BL Three Dimensional Geometry (Straight Line)

JEE (MAIN & ADV.
), MEDICAL + BOARD, NDA, X & IX

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THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY (STRAIGHT LINE) (BOARD LEVEL,XII)
SUBJECTIVE TYPE
1. Find the points on Y-axis which are at a distance of 29 from the point ( 2, − 1, 3) .
1 1 1
2. Can − , ,− be the direction cosines of any directed line? Justify your answer.
2 3 2 3
3. Can a line have direction angles 45°, 60°, 135°?
4. A line makes angles of 45° and 60° with the positive axes of X and Y respectively. What angle does it
make with the positive axis of Z?
5. Find the angle at which the vector v = 3iˆ − 6 ˆj + 2kˆ is inclined to each of the coordinate axes.
6. Find the direction cosines of a line which is equally inclined with the axes. How many such lines are
there?
7. Find the equation of the line which passes through the point ( 5, − 2, 4 ) and is parallel to the vector
2î − ˆj + 3kˆ .
8. Find the direction cosines of the ray from P to Q where P is point (1, − 2, 2 ) and Q is the
point ( 3, − 5, − 4 ) .
9. Find the position vector of a point A such that OA is inclined to OX at 60° and to OY at 45° and
OA = 10 units.
10. A line passes through the points ( 6, − 7, − 1) and ( 2, − 3, 1) . Find the direction ratios and direction
cosines of the line so directed that its angle with x-axis is acute.
11. If A (1, 2, − 2 ) and B ( 3, − 4, 5) are two points in space, find the d.c.’s of the line OA, OB and AB, O
being the origin.
12. A ( −1, 2, − 3) , B ( 5, 0, − 6 ) , C ( 0, 4, − 1) are three points. Show that direction ratio of the bisectors of
the angle between lines AB and AC are proportional to 25, 8, 5 and −11, 20, 23 .
13. Find the projection of the line joining (1, 2, 3) and ( −1, 4, 2 ) on the line having direction
ratios 2, 3, − 6 .
14. If P, Q, R, S are (3, 6, 4), (2, 5, 2), (6, 4, 4), (0, 2, 1) respectively, find the projection of PQ on RS .
15. Find the length and direction cosines of a line segment whose projections on the co-ordinate axes
are 6, − 3, 2 .
16. Find the points on the line through the points A (1, 2, 3) and B ( 5, 8, 15) at a distance of 14 units from
the mid-point of AB .
17. Prove by direction cosines that the points (1, 2, 3), (4, 0, 4) and ( −2, 4, 2 ) are collinear.
18. Show that the points whose position vectors are ( −2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 5kˆ ) , (iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ ) and ( 7iˆ − kˆ ) are
collinear.
19. Show that the line joining the mid-points of the two sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side and
half of its length.
20. If the points A ( −1,3, 2 ) , B ( −4, 2, − 2 ) and C ( 5, 5, λ ) are collinear, find the value of λ .
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2 (BOARD LEVEL, XII) BY R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES
21. Write the Cartesian equations of the straight line passing through ( −1, 2, 3) and equally inclined to the
positive directions of the axes.
22. Find the equation of the line parallel to 2iˆ − ˆj + 3kˆ passing through the point ( 5, − 2, 4 ) .
x−5 y +4 z −6
23. The Cartesian equation a line is = = . Find the vector equation of the line.
3 7 2
24. A line passes through the point with position vector 2î − ˆj + 4kˆ and is in the direction î + ˆj − 2k.
ˆ Find
the equations of the line in the vector and in Cartesian forms.
x−5 y +4 z −6
25. The Cartesian equations of a line = = . Find the vector equation of the line.
3 7 2
26. Find the angle between each of the following pairs of lines :
(i) A line with direction ratios 2, 2, 1 and the line joining ( 3,1, 4 ) and ( 7, 2,12 ) .
x + 4 y −1 z + 3 x +1 y − 4 z − 5
(ii) = = and = = .
3 5 4 1 1 2
x−3 y +2 z −6
27. The Cartesian equations of a line are = = . Find the vector equation of the line.
2 −5 4
x + 2 y +1 z − 3
28. Find the point on the line = = at a distance 3 2 from the point (1, 2, 3).
3 2 2
29. Find the vector equation of the line passing through the point A ( 2, − 1, 1) and parallel to the line
joining the points B ( −1, 4, 1) and C (1, 2, 2 ) . Also find the cartesian equation of the line.
30. The Cartesian equation of a line are 3 x + 1 = 6 y − 2 = 1 − z. Find its direction ratios and write down its
equation in vector form.
31. Find the cartesian equation of a line passing through the points A ( 2, − 1,3) and B ( 4, 2, 1) . Also
reduce it to vector from.
32. The Cartesian equations of a line are 6 x − 2 = 3 y + 1 = 2 z − 2. Find its direction ratios and also find
vector equation of the line.
33. Find the Cartesian and vector equations of a line which passes through the point (1, 2, 3) and is parallel
−x − 2 y + 3 2z − 6
to the line = =
1 7 3
34. Find the equation of the line through the points ( 3, 4, − 7 ) and (1, − 1, 6 ) in vector form as well as in
Cartesian form.
1 − x 7 y − 14 z − 3 7 − 7x y − 5 6 − z
35. Find the value of λ so that the lines = = and = = are at right
3 2λ 2 3λ 1 5
angle.
36. The points A ( 4,5,10 ) , B ( 2,3, 4 ) and C (1, 2 − 1) are three vertices of a parallelogram ABCD .Find
(i) Vector and Cartesian equations for the side AB (ii) Vector and Cartesian of BC
(iii) Co-ordinate of D.
1 − x 7 y − 14 z − 3 7 − 7x y − 5 6 − z
37. Find the value of λ so that the line = = and = = are at right angle
3 2λ 2 3λ 1 5
x − 2 y +1 x −1 y + 3 z + 5
38. Find the angle between the pair of lines (i) = , z = 2, = =
3 −2 1 3 2
( ) ( )
(ii) r = 3iˆ + 2 ˆj − 4kˆ + λ iˆ + 2 ˆj + 2kˆ ; r = 5iˆ − 2 ˆj − 2kˆ + µ 3iˆ + 2 ˆj + 6kˆ
39. Find the obtuse angle between the lines with direction ratios 3, − 6, 2 and 1, − 2, − 2.
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(BOARD LEVEL, XII) BY R. K. MALIK’S NEWTON CLASSES 3
40. If points P, Q are ( 2, 3, − 6 ) and ( 3, − 4, 5 ) , find the angle that OP make with OQ .
41. Find the vector equation of the line which is parallel to the vector 3iˆ − 2 ˆj + 6kˆ and which passes
through the point (1, − 2, 3) . Also find its Cartesian equations.
x −1 y − 2 z − 3 x − 4 y −1
42. Show that the line = = and = = z intersect. Find also the point of
2 3 4 5 2
intersection of these lines.
x y+a z x+a y z
43. Find the equations of the line intersecting the lines = = and = = and parallel to
1 1 1 2 1 1
x − a y + a z − 2a
the line = = .
2 1 2
44. Find the angle between the following pair of lines:
(i) A line with direction ratios 2 : 2 : 1. A line joining (3, 1, 4) to (7, 2, 12)
x + 4 y −1 z + 3 x + 1 y − 4 z − 5
(ii) = = ; = =
3 5 4 1 1 2
45. Find the angle between the pair of lines:
( ) (
(i) r = 4iˆ − ˆj + λ iˆ + 2 ˆj − 2kˆ and r = iˆ − ˆj + 2kˆ − µ 2iˆ + 4 ˆj − 4kˆ )
(ii) r = (1 − t ) iˆ + ( t − 2 ) ˆj + ( 3 − 2t ) kˆ and r = ( s + 1) iˆ + ( 2 s − 1) ˆj − ( 2 s + 1) kˆ
46. If the points P ( −1, 3, 2 ) , Q ( −4, 2, − 2 ) and R ( 5, 5, λ ) are collinear, find the equation of the line
containing P , Q and R, hence find the value of λ .
47. The Cartesian equations of a line are 6 x − 2 = 3 y + 1 = 2 z − 2 . Find (i) the direction ratios of the line,
and (ii) Cartesian and vector equations of the line parallel to this line and passing through the
point ( 2, − 1, − 1) .
