Checklist for Medical Chemistry Exam

2017-2018 year
(Medical faculty)

Part I
1. Explain the mechanism of polar covalent bond formation in molecule of a
hydrogen chloride. Characteristic of a polar covalent bond: energy, length, polarity.
2. Explain the mechanism of ionic bond formation in sodium chloride.
Characteristic of ionic bond.
3. Explain the mechanism of hydrogen bond formation in water. Characteristics of
hydrogen bond.
4. The classification of bioelements by the according to their abundance in the
organism. Give examples. Organogenic elements.
5. Properties and biological role of some s-elements (Potassium, Sodium, Calcium,
Magnesium).
6. Properties and biological role of some p-elements (Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine,
Iodine).
7. Properties and biological role of some d-elements (Iron, Manganese, Copper,
Zinc).
8. The essence of the coordination Werner’s theory. Explain the structure of
complex compounds by the К4[Fe(СN)6].
9. The nomenclature of complex compounds (by the example of [Cu(NH3)]SO4 and
Na3[Al(OH)6])
10. The role of complex compounds in biological systems (by the example of
hemoglobin, chlorophyll, vitamin B12).
11. Complexons and their application in medicine as an antidote for poisoning by
metals (for example Trilon B). Chelation therapy.
12. Solution. Classification of solutions according to the aggregate state,
concentration, solute solubility. Give examples.
13. Concentration units of solution (mass fraction (percentage by weight), normal
concentration (normality).
14. Concentration units of solution (molar fraction, molar concentration (molarity),
molal concentration (molality).
15. Physical and chemical mechanism of dissolving. Thermodynamics effect of
solubility process.
16. Solubility of gases in liquids. The dependence of the gases solubility on pressure
(the Henry’s law). The gases solubility in blood.
17. Solubility of gases in liquids. The dependence of the gases solubility on
temperature. The effect of electrolytes on gases solubility (Sechenov’s law).
18. Solubility of liquids and solids in liquids. The dependence of the solubility on
temperature, the nature of the solute and solvent.
19. The dependence of the vapor-pressure lowering of solution on concentration.
The first Raoult’s law.
20. Determination of boiling-point elevation and freezing point depression of
solutions. The second Raoult’s law.
 21. Essence of an osmosis phenomenon. The Vant’-Hoff’s law. An isotonic
coefficient.
22. Hypo-, hyper- and isotonic solutions (give examples). Hemolysis and
plasmolysis. The role of osmosis and osmotic pressure in biological systems.
23. The concept of electrolytes. Explain the Ostwald’s dilution law.
24. Explain the Arrhenius theory of electrolytes for example sodium chloride salt,
sulfuric acid and barium hydroxide.
25. Explain the concept of "degree of dissociation". Classification of electrolytes.
26. The dissociation of water. Ion product of water.
27. Value of pH. Describe the acidity of the medium by pH.
28. Arrhenius and Bronsted-Lowry theories of acids and bases. Give examples.
29. Lewis theory of acids and bases.
30. Define the titrimetric method of analysis. Classification of titrimetric analysis
(by the method of holding). Direct titration technique.
31. Classification of titrimetric methods by the type of reaction. The Mohr’s method
(for example, determination of sodium chloride content).
32. Method of acid-base titration. Classification, characteristics (for example,
determination of hydrochloric acid concentration).
33. Method of complexometric titration (for example, determination of total
hardness of drinking water).
34. Basis of oxidation-reduction titration (for example, determining the
concentration of potassium permanganate).
35. Acid-base indicators. Explain the color change mechanism for ions. (Ostwald 's
theory).
36. Define the basic concepts of titrimetric analysis (titrant, standard solution, the
equivalence point, end point titration).
37. Buffer systems, their classification by the Bronsted-Lowry theory. Give
examples.
38. Mechanism of buffer action.
39. To calculate the pH of buffer solution (for acetic and ammonia buffer solution).
40. Define the buffer capacity. What does it depend on?
41. Describe the bicarbonate buffer system, mechanism of the buffer action.
42. Describe the protein buffer system, mechanism of the buffer action.
43. Describe the phosphate buffer system, mechanism of the buffer action.
44. Describe the hemoglobin - oxyhemoglobin buffer systems, mechanism of the
buffer action.
45. The concept of acid - base state of the system (acidosis, alkalosis).
46. Types of alkalosis and acidosis, causes.
 Part II

