1

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3
 ​ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

An endeavor over a long period can be successful only with the advice and
support of many well wishers. We take this opportunity to express our gratitude
and appreciation to all of them.

We wish to express our profound gratitude to our honorable ​Principal

and HOD, CSE ​department​, VNR Vignana Jyothi Institute of Engineering
and Technology ​for their constant and dedicated support towards our career
moulding and development.

With great pleasure we express our gratitude to the internal guide

Jyotsna Cherukuri,Associate Professor, Chemistry (H&S) for her timely
help, constant guidance, cooperation, support and encouragement throughout
this project as it has urged us to explore many new things.

Finally we wish to express my deep sense of gratitude and sincere thanks

to our parents, friends and all our well wishers who have technically and
non-technically contributed for the successful completion of this course based
project.

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 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that this Project Report titled ​“ Solid Waste Management”
submitted by us ofComputer Science & Engineering in ​VNR Vignana Jyothi
Institute of Engineering and Technology, ​is a bonafide work undertaken by
us and it is not submitted for any other certificate /Course or published any time
before.

Signature of the team:

Date:

5
INDEX
S.NO  TOPIC  PAGE 

1)  ABSTRACT   
 
2)  INTRODUCTION   

3)  OBJECTIVES, KEYWORDS   

 
4)  METHODOLOGY   

5)  DISCUSSION   

6)  CONCLUSIONS    

7)  FUTURE SCOPE   

8)  REFERENCES   

     

     

6
 ABSTRACT
The given course project report on “Waste Management” was made as a part of
Environmental Studies course. It covers the topics of how Waste Management is a very huge
problem and should be tackled immediately. This report also introduces us to the history of
waste, which wasn’t a big problem back then. But now with the increase of production rate,
the waste generated has also increased significantly. Not only this but there are many human
diseases which were given birth to only due to improper waste management. There are
various solutions which are in practise as well, including 3 R’s. Waste Management
techniques include incineration and plasma gasification. Recycling should be practised at
every house in order to minimize the waste generation. In order to tackle waste, we have to
come up with smart and useful solutions which can help in the longer run.

7
 INTRODUCTION
Humans produce more than they can consume, which ultimately gives birth to waste. There
are various materials that are actually degradable in nature and does not necessarily disturb
the balance in nature. But with industrialization and urbanization, the waste production has
only bloomed. You know as they say with pros also comes cons, in this case the cons being
the tonnes of waste produced, which is not only non degradable in nature, but also harmful
for humans.
The population of India crossed the 1.2 billion mark in 2013, and now it stands at 1.33
billion. According to the Press Information Bureau, India generates 62 million tonnes of
waste (mixed waste containing both recyclable and non-recyclable waste) every year, with an
average annual growth rate of 4% (PIB 2016). The generated waste can be divided into three
major categories: Organic (all kinds of biodegradable waste), dry (or recyclable waste) and
biomedical (or sanitary and hazardous waste).
Another very significant problem faced by India is the dumping of waste illegally on any
vacant plot by the contractor. He does this so as to save on transportation costs from across
the city to the landfill and to save time waiting at the landfill for his turn to dump. Not only
has this but the contractor earns revenue proportional to tonnage of waste dumped. This
perversely incentivises him to dump more, resulting in existing landfills receiving an
unmanageable amount of waste. This leads to open burning of waste to create space and the
cycle of collection, dumping and burning goes on infinitely. This can and has resulted in
various health problems faced by the people living around that area.
If waste is not managed properly, we can suffer with various diseases. The US Public Health
Service has identified 22 human diseases that are linked to improper solid waste management
(MIT Urban Development Sector Unit 1999). Several studies have been published that link
asthma, heart attack, and emphysema to burning garbage. Human faecal matter is also
frequently found in municipal waste—this, along with unmanaged decomposed garbage,
attracts other rodents, that further lead to a spread of diseases such as dengue and malaria
(Biswas 2012).