48. Find the equation of the line through the point ( −1, 2, 3) which is perpendicular to the lines
x y −1 z + 2 x + 3 y + 2 z −1
= = and = = .
2 −3 −2 −1 2 3
49. Using vector method, find the values of λ and µ so that the points A ( −1, 4, − 2 ) , B ( λ , µ , 1) and
C ( 0, 2, − 1) are collinear. Also, find the equation of the line in vector form.
50. ( ) (
Find the angle between the lines r = 2î + 3 ˆj − 4kˆ + λ 2î + 1ˆj + 2kˆ and r = 2î − 5kˆ + µ 6î + 3 ˆj + 2kˆ )
x − 2 2y −5
51. Find the direction cosines of the line = , z = −1. Also find the vector equation of the line.
2 −3
52. Show that the points whose position vectors are 5î + 5kˆ ,2î + ˆj + 3kˆ and −4î + 3 ˆj − kˆ are collinear.
x −1 y + 1 z −1 x + 2 y −1 z + 1
53. Show that the lines = = and = = do not intersect.
3 2 5 4 3 −2
54. ( ) ( ) ( )
Show that the lines r = î + ˆj − kˆ + λ ( 3î − ˆj ) and r = 4î − kˆ + µ 2î + 3kˆ intersect. Find their point of
intersecting.
x −1 y + 2 z − 3
55. Find the coordinates of those points on the line = = which is at a distance of 3 unit
2 3 6
from point (1, − 2 ,3) .
x−5 y −7 z +3 x −8 y − 4 z −5
56. Show that the lines = = and = = intersect each other.
4 4 −5 7 1 3
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57. Prove that the lines x = ay + b, z = cy + d and x = a′ y + b′, z = c′ y + d ′ are perpendicular if
aa′ + cc′ + 1 = 0 .
58. The Cartesian equations of a line are 3x + 1 = 6 y − 2 = 1 − z . Find a point on the line and it d.r.’s and
write it in vector form.
x −1 y + 1 z −1 x − 2 y −1 z +1
59. Show that the lines = = and = = do not intersect each other.
3 2 5 4 3 −2
x−5 y −7 z +3 x −8 y − 4 z −5
60. Show that the lines = = and = = intersect each other. Also, find the
4 4 −5 7 1 3
point of their intersection.
x −1 y + 1 z −1 x + 2 y −1 z +1
61. Show that the lines = = and = = do not intersect.
3 2 5 4 3 −2
62. Show that the points whose position vectors given by 2î + ˆj + 3kˆ , −4î + 3 ˆj − kˆ , 5î + 5kˆ are collinear,
−x − 2 y + 3 2z − 6
63. Find the equations of the line which is parallel to the line = = and passing through
1 7 3
the point (1, 2,3) .
64. Find the equation of the line passing through ( 2, −1,3) and perpendicular to the lines
( ) ( )
r = iˆ + ˆj − kˆ + λ 2iˆ − 2 ˆj + kˆ and r = 2iˆ − ˆj − 3kˆ + µ iˆ + 2 ˆj + 2kˆ .
65. Find the equation of the line passing through the point ( −4,3, −2 ) and perpendicular to the lines
x y z x + 2 y −1 z +1
= = and = = .
1 2 1 3 2 5
x y+a z x+a y z
66. Find the equation of the line intersecting the lines = = and = = and parallel to the
1 1 1 2 1 1
x − a y + a z − 2a
line = = .
2 1 2
67. Find the coordinates of foot of perpendicular drawn from the point (1, 2, 1) to the line joining the
points (1, 4, 6) and (5, 4, 4).
68. Show that if the axes are rectangular, the equations of the line through point ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) at right angle to
x y z x y z x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
the lines. = = ; = = is = = .
l1 m1 n1 l2 m2 n2 m1n2 − m2 n1 n1l2 − n2l1 l1m2 − l2 m1
69. A line makes angles α , β , γ , δ with the four body diagonals of a cube, prove that
2 2 2 2
cos α + cos β + cos γ + cos δ = 4 / 3
4 − x y 1− z
70. Find the foot of perpendicular from the point ( 2 , 3, − 8 ) to the line = = . Also find the
2 6 3
perpendicular distance from the given point to the line.
71. Determine the equations of the line passing through the point ( −1, 3, − 2 ) and perpendicular to the
x y z x + 2 y −1 z +1
lines = = and = = .
1 2 3 −3 2 5
x −3 y −3 z
72. Find the equations of the two lines through the origin which intersect the line = = at
2 1 1
π
angles of .
3
x + 2 y +1 z − 3
73. Find the point on the line = = at a distance of 3 2 from the point (1, 2, 3).
3 2 2
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x−2 y −3 z −7
74. (i) Find which of the points (2, 3, 7), (0, 0, 0) lie on the line = = .
4 2 3
( )
(ii) Find which of the points (1, 1, 3), ( 2 , − 1, 5 ) lie on the line r = î + ˆj + 3kˆ + λ 2î − ˆj − kˆ
75. Find the equation of the line drawn through point (1, 0, 2) to meet at right angles the
x +1 y − 2 z +1
line. = = .
3 −2 −1
x −1 y − 2 z − 3 x − 4 y −1
76. Show that the two lines = = and = = z intersect. Find also the point of
2 3 4 5 2
intersection of these lines.
x − 1 y + 1 z + 10
77. Find the perpendicular distance of the point (1, 0 , 0 ) from the line = = .
2 −3 8
x +1 y − 3 z + 2
78. Find the length of the perpendicular from P ( 2, − 3,1) to the line = = .
2 3 −1
x y −1 z − 2
79. Find the coordinates of the foot of perpendicular from the point ( 2 , 6 ,3) to the line = = .
2 2 3
Also find the equation of this perpendicular.
x y −2 z −3
80. Find the equations of the perpendicular from the point ( 3, −1,11) to the line = = .
2 3 4
Also find the foot of the perpendicular and perpendicular distance.
81. Find the coordinates of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point A (1,8, 4 ) to the line joining
the points B ( 0, −1,3) and C ( 2, −3, −1) .
x y −1 z − 2
82. Find the image of the point (1, 6 ,3) in the line = = .
1 2 3
83. (
Find the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point 2iˆ − ˆj + 5kˆ to the line r = 11iˆ − 2 ˆj − 8kˆ )
( )
+ λ 10iˆ − 4 ˆj − 11kˆ . Also, find the length of perpendicular.
84. Find the equations of the two lines through the origin which intersect the line
x−3 y −3 z π
= = at an angle of .
2 1 1 3
85. Find the vector equation of the line passing through the point ( 2,3, 2 ) and parallel to the line
( )
r = −2iˆ + 3 ˆj + λ 2iˆ − 3 ˆj + 6kˆ and find the distance between these lines.
86. Find the length and the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point ( 2, − 1, 5) to the
x − 11 y + 2 z + 8
line = = .
10 −4 −11
x y −2 z −3
87. Find the equation of the perpendicular from the point ( 3, − 1, 11) to the line = = . Also
2 3 4
find the foot perpendicular and the length of the perpendicular.
x y −1 z − 2
88. Find the image of the point (1, 6, 3) in the line = = .
1 2 3
x −1 y − 2 z − 3 x + 2 y − 3 z +1
89. Find the equation of the line which intersects the line = = and = =
2 3 4 1 2 4
and passes through the point (1, 1, 1).
90. Determine whether the following pair of lines intersect :
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( ) (
r = iˆ − ˆj + λ 2iˆ + kˆ and r = 2iˆ − ˆj + µ iˆ + ˆj − kˆ )
91. Determine whether the following pairs of lines intersect :
( ) (
(i) r = iˆ − ˆj + λ 2iˆ + kˆ and r = 2iˆ − ˆj + µ iˆ + ˆj − kˆ )
( ) (
(ii) r = iˆ + ˆj − kˆ + µ 3iˆ − ˆj and r = 4iˆ − kˆ + µ 2iˆ + 3kˆ . )
92. Determine whether the following pairs of lines intersect :
x −1 y + 1 z −1 x − 2 y −1 z +1 x −1 y + 1 x +1 y − 2
(i) = = and = = (ii) = = z and = , z = 2.