1. Formulate the first law of thermodynamics. The concept of internal energy and
enthalpy.
2. Types of thermochemical reactions. Explain the difference between
stoichiometric and thermochemical equations.
3. Formulate the Hess's law. Define standard enthalpies of formation and standard
enthalpies of combustion of substances.
4. Consequences of Hess's law. Calculating the enthalpy of reaction from standard
enthalpies of formation and standard enthalpies of combustion of substance.
5. Define the second law of thermodynamics. The concept of entropy and Gibbs
energy. ∆S and ∆G as a criterion for spontaneous processes.
6. Prediction of spontaneous processes. Exergonic and endergonic processes in the
human body.
7. Concept of macroergic compounds. Hydrolysis of ATP. Characteristics of
macroergic bonds.
8. Definition of reaction rate. Dependence of reaction rate on the nature of the
reactants.
9. Formulate the rate law. Write the kinetic equation for homogeneous and
heterogeneous reactions. The physical content of the rate constant.
10. Give examples of complex reactions (serial, parallel, conjugated, reversible,
chain). Photochemical reactions and their role in life.
11. Reaction order. Zero-order, first-order and second-order reactions (examples).
12. Dependence of reaction rate on temperature. Temperature coefficient. Van't
Hoff rule.
13. Activation energy. Arrhenius equation.
14. The concept of catalysis. Kind of catalysis (examples of reactions). The
mechanism of reaction with catalysts.
15. Enzymes as catalysts of biochemical reactions. The dependence of the
enzymatic action on temperature and pH.
16. The concept of chemical equilibrium. Equilibrium constant. Le Chatelier’s
principle. Displacement of chemical equilibrium (such as, use the reaction synthesis of
ammonia).
17. Electrode potentials. Nernst equation (for electrodes of the first kind).
18. The standard electrode potential. Normal hydrogen electrode. Reference
electrodes (for example, use silver/silver chloride electrode).
19. Surface tension of liquids and solutions. Determination of surface tension by
stalagmometric method (for example, use acetic acid).
20. Structure of surface-active substances. Surface activity (for example, use the
homologous series of carboxylic acids). Duclos-Traube rule.
21. Gibbs equation. Calculation the value of adsorption.
22. Orientation of molecules of surface-active substances in the surface layer. The
calculation of the length of surfactants molecules and the area occupied by one molecule
of surfactants.
23. Solute adsorption at solid interface. Physical and chemical adsorption.
24. Adsorption of molecules. Rebinder’s rule of polarity leveling.
 25. Adsorption of electrolytes (selective adsorption). Paneth-Fajans rule.
26. Adsorption of electrolytes (ion-exchange adsorption). Ion exchange resins, their
using.
27. Adsorption therapy (hemosorbtion and enterosorption).
28. The concept of chromatography. Classification of chromatographic methods by
the mechanism of process and aggregate state of phases.
29. Dispersion systems and their classification by the physical state. Give examples.
30. Classification of disperse systems by the degree of dispersion of the nature of
the interaction phases. Give examples.
31. The preparation of colloidal solutions by condensation methods. Give examples.
32. The preparation of colloidal solutions by dispergation methods. Give examples.
33. Purification methods of colloidal solutions: dialysis, electrodialysis,
ultrafiltration.
34. To explain the mechanical activity of device "artificial kidney". (The
phenomenon which based its action).
35. Molecular-kinetic properties of colloidal systems (Brownian motion, diffusion,
osmotic pressure).
36. Optical properties of colloidal systems. Light scattering. Tyndall effect.
37. Structure of colloid particles (micelles). For example use micelle of iron (III)
hydroxide hydrosol.
38. Essence of an electrophoresis, using it in the medicine and a biomedical
research.
39. Coagulation of colloid solution by electrolytes. Schultze-Hardy rule.
40. Influence of some factors on coagulation. The coagulation threshold, its
determination.
41. Colloidal protection. "protection number" of polymers. Biological role of
colloidal protection.
42. Macroheterogeneous system (aerosols, suspensions, emulsions): properties and
medical applications.
43. High-molecular compounds (HMC). Classification. Structure.
44. Polymer dissolution and swelling. The swelling degree.
45. Dissolution and swelling mechanism of macromolecular compounds.
46. Effect of electrolytes and pH on the swelling of proteins. Thermal effects of
swelling.
 Part III

