the parting line of it should lie
as far as possible in a single plane.
For ease of forging and easy removal of
forgings the surfaces of the metal should
contain su cient drafts.
Question 583. Describe Brie y The Different

Cold Drawing Processes?
Answer : Some of the important cold

drawing processes are as follows:
Bar and Rod Drawing: In the case of bar

drawing the hot drawn bars are at rst
pickled, washed and coated to prevent
oxidation. Once this is done a draw bench
is used for the process of cold drawing. In
order to make an end possible to enter a
drawing die the diameter of the rod is
reduced by the swaging operation. This
end is fastened by chains to the draw
bench and the end is gripped by the jaws
of the carriage. In this method a high
surface nish and accuracy dimensionally
is obtained. The products of this process
can be used directly without any further
machining.
Wire Drawing: Similar to the above
process the bars are rst pickled, washed
and coated to prevent any oxidation. After

☰
this the rods are passed through several
dies of decreasing diameter to provide a
desired reduction in the size ( diameter ).
The dies used for the reduction process is
Search for Jobs... generally made up of carbide materials. 
Tube Drawing: This type of drawing is very

similar to the bar drawing process and in
majority of cases it is accomplished by
the use of a draw bench.
Question 584. What Are The Different

Theories Of Failure Under Static Load,
Explain Brie y?
Answer : The main theories of failure of a

member subjected to bi-axial stress are as
follows:
Maximum principal stress theory (

Rankine’s theory): This theory states that
failure occurs at a point in member where
the maximum principal or normal stress in
a bi-axial system reaches the maximum
strength in a simple tension test.
Maximum shear stress theory ( Guest’s or
Tresca’s theory): This theory states that
failure occurs when the biaxial stress
reaches a value equal to the shear stress
at yield point in a simple tension test.
Maximum principal strain theory ( Saint
Venant theory): This theory states that
failure occurs when bi-axial stress
reaches the limiting value of strain.
Maximum strain energy theory ( Haigh’s
theory): This theory states that failure
occurs when strain energy per unit volume

☰
of the stress system reaches the limiting
strain energy point.
Maximum distortion energy theory (
Hencky and Von Mises theory): This
Search for Jobs... theory states that failure occurs when 
strain energy per unit volume reaches the

limiting distortion energy.
Question 585. What Are The Assumptions

Made In Simple Theory Of Bending?
Answer : The assumptions made in the

theory of simple bending are:
The material of the beam is homogeneous

this implies that it is uniform in density,
strength and have isotropic properties
meaning possessing same elastic
property in all directions.
Even after bending the cross section of
the beam remains constant.
During the initial stages the beam is
straight and unstressed. > All the stresses
in the beam are within the elastic limit of
its material.
The layers of the beam are free to
contract and expand longitudinally and
laterally
On any cross section the perpendicular
resultant force of the beam is zero.
Compared to the cross-sectional
dimension of the beam the radius of
curvature is very large.
Question 586. Why Is Stress Considered

☰
Important In A Shaft?
Answer : The following types of stresses

are prevalent in shafts:
Search for Jobs... At the outermost surface of the shaft the 
max shear stress occurs on the cross-

section of the shaft.
At the surface of the shaft on the
longitudinal planes through the axis of the
shaft the maximum longitudinal shear
stress occurs.
At 45 degrees to the maximum shearing
stress planes at the surface of the shafts
the major principal stress occurs. It
equals the max shear stress on the cross
section of the shaft.
For certain materials where the tensile
and compressive strengths are lower in
measure as compared to the shear
strength, then the shaft designing should
be carried out for the lowest strengths.
All these stresses are of signi cance as
they play a role in governing the failure of
the shaft. All theses stresses get
generated simultaneously and hence
should be considered for designing
purposes


The Hooke's Coupling What Are Its
Purposes?
Answer :
The Hooke`s coupling is used to connect

☰
two shafts whose axes intersect at a small
angle. The two shafts are inclined at an
angle and is constant. During motion it
varies as the movement is transferred from
one shaft to another. One of the major areas
of application of this coupling is in gear
boxes where the coupling is used to drive the
rear wheels of trucks and other vehicles. In
such usage scenarios two couplings are
used each at the two ends of the coupling
shaft. they are also used to transfer power
for multiple drilling machines. The Hooke`s
coupling is also known as the Universal
coupling. The torque transmitted by the
shafts is given by :
T= (pie/16) x t x (d) cube

Where T = torque,
t = shear stress for the shaft material and d
the diameter of the shaft.
Question 588. What Kind Of Materials