3 2 5 4 3 −2 4 3 5 1
93. Find the shortest distance between the lines
( ) (
r = iˆ + ˆj + λ 2iˆ − ˆj + kˆ and r = 2iˆ + ˆj − kˆ + µ 3iˆ − 5 ˆj + 2kˆ . )
x − 8 y + 9 z − 10 x − 15 y − 29 z − 5
94. Find the shortest distance between distance = = and = = .
3 −16 7 3 8 −5
Also find the equations of the shortest distance.
x+5 y+3 z −6
95. Find the distance of the point ( 2, 4, − 1) from the line = = .
1 4 −9
x−2 y −3 z −4 4 − x y 1− z
96. Find the distance between parallel lines = = and = =
−2 6 −3 2 6 3
97. Vectors AB = 3iˆ − ˆj + kˆ and CD = −3iˆ + 2 ˆj + 4kˆ are non-coplanar. The position vectors of the points
A and C are 6iˆ + 7 ˆj + 4kˆ and −9 ˆj + 2kˆ respectively. Find the position vectors of a point P on the line
AB and a point Q on the line CD such that PQ is perpendicular to both AB and CD .
98. Find the shortest distance between the following pairs of lines whose Cartesian equations are
x −3 y −8 z −3 x+3 y +7 z −6
= = and = =
3 −1 1 −3 2 4
99. Find the shortest distance between the two parallel lines whose vector equations
( ) ( ) ( ) (
are : r = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ + λ 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4kˆ and r = 2iˆ + 4 ˆj + 5kˆ + µ 4iˆ + 6 ˆj + 8kˆ . )
100. Find the shortest distance between the two lines whose vector equations are given by :
( )
(i) r = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ + λ 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4kˆ , and r = 2iˆ + 4 ˆj + 5kˆ + µ 3iˆ + 4 ˆj + 5kˆ ( )
(ii) r = 3iˆ + 5 ˆj + 7 kˆ + λ ( iˆ − 2 ˆj + 7 kˆ ) , and (
r = −iˆ − ˆj − kˆ + µ 7iˆ − 6 ˆj + kˆ )
101. Find the shortest distance and the vector equation of the line of shortest distance between the lines
( )
given by r = 3iˆ + 8 ˆj + 3kˆ + λ 3iˆ − ˆj + kˆ and r = −3iˆ − 7 ˆj + 6kˆ + µ −3iˆ + 2 ˆj + 4kˆ . ( )
102. Find the shortest distance between the two lines whose vector equations are given by :
(i) r = ( 3 − t ) iˆ + ( 4 + 2t ) ˆj + ( t − 2 ) kˆ and r = (1 + s ) iˆ + ( 3s − 7 ) ˆj + ( 2 s − 2 ) kˆ
(ii) r = (1 + λ ) iˆ + ( 2 − λ ) ˆj + ( −1 + λ ) kˆ and r = 2 (1 + µ ) iˆ − (1 − µ ) ˆj + ( −1 + 2 µ ) kˆ
x −1 y − 2 z − 3 x−2 y −3 z −5
103. Find the shortest distance between the lines : = = and = =
2 3 4 3 4 5
104. Find the shortest distance between the lines whose vector equations are
r = (1 − t ) iˆ + ( t − 2 ) ˆj + ( 3 − 2t ) kˆ and r = ( s + 1) iˆ + ( 2 s − 1) ˆj − ( 2 s + 1) kˆ
( ) (
105. Show that the lines r = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ + λ 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4kˆ ) ( ) (
and r = 4iˆ + ˆj + µ 5iˆ + 2 ˆj + kˆ ) intersect.
Also, find the point of intersection.
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106. Find the shortest distance between the lines whose vector equations are
( ) ( ) ( ) (
r = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ + λ 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4kˆ and r = 2iˆ + 4 ˆj + 5kˆ + µ 4iˆ + 6 ˆj + 8kˆ . )
107. Find the shortest distance between the lines:
( ) (
r = 3iˆ + 8 ˆj + 3kˆ + λ 3iˆ − ˆj + kˆ and r = −3iˆ − 7 ˆj + 6kˆ + µ −3iˆ + 2 ˆj + 4kˆ . )
108. The vector equations of two lines are:
r = (1 − t ) iˆ + ( t − 2 ) ˆj + ( 3 − 2t ) kˆ and r = ( s + 1) iˆ + ( 2 s − 1) ˆj − ( 2 s + 1) kˆ
Find the shortest distance between these lines.
x −3 y −8 z −3 x+3 y +7 z −6
109. Find the S.D. between the lines = = and = = . Also find the equations
3 −1 1 −3 2 4
of the line of shortest distance.
x − 8 y + 9 z − 10
110. Find the equations of the line of shortest distance between the lines = =
3 −16 7
x − 15 58 − 2 y z − 5
and = = . Find also the shortest distance between the lines.
3 −16 −5
111. Find the shortest distance and the equation of the line of shortest distance between the lines;
( ) (
r = 3iˆ + 5 ˆj + 7 kˆ + λ iˆ − 2 ˆj + kˆ and r = −iˆ − ˆj − kˆ + µ 7iˆ − 6 ˆj + kˆ . )
*112. Find the direction cosines l , m, n of a line which are connected by the relations l + m + n = 0,
2mn + 2ml − nl = 0
*113. Prove that the lines whose direction cosines are given by the equations l + m + n = 0 and
3 lm − 5mn + 2nl = 0 are mutually perpendicular.
*114. The direction cosines of two lines are given by the equations 3m + n + 5l = 0, 6 ln − 2lm + 5mn = 0. Find
the angle between them.
*115. Find the angle between the lines direction cosines are given by the equations 3l + m + 5n = 0,
6 nm − 2nl + 5 lm = 0.
*116. A variable line in two adjacent positions has direction cosines < l , m, n > and < l + δ l , m + δ m,
n + δ n > . Show that the small angle δθ between the two positions is given by δθ 2 = δ l 2 + δ m2 + δ n 2 .
SOLUTION OF 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY (STRAIGHT LINE)

SUBJECTIVE TYPE
1. Let A ≡ ( 2, − 1, 3) and B ( 0, y, 0 ) be a point on y-axis which is at a distance of 29 from the point A,
2 2 2
then AB = 29 ⇒ AB 2 = 29 ⇒ ( 0 − 2 ) + ( y + 1) + ( 0 − 3) = 29
2 2
⇒ ( y + 1) = 29 − 4 − 9 ⇒ ( y + 1) = 16 ⇒ y + 1 = −4 or 4 ⇒ y = −5 or 3
∴ Required points on Y-axis are (0, 3, 0) and ( 0, −5, 0 ) .
1 1 1
2. Given numbers are − 1 , 1 , − 1 . Let l = − ,m= ,n = −
2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3
2 2
 −1   1   −1  1 1 1 11
Now l + m + n = 
2 2 2
 + +  = 12 + 2 + 3 = 12 ≠ 1
2 3  2  3
Hence given numbers cannot be the direction cosines of any directed line.
1 1 1
3. Let l = cos 45° = , m = cos 60° = and n = cos135° = −
2 2 2
th
2 2 2
2 2 2 1  1  1  1 1 1 5
∴ l +m +n =  +  +−  = 2 + 4 + 2 = 4 ≠1
 2  2  2
∴ A line cannot have direction angle 45°, 60°, 135°.
4. Let the line make an angle γ with the positive Z-axis. Since the line makes angles 45°, 60° and γ with
1 1
the axis; its d.c.’s are cos 45°, cos 60°, cos γ , i.e., , cos γ .
2 2
1 1 3 1
We know that l 2 + m 2 + n 2 = 1 ⇒ + + cos 2 γ = 1 ⇒ cos 2 γ = 1 − =
2 4 4 4
1
⇒ cos γ = ± ∴ γ = 60° or 120°
2
3 6 2 2
5. Given vector is v are  , − ,  [Dividing by 32 + ( −6 ) + 22 = 7 ]
7 7 7
3 6
If the vector v makes angles α , β and γ with the coordinate axes, the cos α = , cos β = − and
7 7
2 3  6 6 2
cos γ = ⇒ α = cos −1   , β = cos −1  −  = π − cos −1   and γ = cos −1   .
