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Mixtures and

Separations
Distinguish between pure
substances and mixtures

Learning Distinguish among solutions,


Objectives suspensions and colloids

Identify the different types of


solutions
Investigate the effect of
temperature on solubility of
solids in water

Learning Apply suitable separation


techniques based on
Objectives differences in properties of the
components of mixtures

Describe the extraction of


sucrose from sugar cane
Elements, Compounds and Mixtures
• Matter can be classified into two main groups : pure substances and
mixtures
• Pure substances –are a type of matter where the component parts cannot
be separated by physical means and the composition is constant. A pure
substance is composed of only one material.
• Pure substances can be further classified into elements and compounds.
• Element- is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into any
simpler substance by ordinary or physical means. Example
• Atom – The smallest particle of an element which can exist.
• Molecule- Groups of atoms .Example
• Compound- is a pure substance that contains two or more different types
of element which are chemically combined in such a way that their
properties change. Example
Elements, Compounds and Mixtures
• Mixtures- are a type of matter where the components can
be separated by physical means. Mixtures can easily be
separated into their components.
• Physical methods which mixtures are separated by:
❖ Filtration
❖ Evaporation
❖ Distillation
❖ Fractional Distillation
• Homogenous Mixture- is a mixture in which the
properties and composition are uniform throughout the
sample. A solution is a homogenous mixture .E.g. air
,Salt dissolved in water
Elements, Compounds and Mixtures
• Heterogenous mixture- is a non-uniform mixture i.e. a
mixture where the component parts are in different
states.
• Suspensions and colloids are heterogenous mixtures
• E.g. mixtures of salt and pepper, sand and water and
mayonnaise
Elements, Compounds and Mixtures
• If there is only one kind of atom then it is an element
• If there are two or more kinds of atoms joined together in
the same ratio then it is a compound
• If there is a combination of two or more elements and/or
compounds then it is a mixture
Solutions, Suspensions and Colloids
• Solutions – homogenous mixtures consisting of two or
more components.These components are :
1. Solvent – This is the major component of a solution
2. Solute –The minor component of a solution
• The solute and solvent can either be gases, liquids or
solids
• When a gas or a solid dissolve in a liquid , the liquid is always the
solvent
Solutions, Suspensions and Colloids-
Various Types of Solutions
Solute Solvent Example Components of
solution
Solid Liquid Sea Water Salt in water
Gas Liquid Soda Water CO2 in water
Solid Solid Brass Zinc in copper
Liquid Liquid Rum Ethanol in water
Gas Gas Air O2,Ar and CO2 in N2

Table 1.Various Types of Solutions


Solutions, Suspensions and Colloids
• Suspension- a heterogenous mixture where minute but
visible particles are dispersed in another substance
usually a liquid
• Colloids – heterogenous mixtures which have properties
somewhere between that of a solution and a suspension.
E.g. toothpaste, fog, milk, jelly
Solutions, Suspensions and colloids-Table 2.Comparision of Solution,
Suspension and Colloid
Property Solution Colloid Suspension
Particle Very small Greater than that of a Large that they are visible
size solution. They are not to the naked eye
visible to the naked
eye
Type of mixture Homogeneous Heterogeneous Heterogenous
Appearance Generally transparent Usually opaque Opaque

Can the components be No No Yes


separated by filtration ?

Do the components No No Yes


separate out after the
mixture has been
standing for a while ?

Transmission of Light Transmit light Will scatter light Does not transmit light, it
appearing transparent is opaque
Solubility
• Solubility of a solute is an indication of how much of the
solute can dissolve in a fixed mass of solvent at a
particular temperature
• Each solute and solvent combination has a specific
solubility at a given temperature.
• The solubility of a solute in a solvent is determined by the
structure of the solute and solvent, the temperature and
pressure
• Saturated solution is a solution which contains as much
solute as can be dissolved at a given temperature in the
presence of undissolved solute
Solubility-The Effect of Temperature
on Solubility
• For most solid solutes in water, solubility increases as
temperature increases
• What does this mean?
• This means that as the temperature increases, a greater
mass of solute will saturate a fixed mass of water.
• Solubility in water is usually measured as the mass of
solute which will saturate 100g of water. The unit for
solubility is g per 100g of water.
Solubility
When we plot solubility of a solute against temperature we
draw a graph known as the solubility curve
1. What is the solubility of potassium

Solubility Curves
chlorate (v) at 78oC?
2. At what temperature would crystals
just begin to form if an unsaturated
solution of potassium chlorate (v)
containing 20g of potassium
chlorate (v) dissolved in 100g of
water is cooled from 80oC?
3. What mass of potassium chlorate(v)
would crystallise out of a saturated
solution containing 100g of water
when the temperature of the
solution is decreased from 64oC to
22oC?
4. What mass of potassium chlorate (v)
must be added to resaturate a
solution containing 250g of water if
the temperature of the saturated
solution is increased from 32oC to
82oC?
5. What is the minimum mass of water
required to dissolve 40 g of
potassium chlorate (v)at 74oC?

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