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 OBJECTIVES
The main objectives of waste management are:

1. For the protection of the environment through effective waste management

techniques.
2. To protect health, well being and environment.
3. To prevent pollution.
4. To reduce and reuse of waste.
5. Safe disposal of waste.
6. To minimize the production of waste.
7. To create awareness among the people about the impact of waste.
8. To maintain sustainable development and ecosystem.
9. Encourage waste to energy development.
10. Ensure and promote proper solid waste management.

KEYWORDS
Sustainable Development, Waste Management, Reduce, Reuse, Recycle,Environment,
Health,Treatment, Disposal, Extraction, Municipal Solid Waste, Waste Hierarchy,
Energy Recovery, Polluters Pay Principle, Exploitation, Sanitation, Curbside Collection,
Compost, Landfills, Incineration, etc,.

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 METHODOLOGY

DETAILED STUDY
Waste management (or waste disposal) are the activities and actions required to manage
waste from its inception to its final disposal. This includes the collection, transport,
treatment and disposal of waste, together with monitoring and regulation of the waste
management process.
Waste can be solid, liquid, or gas and each type has different methods of disposal and
management. Waste management deals with all types of waste, including industrial,
biological and household. In some cases, waste can pose a threat to human health.Waste
is produced by human activity, for example, the extraction and processing of raw
materials.Waste management is intended to reduce adverse effects of waste on human
health, the environment or aesthetics.
Waste management practices are not uniform among countries (developed and
developing nations); regions (urban and rural areas), and residential and industrial
sectors can all take different approaches.
A large portion of waste management practices deal with municipal solid waste (MSW)
which is the bulk of the waste that is created by household, industrial, and commercial
activity.

HISTORY
For most of mankind’s history rubbish disposal was not a major problem. The amount
generated had little impact simply because there weren't that many of us. Natural
resources were consumed resulting in mostly ash and human waste. At those levels these
by-products were quickly and safely degraded back into the ecosystem. Man-made items

10
such as tools were highly prized and handed down to successive generations. The
making of stone, wood and even early metal tools had little environmental impact.

With the age of industrialisation came urbanisation, and as a result large populations quickly
arose​.​ Cities soon became very crowded and the accumulation of waste grew. With no waste
disposal rules in place the streets became choked with refuse.The idea of a municipal
authority with powers to remove rubbish was talked of in the mid-18th century by Corbyn
Morris a customs official at the time. He believed the health of the population to be of ‘great
importance’ and that public management should be undertaken to clean the city of London.
Unfortunately it wasn’t until a century later before legislation was introduced. With cholera
on the increase causing large scale mortality, a public health debate ensued. In 1842
renowned social reformer Edwin Chadwick penned a report ‘The Sanitary Condition Of the
Labouring Population’ he put forward a persuasive argument for the need for proper removal
and management facilities of refuse. Stating that the health and well-being of the population
was at stake. This report played an important role in securing the first law on waste
collection.
Horse drawn open backed carts were the first collection vehicles used. Followed by steam
driven trucks at the close of the 19th century. These vehicles soon developed with screw
systems and finally the hydraulic ram. Hydraulic rams have been used ever since having been
refined over the years.

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PRINCIPLES OF WASTE MANAGEMENT
Waste Hierarchy
The waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs"reduce, reuse and recycle, which classify waste
management strategies according to their desirability in terms of waste minimisation. The
waste hierarchy is the cornerstone of most waste minimisation strategies. The aim of the
waste hierarchy is to extract the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate
the minimum amount of end waste.
The waste hierarchy is represented as a pyramid because the basic premise is that policies
should promote measures to prevent the generation of waste. The next step or preferred
action is to seek alternative uses for the waste that has been generated i.e. by re-use. The next
is recycling which includes composting. Following this step is material recovery and
waste-to-energy. The final action is disposal in landfills or through incineration without
energy recovery. This last step is the final resort for waste which has not been prevented,
diverted or recovered.