7 7  7 7 7
3
Hence, the required angles which the vector v makes the coordinate axes are respectively cos −1   ,
7
6 2
π − cos −1   and cos −1  
7 7
6. Let the required line make angles α , β , γ with the positive direction of the axes.
Since the line is equally included to the axes, we have β = α or π − α and γ = α or π − α
∴ cos β = cos α or − cos α and cos γ = cos α or − cos α
∴ The d.c.’s of the line are cos α , ± cos α , ± cos α
2 2 2
Also, ( cos α ) + ( ± cos α ) + ( ± cos α ) = 1 (Using l 2 + m 2 + n 2 = 1 )
1 1 1 1
⇒ 3cos 2 α = 1 ⇒ cos α = ± . ∴ The d.c.’s the line are ± ,± ,±
3 3 3 3
 1 1 1   1 1 1   1 1 1   1 1 1 
∴ Possible d.c.’s are  , , ,  − , , ,  ,− , ,  , ,− ,
 3 3 3  3 3 3  3 3 3  3 3 3
 1 1 1   1 1 1   1 1 1   1 1 1 
 ,− ,− ,  − , ,− , − ,− ,  , − ,− ,− 
 3 3 3  3 3 3  3 3 3  3 3 3
1 1 1 1 1 1
Because d.c.’s , , and − ,− ,− ;
3 3 3 3 3 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
− , , and ,− ,− ; ,− , and − , ,− ;
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
1 1 1 1 1 1
, ,− and − ,− , , represent the same lines.
3 3 3 3 3 3
∴ There are exactly four lines passing through a point and equally inclined to the axes.
7. Let b = 2î − ˆj + 3kˆ . Let a = P.V . of ( 5, − 2, 4 ) = 5î − 2 ˆj + 4kˆ
( )
Using, r = a + λb , the equation of the required line is r = 5î − 2 ˆj + 4kˆ + λ 2î − ˆj + 3kˆ .
th
8. ( ) (
Now PQ = P.V. of Q − P.V . of P = 3iˆ − 5 ˆj − 4kˆ − iˆ − 2 ˆj + 2kˆ = 2iˆ − 3 ˆj − 6kˆ )
2 2
⇒ PQ = 2 2 + ( −3) + ( −6 ) = 4 + 9 + 36 = 7 .
1 ˆ 2 3 6
Hence, the unit vector in the direction of PQ =
7
( )
2i − 3 ˆj − 6kˆ = iˆ − ˆj − kˆ
7 7 7
 2 −3 −6 
⇒ Direction cosines of the ray from P two Q (i.e., of PQ ) are  , ,  .
7 7 7 
1
9. Let < l , m, n > be the direction cosines of the vector OA then according to given l = cos 60° =
2
2 2
1 1  1  1 1
and m = cos 45° = . But l 2 + m 2 + n 2 = 1 ⇒   +   + n2 = 1 ⇒ n2 = ⇒n=±
2 2  2  4 2
Now OA = OA (unit vector along OA )
1 1 ˆ 1 ˆ
(
= OA l iˆ + m ˆj + nkˆ = 10  iˆ +
 2 2
)j ± k  = 5iˆ + 5 2 ˆj ± 5kˆ
2 
10. The line passes through ( 6, − 7, − 1) and ( 2, − 3, 1) .
D.r.’s of this line are 2 − 6, − 3 + 7, 1 + 1, i.e., −4, 4, 2 or −2, 2, 1.
2 2
Let d.c.’s of this line be −2λ , 2λ , λ . ∴ ( −2λ ) + ( 2λ ) + λ 2 = 1
1 1
⇒ 4λ 2 + 4λ 2 + λ 2 = 1 ⇒ 9λ 2 = 1 ⇒ λ 2 = ⇒ λ=±
9 3
1
Since α is acute, cos α is +ve. ⇒ −2λ is +ve ⇒ λ is −ve ∴λ =−
3
 1  1 1 2 2 1
∴ D.c.’s of the line are −2  −  , 2  −  , − , i.e., , − , − .
 3  3 3 3 3 3
11. Given points are A (1, 2, − 2 ) , B ( 3, − 4,5) and O ( 0, 0, 0 ) .
Direction cosines of OA A
(1,2,−2)
D.r.’s of OA are 1 − 0, 2 − 0, − 2 − 0, i.e.,1, 2, − 2 .
2 2 2
OA = (1) + ( 2 ) + ( −2 ) = 1+ 4 + 4 = 3
∴ D.c.’s of OA are 1/3, 2/3 -2/3.
Direction cosines of OB O B
(0,0,0) (3,−4,5)
D.r.’s of OB are 3 − 0, − 4 − 0, 5 − 0, i.e., 3, − 4,5 .
2 2 2
OB = ( 3) + ( −4 ) + ( 5) = 9 + 16 + 25 = 50 = 5 2
∴ D.c.’s OB are 3 / 5 2, − 4 / 5 2, 5 / 5 2, i.e., 3 / 5 2, − 4 / 5 2, 1/ 2 .

Direction cosines of AB
D.r.s’ of AB are 3 − 1, − 4 − 2, 5 − ( −2 ) , i.e., 2, − 6, 7 .
2 2 2 2 −6 7
AB = ( 2 ) + ( −6 ) + ( 7 ) = 4 + 36 + 49 = 89 . ∴D.c.’s of AB are , , .
89 89 89
12. Let the internal and external bisectors of angle BAC meet BC in the points D and E respectively.
th
2 2 2
Now AB = ( 5 + 1) + ( 0 − 2 ) + ( −6 + 3) =7
(−1,2,−3) A
2 2 2
AC = ( 0 + 1) + ( 4 − 2 ) + ( −1 + 3) =3
Since, AD is internal bisector of ∠BAC ,
BD AB 7
we have = = B D C E
DC AC 3
(5,0,−6) (0,4,−1)
∴ D divides BC internally in the ratio 7 : 3.
 7 ( 0 ) + 3 ( 5 ) 7 ( 4 ) + 3 ( 0 ) 7 ( −1) + 3 ( −6 )   3 14 5 
∴ Coordinates of D are  , ,  , i.e.,  , , − 
 7+3 7+3 7+3  2 5 2
BE AB 7
Since, AE is the external bisector of ∠BAC , we have = = .
EC AC 3
∴ E divides BC externally in the ratio 7 : 3.
 7 ( 0 ) − 3 ( 5 ) 7 ( 4 ) − 3 ( 0 ) 7 ( −1) − 3 ( −6 )   15 11 
∴ Coordinates of E are  , ,  , i.e.,  − , 7, 
 7−3 7−3 7−3   4 4
3 14 5 5 4 1
∴ D.r.’s of AD are − ( −1) , − 2, − − ( −3) i.e., , , or 25, 8, 5 . (Multiplying by 10)
2 5 2 2 5 2
15 11 11 23
D.r.’s of AE are − + 1, 7 − 2, + 3 i.e., − , 5, or −11, 20, 23 (Multiplying by 4)
4 4 4 4
13. Let A ≡ (1, 2, 3) , B ≡ ( −1, 4, 2 )
Direction ratios of the given line PQ are 2, 3, − 6
B
2 2 3 6
Also, 22 + 32 + ( −6 ) = 7 ∴Direction cosines of PQ are , ,− A
7 7 7
Projection of AB on PQ = l ( x2 − x1 ) + m ( y2 − y1 ) + n ( z2 − z1 ) 90° 90°
P L M Q
2 3 6 −4 + 6 + 6 8
= ( −1 − 1) + ( 4 − 2 ) − ( 2 − 3) = =
7 7 7 7 7
14. Direction ratios of RS are 0 − 6, 2 − 4,1 − 4 or −6, − 2, − 3
−6 −2 −3 
= 7
2 2 2
∴ Its direction cosines ( l , m, n ) are , , . ∵ ( −6 ) + ( −2 ) + ( −3)
7 7 7  
∴ Projection of PQ on RS = l ( x2 − x1 ) + m ( y2 − y1 ) + n ( z2 − z1 )
6 2 3 −6 −2 −3 6 2 6
=− ( 2 − 3) − ( 5 − 6 ) − ( 2 − 4 ) =   ( −1) +   ( −1) +   ( −2 ) = + + = 2 units.
7 7 7  7   7   7  7 7 7
z
15. Let P ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and Q ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) be the ends of the line segment.