Should Be Used For Shafts Manufacturing?
Answer : Some of the qualities that

should be present in materials for shafts are
as follows:
The material should have a high index of

strength.
Also it should have a high level of
machinability.
The material should possess a low notch
sensitivity factor.
The material must also have wear

☰
resistant properties.
Good heat treatment properties should
also be present
The common material used to creates
shafts of high strengths an alloy of steel like
nickel is used. The shafts are manufactured
by hot rolling processes and then the shaft is
nished using drawing or grinding
processes.
Question 589. Why Should A Chain Drive Be

Used Over A Belt Or Rope Driven Drive?
State Pro`s And Con`s?
Answer : The advantages of using a chain

drives are:
In a chain drive no slip occurrence takes

place.
The chains take less space as compared
to rope or belts as they are made of metal
and offer much strength.
The chain drives can be used at both
short and long ranges and they offer a
high level of transmission e ciency.
Chain drives can transmit more load and
power as compared to belts.
A very high speed ratio can be maintained
in one step of chain drives. Some of the
cons of using a chain drive are:
The cost of producing chain drives is
higher as compared to that of belts.
The chain drives must be serviced and
maintained at regular intervals and
henceforth their cost of ownership is high

☰
comparatively.
Question 590. What Are The Different Types

Of Springs And Explain Them Brie y?
Answer : Springs can be broadly
classi ed into the following types:
Helical Springs: These springs as their

name suggests are in coil form and are in
the shape of helix. The primary purpose of
such springs are to handle compressive
and tensile loads. They can be further
classi ed into two types: compression
helical spring and tension helical spring
each having their own unique areas of
application./
Conical and volute springs: Both these
spring types have specialized areas of
usage where springs with adaptable rate
according to the load is required. In case
of conical springs they are wound so as to
have a uniform pitch while on the other
hand volute springs are wound in a slight
manner of a paraboloid.
Torsion Springs: The characteristics of
such springs is that they tend to wind up
by the load. They can be either helical or
spiral in shape. These types of springs are
used in circuit breaker mechanisms.
Leaf springs: These types of springs are
comprised of metal plates of different
lengths held together with the help of
bolts and clamps. Commonly seen being
used as suspensions for vehicles.
Disc Springs: As the name suggests such

☰
types of springs are comprised of conical
discs held together by a bolt or tube.
Special Purpose Springs: These springs
are all together made of different
Search for Jobs... materials such as air and water. 
Question 591. During The Design Of A

Friction Clutch What Are The
Considerations That Should Be Made?
Answer : In order to design a friction

clutch the following points must be kept in
mind:
The material for the contact surfaces

must be carefully selected.
For high speed devices to minimize the
inertia load of the clutch, low weight
moving parts must be selected.
The contact of the friction surfaces must
be maintained at all the times without the
application of any external forces.
Provisions for the facilitation of repairs
must be there.
In order to increase safety the projecting
parts of a clutch must be covered.
A provision to take up the wearing of the
contact surfaces must be present.
Heat dissipaters to take away the heat
from the point of contacting surfaces
must be there.
Question 592. What Are The Different Types

Of Brakes And Explain Them Brie y?
Answer : Brakes can be classi ed on the

☰
basis of their medium used to brake, they are
as follows:
Hydraulic Brakes: These brakes as their
Search for Jobs... name suggest use a uid medium to push 

or repel the brake pads for braking.
Electric Brakes: These brakes use
electrical energy to delete or create a
braking force. Both the above types of
breaks are used primarily for applications
where a large amount of energy is to be
transformed.
Mechanical Brakes: They can be further
classi ed on the basis of the direction of
their acting force: Radial Brakes: As their
names suggests the force that acts on the
brakes is of radial direction. They can
further be classi ed into internal and
external blades. Axial Brakes: In these
types of brakes the braking force is acting
in an axial direction as compared to radial
brakes.

Question 593. On What Basis Can Sliding

Contact Bearings Be Classi ed? Explain?
Answer : Sliding contact bearings can be

classi ed on the basis of the thickness of
the lubricating agent layer between the
bearing and the journal. They can be
classi ed as follows:
Thick lm bearings: These type of

bearings have their working surface
separated by a layer of the lubricant. They

☰
are also known as hydrodynamic
lubricated bearings.
Thin lm bearings: In this type of bearings
the surfaces are partially in direct contact
Search for Jobs... with each other even after the presence of 
a lubricant. The other name for such type

of bearings is boundary lubricated
bearings.
Zero Film Bearings: These type of
bearings as their name suggests have no
lubricant present between the contact
layers.
Externally or hydrostatically pressurized
lubricated bearings: These bearings are
able to without any relative motion
support steady loads.
Question 594. What Are The Basis On Which