RESOURCE EFFICIENCY
Resource efficiency reflects the understanding that global economic growth and development
can not be sustained at current production and consumption patterns. Globally, humanity
extracts more resources to produce goods than the planet can replenish.Resource efficiency is
the reduction of the environmental impact from the production and consumption of these
goods, from final raw material extraction to end use and disposal.

POLLUTER-PAYS PRINCIPLE
The polluter-pays principle mandates that the polluting party pays for the impact on the
environment. With respect to waste management, this generally refers to the requirement for
a waste generator to pay for appropriate disposal of the unrecoverable material.

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WASTE HANDLING PRACTISES
Curbside collection is the most common method of disposal in most European countries,
Canada, United States, New Zealand and many other parts of the developed world in which
waste is collected at regular intervals by specialised trucks. This is often associated with
curb-side waste segregation. In rural areas waste may need to be taken to a transfer station.
Waste collected is then transported to an appropriate disposal facility. In some areas, vacuum
collection is used in which waste is transported from the home or commercial premises by
vacuum along small bore tubes. Systems are in use in Europe and North America.
In some jurisdictions unsegregated waste is collected at the curb-side or from waste transfer
stations and then sorted into recyclables and unusable waste. Such systems are capable of
sorting large volumes of solid waste, salvaging recyclables, and turning the rest into biogas
and soil conditioner. In SFO,the local government established its ​Mandatory Recycling and
Composting Ordinance​ in support of its goal of "Zero waste by 2020", requiring everyone in
the city to keep recyclables and compostables out of the landfill. The three streams are
collected with the curbside "Fantastic 3" bin system – blue for recyclables, green for
compostables, and black for landfill-bound materials – provided to residents and businesses
and serviced by San Francisco's sole refuse hauler, Recology. The City's
"Pay-As-You-Throw" system charges customers by the volume of landfill-bound materials,
which provides a financial incentive to separate recyclables and compostables from other
discards. The City's Department of the Environment's Zero Waste Program has led the City to
achieve 80% diversion, the highest diversion rate in North America.

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WASTE DISPOSAL PRACTISES
There are eight major groups of waste management methods, each of them divided into
numerous categories. Those groups include source reduction and reuse, animal feeding,
recycling, composting, fermentation, landfills, incineration and land application. You can
start using many techniques right at home, like reduction and reuse, which works to reduce
the amount of disposable material used.

LANDFILL
The Landfill is the most popularly used method of waste disposal used today. This process of
waste disposal focuses attention on burying the waste in the land.​ ​Landfill is the oldest form
of waste treatment, although the burial of the waste is modern; historically, refuse was simply
left in piles or thrown into pits. Historically, landfills have been the most common methods of
organized waste disposal and remain so in many places around the world.

INCINERATION
Incineration​ is a ​waste treatment process​ that involves the ​combustion​ of ​organic​ substances
contained in waste materials. Incineration and other high-temperature waste treatment
systems are described as "​thermal treatment​".​ The reason why it is preferred is mainly
because ​incinerators reduce the solid mass of the original waste by 80–85% and the volume
(already compressed somewhat in ​garbage trucks​) by 95–96%, depending on composition
and degree of recovery of materials such as metals from the ash for recycling.​[2]​ This means
that while incineration does not completely replace ​landfilling​, it significantly reduces the
necessary volume for disposal. The strongest reasons for using this type of waste
management is incineration for the treatment of certain ​waste types​ in ​niche​ areas such
as ​clinical wastes​ and certain ​hazardous wastes​ where ​pathogens​ and ​toxins​ can be destroyed
by high temperatures.