B Q (x2,y2,z2)
Let PA and QB be the perpendiculars drawn to the z-axis.
A P(x1,y1,z1)
Then OA = z1 and OB = z2 .
∴ AB = ( OB − OA ) = z2 − z1 y
O
But AB is the projection of PQ on the z-axis.
x
∴ z2 − z1 = 2
Similarly, x2 − x1 = 6, y2 − y1 = −3
2 2 2 2
Now, PQ = ( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 ) + ( z2 − z1 ) = 62 + ( −3) + 22 units = 7 units.
th
The direction ratios of PQ are x2 − x1 , y2 − y1 , z2 − z1 or 6, − 3, 2
6 −3 2 6 −3 2
∴ Its direction cosines are , , or , ,
PQ PQ PQ 7 7 7
16. Direction numbers of the line AB are < 5 − 1, 8 − 2, 15 − 3 >, i.e., < 4, 6, 12 > or < 2, 3, 6 > .
Hence, direction cosines of AB are
2 3 6  2 3 6
Either  , ,  or  − , − , −  . [Dividing by 22 + 32 + 62 = 49 = 7 ]
7 7 7  7 7 7
2 3 6
However, there is no harm in taking the direction cosines of AB as  , ,  .
7 7 7
 1 + 5 2 + 8 3 + 15 
Also, the mid-point of AB is  , ,  , i.e., (3, 5, 9)
 2 2 2 
x −3 y −5 z −9
The equations of the line AB taking (3, 5, 9) as the base point are = = =r,
2/ 7 3/ 7 6/ 7
 2 3 6 
where r is the distance of any point ( x, y, z ) , i.e.,  3 + r ,5 + r ,9 + r  .
 7 7 7 
When r = 14, i.e., r = 14 or −14 , we get the point (7, 11, 21) and ( −1, − 1, − 3) .
17. Let the given points be A (1, 2, 3) , B ( 4, 0, 4 ) , C ( −2, 4, 2 ) .
D.r.’s of AB are 4 − 1, 0 − 2, 4 − 3 or 3, − 2, 1 . [Using x2 − x1 , y2 − y1 , z2 − z1 ]
3 −2 1
D.r.’s of AC are −2 − 1, 4 − 2, 2 − 3 or −3, 2 − 1 . Here = =
−3 2 −1
∴ The line AB and AC are parallel.
Since the point A is on both lines, these lines must coincide. ∴The point A, B, C are collinear.
18. Let A, B, C be the given points and their position vectors be denoted by r1 , r2 , r3 respectively.
( ) ( )
Then r1 = −2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 5kˆ , r2 = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ and r3 = 7iˆ − kˆ ( )
Now, the vector equation of the line AB is r = r1 + λ ( r2 − r1 ) , where λ is a scalar.
( ) {( ) (
∴ r = −2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 5kˆ + λ iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ − −2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 5kˆ )}
i.e., r = ( −2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 5kˆ ) + λ ( 3iˆ − ˆj − 2kˆ ) …(1)
If the points A, B, C are collinear, the point C ( r3 ) must satisfy equation (1)
( ) (
i.e., r3 = −2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 5kˆ + λ 3iˆ − ˆj − 2kˆ ) ( ) ( ) (
⇒ 7iˆ − kˆ = −2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 5kˆ + λ 3iˆ − ˆj − 2kˆ )
⇒ 7 = 3λ − 2, 0 = 3 − λ and −1 = 5 − 2λ [On equating co-efficient of iˆ, ˆj and k̂ ]
These three equations given same value λ = 3 . Hence, the given point A, B, C are collinear.
Alternatively : We have OA = −2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 5kˆ, OB = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ and OC = 7iˆ − kˆ
(
∴ AB = OB − OA = 3iˆ − ˆj − 2kˆ and BC = OC − OB = 6iˆ − 2 ˆj − 4kˆ = 2 3iˆ − ˆj − 2kˆ = 2 AB ) ( )
∵ BC = 2 AB . ∴ A, B and C are collinear.
19. Let ABC be a triangle with vertices A ( x1 , y1, z1 ) , B ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) and C ( x3 , y3 , z3 ) .
Let D and E be the mid-points of AB and AC respectively.
th
 x + x y + y2 z1 + z2 
∴ D= 1 2, 1 , 
 2 2 2 
A ( x1 , y1 , z1 )
x +x y +y z +z 
and E =  1 3 , 1 3 , 1 3 
 2 2 2 
x1 + x3 x1 + x2 y1 + y3 y1 + y2 z1 + z3 z1 + z2
D.r.’s. of DE are − , − , − D E
2 2 2 2 2 2
x3 − x2 y3 − y2 z3 − z2
or , , or x3 − x2 , y3 − y2 , z3 − z2
2 2 2
B ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) C ( x3 , y3 , z3 )
Also, d.r.’s of BC are x3 − x2 , y3 − y2 , z3 − z2
∴ DE is parallel to BC .
2 2 2
 x + x x + x   y + y y + y2   z1 + z3 z1 + z2 
Also, DE =  1 3 − 1 2  +  1 3 − 1  + − 
 2 2   2 2   2 2 
2 2 2
x −x   y −y  z −z  1 2 2 2 1
=  3 2  + 3 2  + 3 2  = ( x3 − x2 ) + ( y3 − y2 ) + ( z3 − z2 ) = BC
 2   2   2  2 2
1
∴ DE = BC .
2
20. The equation of the line passing through A ( −1, 3, 2 ) and B ( −4, 2, − 2 ) is,
x +1 y − 3 z − 2 x +1 y − 3 z − 2 x +1 y − 3 z − 2
= = ⇒ = = ⇒ = = …(i)
−4 + 1 2 − 3 −2 − 2 −3 −1 −4 3 1 4
If the points A ( −1,3, 2 ) , B ( −4, 2, − 2 ) and C ( 5, 5, λ ) are collinear, then the coordinate of C must
satisfy equation (i).
5 +1 5 − 3 λ − 2 λ −2 λ −2
Therefore, = = ⇒ 2 = 2= ⇒ = 2 ⇒ λ = 10 .
3 1 4 4 4
21. Let the line make equal angle α with the positive direction of each axis.
∴ The d.c.’s of the line are cos α , cos α ,cos α
∴ 1, 1, 1 are d.r.’s of the required line. This line passes through ( −1, 2, 3) .
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
∴ Using = = , the equations of the require line are
b1 b2 b3
x − ( −1) y − 2 z − 3
= = or x + 1 = y − 2 = z − 3
1 1 1
→
22. Let P ≡ ( 5, − 2, 4 ) , then OP = 5iˆ − 2 ˆj + 4kˆ = a (say), where O is the origin. Let b = 2iˆ − ˆj + 3kˆ
Vector equation of the line passing through a and parallel to b is r = a + t b
(
or xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ = 5iˆ − 2 ˆj + 4kˆ + t 2iˆ − ˆj + 3kˆ )
Cartesian form : In equation (1), equation the coefficients of iˆ, ˆj and k̂ , we get,
x−5 y +2 z −4
x = 5 + 2t , y = −2 − t , z = 4 + 3t or = = (= t )
2 −1 3
This is the equation of the line Cartesian form.
th
x−5 y +4 z −6
23. The given equation of the line is = = …(1)
3 7 2
Line (1) passes through the point ( 5, − 4, 6 ) .
Let a be the position vector of ( 5, − 4, 6 ) , a = 5iˆ − 4 ˆj + 6kˆ …(2)

Since the direction ratio of the line are 3, 7, 2, it is parallel to the vector b = 3iˆ + 7 ˆj + 2kˆ .
Let r be the position vector of any point ( x, y, z ) on the line.
( ) (
The vector equation of the required line is r = a + λ b or r = 5iˆ − 4 ˆj + 6kˆ + λ 3iˆ + 7 ˆj + 2kˆ )
x−5 y + 4 z −6
Alternatively : Given line is = = = λ (say)
3 7 2
Then, x − 5 = 3λ , y + 4 = 7λ and z − 6 = 2λ . Thus x = 5 + 3λ , y = −4 + 7λ and z = 6 + 2λ
( ) (
∴ xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ = ( 5 + 3λ ) iˆ + ( −4 + 7λ ) ˆj + ( 6 + 2λ ) kˆ or r = 5iˆ − 4 ˆj + 6kˆ + λ 3iˆ + 7 ˆj + 2kˆ )
This is the required vector equation of the given line.