The Best Material For Sliding Contact
Bearings Manufacturing?
Answer : Some of the important

properties to lookout for in the material for
sliding contact bearings are as follows:
Compressive Strength: In order to prevent

the permanent deformation and intrusion
of the bearing the material selected
should be possess a high compressive
strength to bear the max bearing
pressure.
Fatigue Strength: the material selected for
the bearing should be able to withstand
loads without any surface fatigue cracks
getting created. This is only possible if the
material has a high level of fatigue

☰
strength.
Comfortability: The material should be
able to adjust or accommodate bearing
inaccuracies and de ections without
Search for Jobs... much wear and heating. 
Embeddability: The material should allow

the embedding of small particles without
effecting the material of the journal.
Bondability: The bearings may be created
by bringing together ( bonding ) multiple
layers of the material. Due to the above
reason the bondability of the material
should be su ciently high.
Thermal conductivity and corrosion
resistance: Thermal conductivity is an
essential property for bearing materials as
it can help in quickly dissipating the
generated heat. Also the material should
have a level of corrosion resistance
against the lubricant.

Question 595. Brie y Explain The

Advantages Of Cycloidal And Involute
Gears?
Answer : The advantages of the Cycloidal

gears are as follows:
Having a wider ank as compared to

Involute gears they are considered to have
more strength and hence can withstand
further load and stress.
The contact in case of cycloidal gears is
between the concave surface and the
convex ank. This results in less wear and

☰
tear.
No interference occurs in these types of
gears.
The advantages of Involute gears are as
follows:
The primary advantage of involute gears

is that it allows the changing of the centre
distance of a pair without changing the
velocity ratio.
The pressure angle remains constant
from start to end teeth, this results in less
wear and smooth running of the gears.
The involute gears are easier to
manufacture as they can be generated in
a single curve ( the face and ank ).
Question 596. How Can The Reaction Of

Support Of A Frame Be Evaluated?
Answer : Generally roller or hinged

support are used to support the frames. The
conditions of equilibrium are used to
determine the reaction support of a frame.
The condition of equilibrium takes place
when the sum of the horizontal and vertical
forces sum equal to zero. The system must
form a state of equilibrium even after
considering the external loads and the
reactions at the supports. For equilibrium to
be prevalent in the system the following
conditions are required to be in occurrence:
Summation of V = 0. This implies that the

summation of all the forces in the vertical
direction results to zero.

☰
Summation of H = 0 . This implies that the
total of all the forces acting in horizontal
direction is also zero.
Summation of M = 0. The sum of all the
Search for Jobs... moment of forces around a point must be 
zero.
Question 597. Explain In An Orderly Manner

How The Force In The Member Of A Truss
Be Detected Using The Method Of Joint.
Answer : The steps required to calculate

the force are as follows:
The reaction at the support has to be rst

calculated.
Once the reaction is calculated the
direction of force of the member is made
to make it tensile. On getting the result to
be negative the direction assumed is
wrong and this implies the force being
compressive in nature.
A joint needs to be selected whose 2
members are not known. The lami`s
theorem is used on the joint on which less
than three forces are acting.
After the above process is complete the
free body diagrams of the joint needs to
be made. Since the system is in
equilibrium the condition of Summation of
V and H must result in zero.
After the above step the resolution of
forces method needs to be used on the
joint on which more than 4 forces are
acting.
Question 598. In Order To Derive The

☰
Torsional Formulas What Are The
Assumptions Taken?
Answer : The torsion equation is derived
Search for Jobs... on the basis of following assumptions: 
The shaft material is uniform, throughout

the shaft. > Even after loading the shaft
circular remains circular.
After the application of torques the plain
section of a shaft remains plain.
Any twist that occurs in the shaft remains
uniform and constant.
After the application of torque the
distance between any two cross-sectional
references remains constant.
The elastic limit value of a shaft is never
exceeded even after the shear stress
induced because of torque application.
Question 599. What Are Bevel Gears And

What Are Its Types?
Answer : Bevel gears are the type of

gears in which the two shafts happen to
intersect. The gear faces which are tooth
bearing are conical in shape. They are
generally mounted on shafts which are 90
degrees apart but they can be made to work
at other angles as well. The bevel gears are
classi ed into the following types on the
basis of pitch surfaces and shaft angles:
Mitre Gears: These types of gears are

similar to each other ie. they have the
same pitch angles and contain the same

☰
number of teeth. The shaft axes intersect
at 90 degrees angle.
Angular bevel gears: When two bevel
gears connect at any angle apart from 90
Search for Jobs... degrees. 
Crown bevel gears: When the two shaft

axes intersect at an angle greater than 90
and one of the bevel gears have a pitch
angle of 90 degrees they are known as
crown bevel gears.
Internal bevel gears: In these type of gears
the teeth on the gears is cut on the inside
area of the pitch cone.
Question 600. What Are The Different