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 However, the use of these incinerators is highly debatable.
The debate over incinerators typically involves business interests (representing both waste
generators and incinerator firms), government regulators, environmental activists and local
citizens who must weigh the economic appeal of local industrial activity with their concerns
over health and environmental risk.
Arguments supporting Incineration.
● The first concern for incineration stands against its injurious effects over health due to
production of furans and dioxin emission. However, the emission is controlled to a greater
extent by developing of modern plants and governmental regulations.
● Incineration plants are capable of producing energy and can substitute power generation
plants of other sorts.
● The bottom ash after the process is completed is considered non-injurious that still is capable
for being landfilled and recycled.
● Fine particles are removable by processing through filters and scrubbers.
● Treating and processing medical and sewage waste produces non-injurious ash as product.

Arguments against incineration:

Extremely injurious matter needs adequate disposing off. This requires additional miles and
need special locations for land filling this material.
● Although after a lot of regulations and restrictions and developments concerns are still alive
about emission of furans and dioxins.
● Incinerating plants are producers of heavy metals, which are injurious even in minor
amounts.
● IBA is consistent over a considerably high level of heavy metals and can prove fatal if they
are not disposed off or reused properly.
● Initial investment costs are only recovered through long periods of contract for incinerating
plants.
● Local communities always have opposed the presence of incinerating plant in the locality.
● The upheld view is to recycle, reuse and waste reduction instead of incineration.

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PLASMA GASIFICATION
Plasma gasification is another form of waste management. Plasma is a primarily an
electrically charged or a highly ionized gas. Lighting is one type of plasma which produces
temperatures that exceed 12,600 °F . With this method of waste disposal, a vessel uses
characteristic plasma torches operating at +10,000 °F which is creating a gasification zone
till 3,000 °F for the conversion of solid or liquid wastes into a syngas.

RECYCLING
Recycling is the process of converting waste materials into reusable objects to prevent waste
of potentially useful materials, reduce the consumption of fresh raw materials, energy usage,
air pollution(from incineration) and water pollution (from landfilling) by decreasing the need
for “conventional” waste disposal and lowering greenhouse gas emissions compared to
plastic production. Recycling is a key component of modern waste reduction and is the third
component of the “Reduce, Reuse and Recycle” waste hierarchy.
BENEFITS OF RECYCLING

● By recycling people can prevent millions of tons of material from entering

landfills saving space for garbage that cannot be repurposed. Landfills not only
pollute the environment but also hampers the beauty of the city.
● The pollutants that are released into the air and water can be greatly reduced with
an increase in recycling.

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 ● Greatly reduces the amount of energy used daily by not needing to produce new
materials. In short, recycling reduces greenhouse gas emissions into the
atmosphere.
● If for absolutely nothing else, recycling keeps litter overflow to a minimum
keeping the Earth looking beautiful.
● In terms of energy, a single light bulb can be powered for up to four hours with the
energy saved from one recycled glass bottle.
● Conserves the Earth’s natural resources like raw materials, minerals, trees, etc.
● Properly run recycling programs cost the government, taxpayers, and business
owners less money than waste programs.
● Studies show that by continuing to increase positive recycling habits, the United
States can create over one million jobs annually.
● People can even make money by collecting approved materials to a nearby
recycling facility that will pay for the product.
● For every one job created in the waste management industry recycling creates four.

RE-USE AND RECOVERY

Resource recovery is the process of taking useful discarded items for a specific next use.
These discarded items are then processed to extract or recover materials and resources or
convert them to energy in the form of usable heat, electricity or fuel.
Biological Reprocessing
Recoverable materials that are organic in nature, such as ​plant material​, food scraps, and

17
paper products, can be recovered through composting and digestion processes to decompose
the organic matter. The resulting organic material is then recycled as mulch or compost for
agricultural or landscaping purposes. In addition, waste gas from the process (such as
methane) can be captured and used for generating electricity and heat (CHP/cogeneration)
maximising efficiencies. The intention of biological processing in waste management is to
control and accelerate the natural process of decomposition of organic matter.
Energy Recovery
Energy recovery from waste is the conversion of non-recyclable waste materials into usable
heat, electricity, or fuel through a variety of processes, including combustion, gasification,
pyrolyzation, anaerobic digestion, and landfill gas recovery.This process is often called
waste-to-energy. Energy recovery from waste is part of the non-hazardous waste management
hierarchy. Using energy recovery to convert non-recyclable waste materials into electricity
and heat, generates a renewable energy source and can reduce carbon emissions by offsetting
the need for energy from fossil sources as well as reduce methane generation from landfills.
Globally, waste-to-energy accounts for 16% of waste management.