24. Let a = 2î − ˆj + 4kˆ and b = î + ˆj − 2kˆ .
Let r be the position vector of a general point ( x, y,z ) on the line.
∴ The vector equation of the line is r = a + λb …(1)
(
⇒ r = 2î − ˆj + 4kˆ + λ î + ˆj − 2kˆ . )
This is the vector equation of the given straight line.
From (1), xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ = ( 2 + λ ) î + ( −1 + λ ) ˆj + ( 4 − 2λ ) kˆ
x−2 y +1 z−4 x − 2 y +1 z − 4
⇒ x = 2 + λ , y = −1 + λ , z = 4 − 2λ ⇒ = λ, = λ, =λ ⇒ = =
1 1 −2 1 1 −2
These are the equations of the given line in the Cartesian form.
x−5 y + 4 z −6
25. We have = = = λ (say). ∴ x = 3λ + 5, y = 7λ − 4 , z = 2λ + 6
3 7 2
Let r be the position vector of a general point ( x, y,z ) on the line.
( )
∴ xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ = ( 3λ + 5 ) iˆ + ( 7λ − 4 ) ˆj + ( 2λ + 6 ) kˆ ⇒ r = 5î − 4 ˆj + 6kˆ + λ 3î + 7 ˆj + 2kˆ .
26. (i) D.r.’s of the first line are 2, 2,1. The second line passes through ( 3,1, 4 ) and ( 7, 2,12 ) .
∴ D.r.’s of the second line are 7 − 3, 2 − 1,12 − 4 or 4,1,8.
Let θ be the angle between the lines.
∴ cos θ =
( 2 )( 4 ) + ( 2 )(1) + (1)( 8) = 2 ∴ The angle between the lines is cos −1 ( 2 / 3) .
4 + 4 + 1 16 + 1 + 64 3
(ii) D.r.’s of the lines are 3, 5, 4 and 1,1, 2 respectively. Let θ be the angle between the lines.
( 3)(1) + ( 5 )(1) + ( 4 )( 2 ) 8 3
∴ cos θ =
2 2 2 2 2 2
=
15
∴ (
θ = cos −1 8 3 /15 . )
( 3) + ( 5 ) + ( 4 ) (1) + (1) + ( 2 )
x−3 y +2 z −6
27. The equation of the given line are = = = λ (say)
2 −5 4
∴ x = 2λ + 3, y = −5λ − 2,z = 4λ + 6
th
Now, xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ = ( 2λ + 3) î + ( −5λ − 2 ) ˆj + ( 4λ + 6 ) kˆ
( ) ( )
⇒ r = 3î − 2 ˆj + 6kˆ + λ 2î − 5 ˆj + 4kˆ , which is the required vector equation of the given line.
x + 2 y +1 z − 3
28. Given line is = = = λ , say
3 2 2
Let the required point on the line be ( 3λ − 2, 2λ − 1, 2λ + 3) .
(3λ − 2, 2λ − 1, 2λ + 3)
∴ Distance between ( 3λ − 2 , 2λ − 1, 2λ + 3) and (1, 2 ,3 ) is 3 2.
3 2
⇒
2 2
( 3λ − 2 − 1) + ( 2λ − 1 − 2 ) + ( 2λ + 3 − 3)
2
=3 2 (1, 2,3)
2 2
⇒ ( 3λ − 3) + ( 2λ − 3) + 4λ 2 = 18 ⇒ 17λ 2 − 30λ = 0 ⇒ λ = 0 ,30 / 17
∴ Required points are ( 3 ( 0 ) − 2 , 2 ( 0 ) − 1, 2 ( 0 ) + 3 = ( −2 , − 1,3)
 30 30 30   56 43 111 
and  3 × − 2, 2 × − 1, 2 × + 3  =  , , .
 17 17 17   17 14 17 
29. A ≡ ( −1, 4, 1) ∴ OA ≡ 2iˆ − ˆj + kˆ . Also B ≡ ( −1, 4, 1) and C ≡ (1, 2, 2 )
( ) (
∴ BC = OC − OB = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 2kˆ − −iˆ + 4 ˆj + kˆ = 2iˆ − 2 ˆj + kˆ )
(
∴ Equation of the line through A, parallel to BC is r = 2iˆ − ˆj + kˆ + λ 2iˆ − 2 ˆj + kˆ) ( )
This is the vector equation of the line.
For the Cartesian equation, r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ
( ) (
∴ xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ = 2iˆ − ˆj + kˆ + λ 2iˆ − 2 ˆj + kˆ ) ⇒ x = 2 + 2λ ; y = −1 − 2λ ; z = 1 + λ
x − 2 y + 1 z −1
⇒ = = ( = λ ) . This is the cartesian of the line.
2 −2 1
30. Given line is 3 x + 1 = 6 y − 2 = 1 − z …(1)
Equation (1) can be written as
1 1  1
x+ y− x−−  y − 1
3= 3 = z −1 ⇒  3 = 3 = z −1 …(2)
1/ 3 1/ 6 −1 1/ 3 1/ 6 −1
1 1  1 1 
Hence direction ratios of line (2) are , , −1 . Also line passes through the point  − , ,1
3 6  3 3 
1 1 1 1 
Equation of the line in vector from is r = − iˆ + ˆj + kˆ + t  iˆ + ˆj − kˆ 
3 3 3 6 
1 1 t
3 3
( 6
)
or r = − iˆ + ˆj + kˆ + λ 2iˆ + ˆj − 6kˆ , where λ = .
31. We know that the equations of a line passing through points ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and ( x2 , y2 , z2 ) are given by
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
= =
x2 − x1 y2 − y1 z2 − z1
So, the equations of the required line are given by,
x − 2 y − ( −1) z − 3 x − 2 y + 1 z − 3
= = or = = …(1)
4 − 2 2 − ( −1) 1 − 3 2 3 −2
th
x − 2 y +1 z − 3
Reduction to vector from, we have, = = = λ ⇒ x = 2 λ + 2, y = 3λ − 1, z = −2 λ + 3
2 3 −2
Let r = xiˆ + y ˆj + z kˆ be the position vector of any point on the line.
Then, r = ( 2λ + 2 ) iˆ + ( 3 λ − 1) ˆj + ( −2λ + 3) kˆ ( ) (
⇒ r = 2iˆ − ˆj + 3kˆ + λ 2iˆ + 3 ˆj − 2kˆ )
This is the required vector form.
32. Recall that in the symmetrical form of a line the coefficients of x, y and z are unity. Therefore, to put
the given line in symmetric form, we must make the coefficients of x, y and z as unity.
 1  1
We have, 6 x − 2 = 3 y + 1 = 2 z − 2 ⇒ 6  x −  = 3  y +  = 2 ( z − 1)
 3  3
1 1
x− y+
⇒ 3= 3 = z −1 [Dividing throughout by the L.C.M. of 6, 3, 2 i.e., 6]
1 2 3
 1 −1 
This shows that the given line passes through  , , 1
3 3 
and has direction ratios proportional to 1, 2, 3.
1 1
In vector form this means that the line passes through the point having position vector a = iˆ − ˆj + kˆ
3 3
ˆ ˆ ˆ
and is parallel to the vector b = i + 2 j + 3k .
