Chapter 5

Practical Research
11th edition
Paul D. Leedy & Jeanne Ellis Ormrod
Chapter 5
Writing the
Research Proposal
Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
The Research Proposal
• A research proposal is a communication of

▪ Problem statement
▪ Objectives
▪ Plans
▪ Methods
▪ It’s a precision instruments from the first

word to the last
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Practical Research: Planning & Design, 11th Edition
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• Essential to successful research

• Includes
▪ Clearly stated problem and sub-problems
▪ Hypotheses and/or questions
▪ Precise definitions of units, terms and

abbreviations

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• Essential to successful research

• Includes
▪ Carefully spelled-out limitations and
delimitations
▪ Explanation of the purpose of the study
▪ Specific details about all aspects of data

collection and interpretation

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• Conventional prose style, and

thoughts are expressed in simple
paragraph form
• Headings and subheadings are the
single most commonly used strategy to
organizational scheme
• Referencing style must facilitate the
identification and archival details of
the relevant information
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Organization of a Quantitative
Proposal
• The problem and its setting
▪ The statement of the problem and
subproblems
▪ The hypotheses
▪ The delimitations
▪ The definitions of terms
▪ The assumptions
▪ The importance of the study

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Proposal
• The review of the related literature
• The data and the treatment of the
data
▪ The data needed and the means for
obtaining the data
▪ The research methodology
▪ The specific treatment of the data for
each subproblem

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Proposal
- Subproblem 1 (The subproblem
presented in Part I above is restated
here)
• The data needed to address the subproblem
• The treatment of the data
- Subproblem 2 (The same format for
Subproblem 1 is followed here.)
• Additional subproblems are discussed
in the same manner.
• The qualifications of the researcher
and any assistants`
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Proposal
• An outline of the proposed study
(steps to be taken, timeline, ere.)
• References
• Appendixes

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Organization of a Qualitative
Proposal
• Introduction
▪ General background for the study
▪ Purpose of the study
▪ Guiding questions
▪ Delimitations and limitations
▪ Significance of the study
• Methodology
▪ Theoretical framework
▪ Type of design and the assumptions
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Proposal
▪ Role of the researcher (including
qualifications and assumptions)
▪ Selection and description of the sire and
participants
▪ Data collection strategies
▪ Data analysis strategies
▪ Methods of achieving validity
• Findings
▪ Relationship to literature
▪ Relationship to theory
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Proposal
▪ Relationship to practice
• Management plan, timeline, feasibility

• References
• Appendixes

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Formatting Headings and
Subheadings
• SELF READING

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Writing Your Proposal
• Use word processing software MS Word

etc
• Adhere to guidelines required by the
institution, organization, or funding
agency to which you are submitting the
proposal
• Focus the first draft on organization and
logical thought sequences rather than on
exact wording, grammatical correctness,
and spelling
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• Present the research problem at the

beginning
• Provide a context for the problem
• Convince the reader of the importance
of the project
• Assume that your reader(s) know
nothing about your project

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• Communicate that you have an open

mind about what you will find
• Describe your proposed methodology
with as much detail and precision as
possible
• Describe where any pre-existing data are
located and how you plan to obtain them
• Describe how you will use the data to
answer your research problem
• Use appendices wisely
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Revising Your Proposal
• Set the proposal aside for a few days
• Make sure that items in bulleted lists
are parallel in structure
• Read a printed copy of your first draft
• Carefully scrutinize what you have

written, looking for disorganized
thoughts, illogical thinking, and
inconsistencies in terminology``
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• Look for text that might be clearer
• Keep sentences simple and

straightforward
• Choose words carefully
• Check carefully for errors in

grammar, punctuation, and spelling
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• Make sure there is a one-to-one
correspondence between citations in
the text and references
• Consider the feasibility of the project

once again
• Read a printed copy again
• Seek the feedback of others Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 by Pearson

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Look For and Correct Weaknesses
• Weaknesses related to the research

problem:
▪ Research has unclear purpose
▪ Problem is unimportant
▪ Hypothesis is ill-defined or unsound
▪ Problem is too complex
▪ Problem has limited relevance to the
field

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design & methodology:
▪ Description of design and method is

vague and/or unfocused
▪ Data inappropriate for the research
problem
▪ Methodology/procedures
inappropriate for the research problem
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design & methodology:\
▪ Appropriate controls lacking or

inadequate
▪ Equipment outdated or inappropriate
▪ Statistical analysis poorly considered

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• Weaknesses related to the

investigator:
▪ insufficient training or experience

for the proposed research
▪ unfamiliar with the literature
relevant for the proposed research
▪ insufficient time to devote to the
project
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• Weaknesses related to resources:
▪ institutional setting is unfavorable

for the proposed research
▪ proposed use of equipment, support
staff, or other resources is unrealistic

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Detractions from Proposal
Effectiveness
• Things that might loose the readers
interest
• Look for and correct
▪ Vague statement of the problem
▪ Incompletely described
methodology
▪ General and cursory treatment of
each subproblem
▪ Phrasing of the proposal is not
useful for evaluation Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 by Pearson
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Detractions from Proposal
Effectiveness
• Look for and correct
▪ Deviation of the format of the

proposal from institutional
guidelines
▪ Failure to include cited sources
▪ Incompletely or incorrectly cited
sources

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For a Proposal to a Funding
Agency
• Look for and correct if
▪ The problem does not address the
research area outlined by the funding
agency
▪ The proposal is too ambitious for the
grant money available
▪ Items included in the budget are
disallowed by the terms of the grant

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For a Proposal to a Funding
Agency
• Look for and correct if
▪ A clear and explicit statement is
lacking; the summary of the
estimated costs is ambiguous and
indefinite.
▪ There is an unclear explanation of
the relationship of the study to the
purpose for which the grant is
awarded

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Please ask if you have any
Questions

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Practical Research

• A research proposal is a communication of

▪ It’s a precision instruments from the first

Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 by Pearson

• Essential to successful research

▪ Hypotheses and/or questions

▪ Precise definitions of units, terms and

Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 by Pearson

• Essential to successful research

▪ Explanation of the purpose of the study

▪ Specific details about all aspects of data

Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 by Pearson

• Conventional prose style, and

Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 by Pearson

Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 by Pearson

Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 by Pearson

• Management plan, timeline, feasibility

Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 by Pearson

Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 by Pearson

• Use word processing software MS Word

• Present the research problem at the

Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 by Pearson

• Communicate that you have an open

• Read a printed copy of your first draft

• Carefully scrutinize what you have

• Look for text that might be clearer

• Keep sentences simple and

• Choose words carefully

• Check carefully for errors in

• Consider the feasibility of the project

• Read a printed copy again

• Seek the feedback of others Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 by Pearson

• Weaknesses related to the research

Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 by Pearson

• Weaknesses related to the research

▪ Description of design and method is

• Weaknesses related to the research

▪ Appropriate controls lacking or

Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 by Pearson

• Weaknesses related to the

▪ insufficient training or experience

• Weaknesses related to resources:

▪ institutional setting is unfavorable

Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 by Pearson

▪ Deviation of the format of the

Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 by Pearson

Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 by Pearson

Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 by Pearson

Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 by Pearson

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