PYROLYSIS
Pyrolysis is often used to convert many types of domestic and industrial residues into a
recovered fuel. Different types of waste input (such as plant waste, food waste, tyres) placed
in the pyrolysis process potentially yield an alternative to fossil fuels.Pyrolysis is a process of
thermo-chemical decomposition of organic materials by heat in the absence of stoichiometric
quantities of oxygen,; the decomposition produces various hydrocarbon gases.During
pyrolysis, the molecules of the object vibrate at high frequencies to an extent that molecules
start breaking down. The rate of pyrolysis increases with temperature. In industrial
applications, temperatures are above 430 °C (800 °F).Slow pyrolysis produces gases and
solid charcoal.
Pyrolysis hold promise for conversion of waste biomass into useful liquid fuel. Pyrolysis of
waste wood and plastics can potentially produce fuel. The solids left from pyrolysis contain
metals, glass, sand and pyrolysis coke which does not convert to gas. Compared to the
process of incineration, certain types of pyrolysis processes release less harmful by-products

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that contain alkali metals, sulphur, and chlorine. However, pyrolysis of some waste yields
gasses which impact the environment such as HCl and SO​2​.

RESOURCE RECOVERY
Resource recovery is the systematic diversion of waste, which was intended for disposal, for
a specific next use. It is the processing of recyclables to extract or recover materials and
resources, or convert to energy. These activities are performed at a resource recovery facility.
Resource recovery is not only environmentally important, but it is also cost-effective. It
decreases the amount of waste for disposal, saves space in landfills, and conserves natural
resources.
Resource recovery (as opposed to waste management) uses LCA (life cycle analysis)
attempts to offer alternatives to waste management. For mixed MSW (Municipal Solid
Waste) a number of broad studies have indicated that administration, source separation and
collection followed by reuse and recycling of the non-organic fraction and energy and
compost/fertilizer production of the organic material via anaerobic digestion to be the
favoured path.
As an example of how resource recycling can be beneficial, many items thrown away contain
metals that can be recycled to create a profit, such as the components in circuit boards. Wood
chippings in pallets and other packaging materials can be recycled to useful products for
horticulture. The recycled chips can cover paths, walkways, or arena surfaces.

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Application of rational and consistent waste management practices can yield a range of
benefits including:

1. Economic – Improving economic efficiency through the means of resource

use, treatment and disposal and creating markets for recycled can lead to
efficient practices in the production and consumption of products and
materials resulting in valuable materials being recovered for reuse and the
potential for new jobs and new business opportunities.
2. Social – By reducing adverse impacts on health by proper waste management
practises, the resulting consequences are more appealing civic communities.
Better social advantages can lead to new sources of employment and
potentially lifting communities out of poverty especially in some of the
developing poorer countries and cities.
3. Environmental – Reducing or eliminating adverse impacts on the environment
through reducing, reusing and recycling, and minimizing resource extraction
can result in improved air and water quality and help in the reduction of
greenhouse gas emissions.
4. Inter-generational Equity – Following effective waste management practises
can provide subsequent generations a more robust economy, a fairer and more
inclusive society and a cleaner environment.

