Sistemas de

Informação em
Gestão
Cap. 2 - Tecnologias da
Informação
13000907@edu.ulusiada.pt
 Sumário
Hardware.

Software e Databases.

Internet, intranet, and extranet

applications.

Redes e telecomunicações.
www.fernando-gaspar.com 2
SIG
Hardware
 Computer System Categories

3-4
 Computer hardware functions

Input Processing Output

• Keyboards, • Central • Video display

mice, optical Processing units, printers,
scanners Unit (CPU) etc.
• Convert data • Arithmetic- • Convert
into electronic logic unit electronic
form performs the information
arithmetic into human-
functions intelligible
• Control unit form

3-5
 Computer hardware functions

Storage Control

• Primary Storage • Control unit of

Unit or memory the CPU
• Secondary • Controls the
Storage other
• Magnetic disks components of
and Optical the computer
disks
3-6
 Moore’s Law

3-7
 Peripherals

Peripheral is generic name for all input, output, and secondary storage
devices that are part of the computer system but are not part of the CPU

Online devices

•Separate from CPU

•But electronically connected to and controlled by CPU

Offline devices

•Separate from and not under control of the CPU

Peripherals are online devices

3-8
 Peripheral Checklist

Monitores Impressoras

Input: Armazenamento:
Digitalizadores, disco rígido, DVD,
teclado, rato, … flash drives

Sistemas de
Backup
3-9
Software
 Types of software

4-11
 Software Licensing

All software is licensed

You don’t buy software: you buy a license to use the

software under the terms of the licensing agreement

Licensed to protect the vendor’s property rights

4-12
 System software

Software that manages and supports a computer system

System management programs

• Programs that manage hardware, software, network, and data
resources
• E.g., operating systems, network management programs, database
management systems, systems utilities

Systems development programs

• Programs that help users develop information system programs

4-13
Dados e Bases de Dados
 Fundamental Data Concepts

Character: single alphabetic, numeric or other symbol

Field or data item: a grouping of related characters

• Represents an attribute (a characteristic or quality) of some entity (object,

person, place or event)
• Example: salary

Record: grouping of all the fields used to describe the

attributes of an entity
• Example: payroll record with name, SSN and rate of pay
• Cont.
5-15
 Fundamental Data Concepts

File or table: a group of related

records

Database: an integrated collection

of logically related data elements

5-16
 Types of databases

5-17
 Data Warehouse
Stores data that has been extracted from the operational, external and other
databases

Data has been cleaned, transformed and cataloged

Used by managers and professionals for

•Data mining,
•Online analytical processing,
•Business analysis,
•Market research,
•Decision support

Data mart is subset of warehouse for specific use of department

5-18
 Data Warehouse

Source: Adapted courtesy of Hewlett-Packard.

5-19
 Data Mining
Data in data warehouse are analyzed to reveal
hidden patterns and trends

Examples:

• Perform market-basket analysis to identify new

business processes
• Find root causes to quality problems
• Cross sell to existing customers
• Profile customers with more accuracy
5-20
 Traditional File Processing

Data stored in independent files

Problems:
• Data redundancy
• Lack of data integration
• Data dependence – files, storage devices,
and software are dependent on each other
• Lack of data integrity or standardization
5-21
 Database Management Approach

Consolidate data into databases that

can be accessed by different programs

Use a database management system

(DBMS)

DBMS serves as interface between

users and databases
5-22
 Traditional File Processing

5-23
 Database Management Approach

5-24
 DBMS Major Functions

5-25
 Database Interrogation
End users use a DBMS by asking for information via a
query or a report generator

Query language – immediate responses to ad hoc data

requests
• SQL (Structured Query Language) an international standard query
language
• Graphical Queries -- Point-and-click methods
• Natural Queries – similar to conversational English

Report generator – quickly specify a report format for

information you want printed in a report
5-26
 Natural Language versus SQL

5-27
 Graphical Query

5-28
Redes e telecomunicações
 Network Concepts

Network

• An interconnected chain, group or system

Number of possible connections on a network

is N * (N-1)
• Where N = number of nodes (points of connections on
the network)
• Example, if there are 10 computers on a network, there
are 10 * 9 = 90 possible connections
6-30
 Metcalfe’s Law

The usefulness of a network equals the square of the

number of users

On a small network, a change in technology affects

technology only

On a large network like the Internet, a change in

technology affects social, political and economic
systems
6-31
 Telecommunications

Exchange of
information in any
form (voice, data,
text, images, audio,
video) over networks
6-32
 Using the Internet for business

6-33
 Business value of the Internet

6-34
 A evolução da internet

Web 1.0 vs
Comparação
Web 2.0

1-35
 An Intranet
A network inside an organization

• That uses Internet technologies (such as Web browsers

and servers, TCP/IP protocols, HTML, etc.)
• To provide an Internet-like environment within the
organization
• For information sharing, communications,
collaboration and support of business processes
• Protected by security measures
• Can be accessed by authorized users through the
Internet
6-36
 Extranet

Network links that use Internet

technologies
•To connect the Intranet of a
business
•With the Intranets of its customers,
suppliers or other business partners
6-37
 Extranet Uses

6-38
 Tipos de Redes

WAN LAN VPNs

Cliente- Peer to
Wireless
Servidor peer

1-39
 Local Area Network (LAN)
Connect computers within a limited physical
area such as an office, classroom, or building

6-40
 Client/Server Network

6-41
 Client/Server networks
Clients: End user personal computers or networked
computers

Interconnected by LANs

Servers: manage networks

Processing shared between clients and servers

6-42
 Network Computing
Networks are the central computing resource
of the organization
Thin clients: network computers and other
clients provide a browser-based user interface

6-43
 Peer-to-Peer Network

6-44
 Peer-to-peer networks

Networks that connect from one

PC to another PC

Common use is the downloading

and trading of files

6-45
 Wireless Technologies
Cellular and PCS telephone and pager systems
• Divide the geographic area into small areas or cells
• Each cell has transmitter or radio relay antenna to send
message from one cell to another
Wireless LANs
• Radio signals within an office or building
• Connect PCs to networks
Bluetooth
• Short-range wireless technology
• To connect PC to peripherals such as printer
6-46
 Wireless Web
Connect portable communications
devices to the Internet

6-47
 Communications Processors

6-48
 Network Topologies

6-49
 Open Systems
Information systems that use common standards for hardware,
software, applications and networks
Internet networking technologies are a common standard for
open systems

Connectivity:
• Ability of networked computers to easily access and communicate with each
other and share information

Interoperability:
• The ability of an open system to enable end user applications to be
accomplished using different varieties of computer systems, software
packages, and databases provided by a variety of interconnected networks

6-50
 Resumo
Hardware
•Computadores
•Redes

Software
•Sistemas operativos
•Aplicações

Dados e Bases de Dados

Internet e aplicações

Redes e telecomunicações
•Locais
•À distância

www.fernando-gaspar.com 5
SIG 1
 Cap. 2 - Tecnologias da
Informação

Leituras

O’Brien & Marakas, cap. 3, 4, 5

e6

Dúvidas:
fernandoacgaspar@gmail.com

www.fernando-gaspar.com 5
SIG 2