1 1 
(
Therefore, its vector equation is r =  iˆ − ˆj + kˆ  + λ iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3 kˆ
3 3 
)
−x − 2 y + 3 2z − 6
33. Given line is = = …(1)
1 7 3
x+ 2 y +3 z −3 x+ 2 y −2 z −3
⇒ = = ⇒ = = …(2)
−1 7 3/ 2 −2 14 3
Cartesian equation of the line passing through point (1, 2, 3) and parallel to line (1)
x −1 y − 2 z − 3
= = …(3)
−2 14 3
( ) (
Its vector equation r = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ + λ −2iˆ + 14 ˆj + 3kˆ )
34. Let A ≡ ( 3, 4, − 7 ) , B ≡ (1, − 1, 6 ) and O ≡ ( 0, 0, 0 )
Now a = OA = 3iˆ + 4 ˆj − 7 kˆ and b = OB = iˆ − ˆj + 6kˆ
( )
Equation of the line through A ( a ) and B b is r = a + λ b − a ( )
(
or r = 3iˆ + 4 ˆj − 7 kˆ + λ −2iˆ − 5 ˆj + 13kˆ ) …(1)
x−3 y −4 z +7 x−3 y −4 z +7
Equation in Cartesian form : Equation of AB is = = or = =
3 − 1 4 + 1 −7 − 6 2 5 −13
1 − x 7 y − 14 z − 3 7 − 7x y − 5 6 − z
35. The equations of the given lines are = = and = =
3 2λ 2 3λ 1 5
These equations maybe re-written in standard from as follows:
x −1 y − 2 z − 3 x −1 y − 5 z − 6
= = and = =
−3 2λ 2 −3 λ 1 −5
7 7
th
−3λ 2λ
If the lines are perpendicular, then −3 × + × 1 + 2 × −5 = 0
7 7
9λ 2λ 11 λ 70
⇒ + − 10 = 0 ⇒ − 10 = 0 ⇒ λ =
7 7 7 11
36. (i) Vector equation of line AB :
The line AB passes through A ( 4, 5,10 ) and B ( 2,3, 4 ) having position vectors r = 4iˆ + 5 ˆj + 10kˆ and
1
r2 = 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4kˆ respectively.

(x,y,z) (1,2,−1)
So, vector equation of AB is r = r1 + λ ( r2 − r1 ) D C
{( ) (
⇒ r = 4iˆ + 5 ˆj + 10kˆ + λ 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4kˆ − 4iˆ + 5 ˆj + 10kˆ )}
P
i.e., r = ( 4iˆ + 5 ˆj + 10kˆ ) + λ ( −2iˆ − 2 ˆj − 6kˆ ) …(i)
A B
(4,5,10) (2,3,4)
Cartesian equation of line AB :
( ) (
Putting r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ in (1), we get, xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ = 4iˆ + 5 ˆj + 10kˆ + λ −2iˆ − 2 ˆj − 6kˆ )
⇒ xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ = ( 4 − 2λ ) iˆ + ( 5 − 2λ ) ˆj + (10 − 6λ ) kˆ
Equating the coefficients of iˆ, ˆj and k̂ , we get,
x−4 y −5 z − 10
x = 4 − 2λ , y = 5 − 2λ , z = 10 − 6λ ⇒ = λ, = λ, =λ
−2 −2 −6
x − 4 y − 5 z − 10
∴ = = , which is Cartesian equation of line AB .
1 1 3
(ii) The line BC passes through B ( 2, 3, 4 ) and C (1, 2, − 1) having position vectors r = 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4kˆ
and r2 = iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ respectively. So, vector equation of BC is r = r1 + λ ( r2 − r1 )
( ) {( ) (
⇒ r = 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4kˆ + λ iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ − 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4kˆ )}
i.e., r = ( 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4kˆ ) + λ ( −iˆ − ˆj − 5kˆ ) …(ii)
Putting r = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ in (ii), we get, ( xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ ) = ( 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4kˆ ) + λ ( −iˆ − ˆj − 5kˆ )
⇒ xiˆ + yiˆ + zkˆ = ( 2 − λ ) iˆ + ( 3 − λ ) ˆj + ( 4 − 5λ ) kˆ

Equating the coefficients of iˆ, ˆj and k̂ , we get
x−2 y −3 z−4
x = 2 − λ , y = 3 − λ , z = 4 − 5λ ⇒ = λ, = λ, =λ
−1 −1 −5
x−2 y −3 z −4
∴ = = , which is the required Cartesian equation of line BC.
1 1 5
(iii) Let ( x, y, z ) be the coordinate of D.
The diagonals AC and BD of a parallelogram ABCD bisect each other.
Therefore, AC and BD have the same mid points.
 4 + 1 5 + 2 10 − 1  5 7 9
The coordinates of mid point of AC are P  , ,  i.e, P  , ,  and the coordinates of
 2 2 2  2 2 2
 2+ x 3+ y 4+ z 
mid-point of BD are Q  , , 
 2 2 2 
th
2+ x 5 3+ y 7 4+ z 9
Since P and Q coincide, therefore, = , = , = ⇒ x = 3, y = 4, z = 5
2 2 2 2 2 2
Thus, the coordinates of D is (3, 4, 5).
37. The equation of the given lines are
1 − x 7 y − 14 z − 3 7 − 7x y − 5 6 − z
= = and = =
3 2λ 2 3λ 1 5
These equation may be re-written in the standard form as follows:
x −1 y − 2 z − 2 x −1 y − 5 z − 5
= = and = =
−3 2λ 2 3λ 1 −5
−
7 7
 3λ  2λ
If these lines are perpendicular, then −3 ×  −  + × 1 × 2 × ( −5 ) = 0
 7  7
9λ 2 11λ 70
⇒ + λ − 10 = 0 ⇒ = 10 ⇒ λ =
7 7 7 11
x − 2 y +1 z − 2 x − 1 y − ( −3 ) z − ( −5 )
38. (i) Given line are = = …(1) and = = …(2)
3 −2 0 1 3 2
If θ be the acute angle between line (1) and (2), then
3 × 1 + ( −2 )( 3) + 0 × 2 3 3
cos θ = = ∴ θ = cos −1
2
32 + ( −2 ) + 02 12 + 32 + 2 2 182 182
3  3 
Other angle between two lines will be π − cos −1 or cos −1  − 
182  182 
(
(ii) Given lines are r = 3iˆ + 2 ˆj − 4kˆ + λ iˆ + 2 ˆj + 2kˆ ) …(1)
(
and r = 5iˆ − 2 ˆj − 2kˆ + µ 3iˆ + 2 ˆj + 6kˆ ) …(2)
Let a = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 2kˆ, b = 3iˆ + 2 ˆj + 6kˆ . Lines (1) and (2) are parallel to a and b respectively.
Let θ be the acute angle between lines (1) and (2), then
a. b 1× 3 + 2 × 2 + 2 × 6 19  19 
cos θ = = = . ∴ θ = cos −1   .
a b 12 + 22 + 22 32 + 2 2 + 62 21  21 
39. The direction ratios of first line are 3, − 6, 2

2 2 3 6 2
32 + ( −6 ) + ( 2 ) = 9 + 36 + 4 = 49 = 7 . ∴ d.c.’s are ,− ,
7 7 7
The direction ratios of second line are1, − 2, − 2 .
2 2 2 1 2 2
(1) + ( −2 ) + ( −2 ) = 1 + 4 + 4 = 9 = 3 . ∴ d.c.’s are ,− ,− .
3 3 3
Let θ be the angle between the lines.
 3   1   6   2   2  2  3 12 4 11 11
∴ cos θ =     +  −   −  +   −  = + − = . ∴ θ = cos −1
 7   3   7   3   7  3  21 21 21 21 21
11
Since > 0, θ is the acute angle between the lines.
21
11  11 
∴ Obtuse angle between line sis π − cos −1 or cos −1  −  .
21  21 
th
40. Given points are P ( 2, 3, − 6 ) and Q ( 3, − 4, 5 ) .
D.r.’s of OP are 2 − 0, 3 − 0, − 6 − 0, i.e., 2, 3, − 6 .
D.r.’s of OQ are 3 − 0, − 4 − 0, 5 − 0, i.e., 3, − 4, 5.
Let the angle between OP and OQ be θ .
∴ cos θ =
( 2 )( 3) + ( 3)( −4 ) + ( −6 )( 5) =
6 − 12 − 30
=
−36
=−
18 2
2
2 2 + 32 + ( −6 ) 32 + ( −4 ) + 52
2
49 50 35 2 35
 18 2   18 2 18 2 
∴ Acute angle between OP and OQ = cos −1   . ∵ − = 
 35   35 35 
41. Let r be the position vector of any point P ( x, y, z ) on the given line, the vector equation of the line
( ) ( )
is r = 1iˆ − 2 ˆj + 3kˆ + t 3iˆ − 2 ˆj + 6kˆ , this is required vector equation of line.