Values That Need To Be Determined In
Order To Design A Cylinder For An Ice?
Answer : The following values are needed

to be determined:
Thickness of the cylinder wall: The

cylinder walls in an engine is made
witness to gas pressure and the side
thrust of a piston. This results in two
types of stresses: longitudinal and
circumferential stress. Both the types of
stresses are perpendicular to each other
and hence it is aimed to reduce the
resulting stress as much as possible.
Length and bore of the cylinder: The
length of the cylinder and the length of the
stroke is calculated on the basis of the
formula: length of cylinder L = 1.15 times
the length of the stroke (l). L = 1.15(l)
Cylinder ange and studs: The cylinders

☰
are always cast integral as a part of the
upper crankcase or in some cases
attached to it by means of nuts and bolts.
The ange is integral to a cylinder and
Search for Jobs... henceforth its thickness should be greater 
than that of the cylinder wall. The

thickness of ange should generally be
between 1.2t-1.4t where t is the cylinder
thickness. The stud diameter is calculated
by equating gas load ( due to max
pressure ) to the grand total of all the
resisting forces of the studs.
Question 601. What Are Considerations

Taken Into Account While Creating A Piston
Head?
Answer : The piston head is designed on

the basis of the following considerations:
The crown should have enough strength

to absorb the explosion pressure inside
the engine cylinder.
The head must always dissipate the heat
of the explosion as quickly as possible to
the engine walls. The thickness of the
head is calculated on the basis of another
formula which takes into consideration
the heat owing through the head, the
conductivity factor of the material. The
temperature at the center and edges of
the head.
The thickness of the piston head is
calculated on the basis of the Grashof`s
formula which takes into consideration
the maximum gas pressure of an

☰
explosion , the permissible bending and
the outside diameter of the piston.
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MECHANICAL INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

Tool geometry work system diagrams-

Question 2. Mention The Function systems-tutorial-

Answer : Boundary layer is the Control Systems

☰ Mechatronics engineering Interview

Answer : This is necessary to provide

Question 17. What Is The Value Of Coe cient Of

Answer : 0.1 to 0.25.

React Native Interview Questions

Question 18. Why Belts Are Subject To Creep ?

Answer : Due to uneven extension and

Search for Jobs... 

Mechanical Engineering Interview

Question 19. What Is The Ratio Of Damping

Answer : Damping factor.

Question 20. In Which Type Of Lubrication The

Answer : In hydrostatic lubrication.

Auto mechanic Interview Questions

Question 21. Whether Bernoulli's Equation Is

Plate, What Is The Relationship Between Viscous

Answer : They are directly proportional.

Question 23. How The Stability Of Empty Ship

Answer : By adding ballasts at the bottom

Sheet Metal Interview Questions

Question 24. De ne Froude Number?

Answer : It is the square root of ratio of inertial

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Plumbing Interview Questions

Question 25. What For Manning's Formula Used ?

Answer : It is used to determine velocity of ow

Question 26. What Is The Maximum E ciency Of

Solar Water Pumps Interview Questions

Question 27. What Is The Necessary And

Centre of gravity of body should be located below

Question 28. Under What Condition The Thermal

Answer : When Prandtl number is unity.

Question 29. How Laminar Boundary Layer

Answer : It is proportional to the square root of

Mechanical Fitter Interview Questions

Question 30. Name The Axial Flow Reaction

Answer : Kaplan turbine.

Question 31. De ne The Degree Of Reaction Of A

Answer : It is the ratio of total pressure change

Question 32. What Is Meant By Relative Stability

If the system is found to be stable, then it is

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Question 33. On What Factors The E ciency Of A

Answer : The e ciency of a centrifugal pump

Fluid mechanics Interview Questions

Question 34. De ne Transducer ?

Answer : Transducer is an element which

Question 35. A 200 Mm Impeller Of Centrifugal

Answer : 400 mm.

Question 36. Why Thin-plate Ori ce Is Frequently

Mechatronics engineering Interview

Question 37. How The Water Flow From A

Answer : It can be measured by allowing the

Question 38. For The Same Size, Length And

Answer : Under same ow conditions the

Question 39. How Does The Capacity Changes In

Answer : At constant head, capacity is