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 DISCUSSIONS
​

Transitioning into the aspect of discussing waste management, in the following pages, we
will delve into the various topics included under waste management. Waste management is
very broad topic which consists of various steps and procedures such as transportation,
handling, treatment, storage and more. Narrowing down the various ways, there are 8 waste
management methods which are widely recognized, namely

1) Source reduction and reuse

2) Animal feeding,
3) Recycling
4) Composting
5) Fermentation,
6) Landfills
7) Incineration and
8) Land application
The above methods are discussed in detail with relevant pictures as described below.
Source reduction, also known as waste prevention of pollution prevention, is the elimination
of waste before it is created. It involves the design, manufacture, purchase or use of
materials and products to reduce the amount or toxicity of what is thrown away.
It can take many different forms, including reusing or donating items, buying in
bulk, ​reducing​ packaging, redesigning products, and ​reducing​ toxicity.
Principles include: eliminating toxic constituents; using less material; making packaging
more reusable; using more recycled content; and/ or making it more readily recyclable.
Source Reduction means stopping waste before it happens.

Next, Source Reusing:

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Some simple daily examples are:
Door-step delivery of ​milk​ in glass ​bottles​; other examples include the ​retreading of tires​ and
the use of returnable/reusable plastic boxes, ​shipping containers​, instead of
single-use ​corrugated fibre-board​ boxes.

ANIMAL FEEDING
The unfinished food on personal plates and home trash cans is only representative of a larger
issue. The real problem lies with large-scale food producers, grocery stores and restaurants.
One such solution to turning all of this waste into a benefit is “Animal feeding”. It is an
innovative substitute to landfilling.
Recycling excess food waste into animal feed is an economically favourable for food
businesses, such as grocery stores, restaurants, bakeries and university dining halls. Many
bakeries already sell malformed baked goods for conversion into animal feed.
Conversion of food waste into animal feed will benefit the environment by reducing methane
emissions.

COMPOSTING
. ​Composting​ is a natural biological process, carried out under controlled aerobic conditions
(requires oxygen). In this process, various microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi,
break down organic matter into simpler substances.
In this process, we allow the environment to accept our biodegradable waste and break it
down into simpler substances.
Put in a creative way, composting is recycling done by nature.
It is important because it provides many essential nutrients for plant growth and therefore is
often used as fertilizer. ​Compost​ also improves soil structure so that soil can easily hold the
correct amount of moisture, nutrients and air.

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Some materials that can be composted: ​Organic solid waste (green waste), Animal manure
and bedding, Human excreta and sewage sludge.
Some composting technologies have been mentioned below:
Industrial scale composting can be carried out in the form of ​in-vessel composting​, ​aerated
static pile composting​, ​vermicomposting​, or ​windrows composting​.
Vermicomposting (​process of organic material degradation using various species of worms)
Composting toilets
Though composting has a wide range of advantages, it also has a few disadvantages: The
main ​disadvantages of composting​ are the following: • Windrow and aerated static
pile ​composting​ require relatively large areas, and odour control is a common problem.

FERMENTATION
Anaerobic digestion​ is a collection of processes by which ​microorganisms​ break
down ​biodegradable​ material in the absence of ​oxygen​.[1]​
​ The process is used for industrial or
domestic purposes to ​manage waste​ or to produce fuels. Much of the ​fermentation​ used
industrially to produce food and drink products, as well as home fermentation, uses anaerobic
digestion.
It has a wide range of applications:

● Replacement of fossil fuels

● Reducing or eliminating the energy footprint of waste treatment plants
● Reducing methane emission from landfills
● Displacing industrially produced chemical fertilizers
● Reducing ​vehicle​ movements
● Reducing ​electrical grid​ transportation losses
● Reducing usage of ​LP Gas​ for ​cooking

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As seen, fermentation seems to have a lot of potential for power generation and reducing the
pressure on the quickly depleting fuels.