1. How to prepare 200 mL of solution with molar concentration Cm(Na 2CO3) =

0,05 mol/L, if we have a dry sodium carbonate Na2CO3 in laboratory?

2. How many grams of water are required to add to 200 g of 98% sulfuric acid
solution for obtaining a solution with a mass fraction of acid 20%.

3. Calculate ΔTf of solution, containing in 125 g of water 27 g of glucose. Freezing-

point depression constant (for water) kf = 1,86.

4. Calculate the osmotic pressure of 0.1 M urea solution at temperature 25оС.

5. To the patient with body mass 80 kg need to enter 0.1% adrenaline solution in
concentration of 0.5 mg/kg. How many grams of solution are necessary for
administration?

6. To calculate the pH of the sulfuric acid solution with molar concentration 0.002
mol/l.

7. To calculate the pOH, concentration of hydrogen ions and hydroxyl ions in a

solution with pH = 7.2.

8. To calculate a volume of hydrochloric acid solution with mass fraction 0,04 and
density 1,018 g/ml, which necessary for making 250 ml of 0,1 mol/l HCl solution.

9. To calculate mass of Na2CO3 in solution, if used 22,00 ml of solution H2C2O4

which concentration 0,1200 for titration analysis.

10. 0,05 M solution of acetic acid and 0,05 M sodium acetic solution equal volumes
has been mixed. To calculate pH of a buffer solution (pKa =4,73).

11. To calculate pH of an acetic buffer solution which components ratio has been

12. Balance the following equation. Indicate the oxidant and reductant. Specify the
total of the coefficients in the equation.
Zn + HNO3 → Zn(NO3)2 + H2O + N2

13. Calculate the heat effect of chemosynthesis reaction, which occurs in

autotrophic bacteria Thiobacillus thioparus:
5Na2S2O35H2O(тв.)  7O2(г)  5Na2SO4(тв.)  3H2SO4(р.)  2S(тв.)  22H2O(р.),
if:
Na2S2O35H2O Na2SO4 H2SO4 H2O
H утв. , кДж/моль
0
2602 1389 814 286
Determine which type (exo- or endothermic) of this reaction.
 14. Diethyl ether used in medicine for anesthesia. Calculate how much energy is
released in the reaction of diethyl ether synthesis, if used 30 g of ethanol.
2С2Н5ОН(р) → С2Н5ОС2Н5(р) + Н2О(р); ∆Н= – 15 kJ/mol

15. Calculate the change of Gibbs free energy of β-lactoglobulin hydratation at the
25 С, if H0 = 6,75 kJ, S0 = 9,74 J/(molК). Can this reaction occur spontaneously?
0

16. At the temperatures of 100С reaction takes 80 minutes. At what temperature the
reaction is over in 20 minutes, if the temperature coefficient  is 2?

17. How to change the direct reaction rate: N 2  3H 2  2 NH 3 , if the concentration

of N2 increases 3 times and the concentration of H2 increases 2 times?

18. Surface tension of surfactant solution with a concentration of 0.001 mol/L at

temperatures 25°C is 60∙10-3 J/m2, and a solution with a concentration of 0.005 mol/L -
54∙10-3 J/m2. Calculate the value of adsorption.

19. Write the micelle structure of BaSO4 sol which obtained by the mixing a
solution of Na2SO4 and solution BaCl2 if sodium sulfate used to the excess.

20. Calculate the coagulation threshold for Na2SO4 when 5.5 ml of the sodium
sulfate with a concentration of 0.01 mol/L causes coagulation 10 ml of Fe(OH)3 sol.