Moving on to the last aspect of waste management,

Land application is a low capital and operating cost treatment method for seafood
wastewater, provided that sufficient land with suitable characteristics is available.
Generally, several methods are used for land application including irrigation, surface
ponding, ground water recharge by injection wells and subsurface percolation. Although each
of these methods may be used in particular circumstances for specific seafood wastewater
streams, the irrigation method is most frequently used.
Two types of land application techniques seem to be most efficient,
namely infiltration and overland flow. As these land application techniques are used, one
must be cognizant of potential harmful effects of the pollutants on the vegetation, soil,
surface and groundwater. On the other hand, in selecting a land application technique, factors
such as the waste-water quality, climate, soil, geography, topography, land availability and
return flow quality must be considered.
The treatability of seafood wastewater by land application has been shown to be excellent for
both infiltration and overland flow systems. With respect to organic carbon removal, both
systems have achieved pollutant removal efficiencies of approximately 98 and 84 %,
respectively.
Major uses of animal manures:
Land application to meet crop N, P, and other ​nutrient requirements​ is by far the most
widespread and long standing use of ​animal manures​. However, other uses do exist and are
becoming more common, especially in areas where animal production has become so
intensive that the amount of nutrients in the ​manure​ produced exceeds the nutritional
requirements of crops grown on the local land base.

The bottom-line of this discussion is that, it is crucial to introspect over which is the best-
suited method of waste management and for which kind of waste. This extra deciding step
can go a long way in ensuring that we hand over a clean planet to future generations.
The importance of this step must be understood and implemented.
Only when we manage our wastes, we can use our resources up-to the maximum extent
without compromising the environment in the process.

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 CONCLUSION
​• India is slowly drowning in its own garbage. The rate at which India is currently generating
waste, it is estimated that by 2030, the country will need a landfill almost as big as the city of
Bengaluru to dump its waste. Urban areas alone generate around 62 million tonnes of garbage
every single year, making India the third largest garbage generator in the world. However, the
real issue is not waste generation but the fact that more than 45 million tonnes of waste in
India remain untreated. Hence it is considered the duty of this generation to not let our planet
turn into a into a wasteland, which can only be achieved by spreading awareness about the ill
effects of improper Waste Management and also by adopting new methods which are more
efficient.

Waste separation from household level proper storage and more efficient waste collection
systems, sustainable recovery and disposal practices are identified as the most important
processes to be followed. Especially awareness programs must be conducted in order to
improve the knowledge about solid waste management first sound environmental
development in the area.

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 FUTURE SCOPE

• The scope for improvement in Waste Management in modern times is huge not just
because of advancements in technology but also because of newly discovered scientific
methods to tackle this problem. To understand how we can work on making Waste
Management more efficient and effective, let us look at the Mr. Trash Wheel project made in
Baltimore, USA.
This solar and water powered trash cleaner collects litter and debris flowing down the
Baltimore River. In the last 3 years this wonder machine has removed 1.1 million pounds of
garbage from the river. This includes 372,650 plastic bottles and 8.9 million cigarette buds.
Baltimore’s success with Mr. Trash Wheel is huge. The harbor is cleaner than it has been in
decades and the credit goes to this eco-friendly machine that is powered by both the sun and
the strong river current.
Hence such real time projects can be helpful in the near future to develop better advanced
models for Waste Management.

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 REFERENCES
“​How Can India's Waste Problem See a Systemic Change?” by ​Mathangi Swaminathan​. An
article published on epw.in.
"​ United Nations Statistics Division - Environment Statistics"​. ​unstats.un.org​. Retrieved 3
March 2017.
Gandy, Matthew (1994). ​Recycling and the Politics of Urban Waste​. Earthscan. ​ISBN
9781853831683​.
Florence Nightingale, ​Selected Writings of Florence Nightingale,​ ed. Lucy Ridgely Seymer
(New York: The Macmillan Co., 1954), pp. 38287
Paper published in the City of Chicago, Illinois. Department of Streets and Sanitation. ​"What
is Single Stream Recycling."
Herbert, Lewis (2007). ​"Centenary History of Waste and Waste Managers in London and
South East England"​. ​Chartered Institution of Wastes Management​.
​"Energy Recovery from Waste"​. USEPA. 2014.
​ uidelines for National Waste Management Strategies Moving from Challenges to
G
Opportunities​ (PDF). United Nations

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