Now, as r is the position vector of P ( x, y, z ) , we get, xiˆ + y ˆj + zkˆ = (1 + 3t ) iˆ − 2 (1 + t ) ˆj + ( 3 + 6t ) kˆ

On equating corresponding components on the two sides, we get, x = 1 + 3 t , y = −2 − 2 t , z = 3 + 6 t.
x −1 y + 2 z − 3
On eliminating the parameter t from these equations, we get = = , which are the
3 −2 6
required Cartesian equations.
x −1 y − 2 z − 3 x − 4 y −1 z − 0
42. The given lines are = = …(1) and = = …(2)
2 3 4 5 2 1
Any point on the line (1) is (1 + 2 t , 2 + 3 t ,3 + 4 t ) .
1 + 2t − 4 2 + 3t − 1 3 + 4t − 0
It will lie on the line (2) iff = = for a unique t ,
5 2 1
i.e., iff 15 t + 5 = 4t − 6 and 8 t + 6 = 3 t + 1 for a unique t , i.e., iff t = −1 and t = −1, which is true.
Therefore, the given lines intersect and the point of intersection is
(1 + 2 ( −1) , 2 + 3 ( −1) , 3 + 4 ( −1) ) , i.e., ( −1, − 1, − 1)
x y+a z
43. Given lines are = = …(1)
1 1 1
x+a y z x − a y + a z − 2a
= = …(2) and = = …(3)
2 1 1 2 1 2
Since, the required line is parallel to the line (3), therefore, its direction numbers can be taken
as ( 2, 1, 2 ) . Let this line meet the line (1) in the point P and the line (2) in the point Q.
We can take P as ( t , t − a, t ) and Q as ( 2 s − a, s, s ) .
Direction numbers of line PQ are ( 2 s − a − t , s − t + a, s − t ) .
Also direction numbers of line PQ are ( 2, 1, 2 ) .
2s − a −t s −t + a s −t 2s −a−t s−t +a
∴ We must have = = ⇒ =
2 1 2 2 1
s −t +a s−t
and = ⇒ t = 3 a and s − t = −2 a ⇒ s = a, t = 3 a .
1 2
Hence, P is the point ( 3 a, 2 a, 3 a ) and Q is the point ( a, a, a ) .
x−a y−a z −a
Also, the equation of line PQ are = =
2 1 2
th
44. (i) The direction ratios of first line are 2, 2, 1 and d.r’s of second line are 7 − 3, 2 − 1, 12 − 4, i.e., 4, 1, 8.
If θ is the angle between the lines, then
cos θ =
( 2 )( 4 ) + ( 2 )(1) + (1)( 8) =
18
=
18
=
2 2
∴ θ = cos −1  
(2 2
+ 22 + 12 ) (4 2
+ 12 + 82 ) 9 81 3 × 9 3 3
(ii) The direction ratios of the given are 3, 5, 4 and 1, 1, 2

If θ is the angle between the given line, then
cos θ =
( 3)(1) + ( 5 )(1) + ( 4 )( 2 ) =
16
=
16
=
8 3
. ∴ θ = cos −1
8 3
(1 2 2
+1 + 2 2
) (3 2 2
+5 +4 2
) 6 50 10 3 15 15
45. (i) The first line is parallel to the vector b = iˆ + 2 ˆj − 2kˆ

and the second line is parallel to the vector b′ = 2iˆ + 4 ˆj − 4kˆ
If θ is the angle between the lines, then θ is also the angle between the vector b and b′
Now, cos θ =
b . b′
=
( )(
iˆ + 2 ˆj − 2kˆ . 2iˆ + 4 ˆj − 4kˆ )
b b′ iˆ + 2 ˆj − 2kˆ . 2iˆ + 4 ˆj − 4kˆ
=
(1)( 2 ) + ( 2 )( 4 ) + ( −2 )( −4 ) =
18
=
18
=1 ∴θ = 0
{12 + 22 + ( −2)2 } {22 + 42 + ( −4)2} 9 36 3 × 6
Hence the angle between the lines = 0

( ) ( )
(ii) The first line r = iˆ − 2 ˆj + 3kˆ + t −iˆ + ˆj − 2kˆ is parallel to the vector b = −iˆ + ˆj − 2kˆ
The second line r = ( iˆ − ˆj − kˆ ) + s ( iˆ + 2 ˆj − 2kˆ ) is parallel to the vector b = iˆ + 2 ˆj − 2kˆ
b . b′
If θ is the angle between the lines, the cos θ =
b b′
=
( −1)(1) + (1)( 2 ) + ( −2 )( −2 ) =
5
=
5
=
5 6
.
5 6 
∴ θ = cos −1  
2 2
( −1) + 12 + ( −2 ) 12 + 22 + ( −2 )
2
6 9 3 6 18  18 
x +1 y − 3 z − 2
46. The equation of the line passing through P ( −1, 3, 2 ) and Q ( −4, 2, − 2 ) is = =
−4 + 1 2 − 3 −2 − 2
x +1 y − 3 z − 2 x +1 y − 3 z − 2
⇒ = = ⇒ = = …(1)
−3 −1 −4 3 1 4
If the points P ( −1, 3, 2 ) , Q ( −4, 2, − 2 ) and R ( 5, 5, λ ) are collinear, then the co-ordinates of R must
satisfy equation (1) .
5 +1 5 − 3 λ − 2 λ −2 λ −2
Therefore, = = ⇒ 2=2= ⇒ = 2 . Hence, λ = 10 .
3 1 4 4 4
 1  1
47. The given line is 6 x − 2 = 3 y + 1 = 2 z − 2 ⇒ 6  x −  = 3  y +  = 2 ( z − 1)
 3  3
1 1
x− y+
⇒ 3= 3 = z −1 [Dividing by 6] ∴d.r’.s. of the given line are 1, 2, 3.
1 2 3
Now Cartesian equation of a line through P ( 2, − 1, − 1)
th
x − 2 y +1 z +1
and parallel to the above line is = =
1 2 3
For vector equation of this line, the p.v. of P is a = 2iˆ − ˆj − kˆ . Also b = 1iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ .
(
∴ The required vector equation of this line is r = a + t b or r = 2iˆ − ˆj − kˆ + t iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ ) ( )
48. Let the line through ( −1, 2,3) which is to be ⊥ to the given lines have d.c’s. l , m, n.
Then, l × 2 + m × ( −3) + n × ( −2 ) = 0 and l × ( −1) + m × 2 + n × 3 = 0
∴ 2l − 3m − 2n = 0 …(1) and −l + 2m + 3n = 0 …(2)
l m n l m n l m n
From (1) and (2), = = ⇒ = = ⇒ = =
−9 + 4 2 − 6 4 − 3 −5 2 − 6 1 5 −4 1
Hence direction ratios of the line 5, 4, − 1 .
x +1 y − 2 z − 3
∴The required equation of the line is = = .
5 4 −1
49. Let r1 , r2 and r3 be the position vectors of the given points A, B and C respectively.
Then, r1 = −iˆ + 4 ˆj − 2kˆ, r2 = λiˆ + µ ˆj + kˆ and r3 = 0iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ

∴ The vector equation of the line AB is r = r1 + t ( r2 − r1 ) , where t is any scalar.
( ) {( ) (
⇒ r = −iˆ + 4 ˆj − 2kˆ + t λiˆ + µ ˆj + kˆ − −iˆ + 4 ˆj − 2kˆ )} ⇒ r = ( −iˆ + 4 ˆj − 2kˆ ) + t {( λ + 1) iˆ + ( µ − 4) ˆj + 3kˆ}
⇒ r = ( t λ + t − 1) iˆ + ( t µ − 4t + 4 ) ˆj + ( 3t − 2 ) kˆ …(1)
Since line AB passes through the point C , we have
0iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ = ( t λ + t − 1) iˆ + ( t µ − 4t + 4 ) ˆj + ( 3t − 2 ) kˆ [ A, B and C are collinear]
Equating the coefficients of iˆ, ˆj and k̂ we get, tλ + t − 1 = 0, t µ − 4t + 4 = 2 and 3t − 2 = −1

1
⇒ t = , λ = 2, µ = −2 . ∴ λ = 2, µ = −2
3
1
Now, putting t = , λ = 2, µ = −2 in (1), we get,
3
1 1   1 1   1 
r =  × 2 + − 1 iˆ +  ( −2 ) − 4 × + 4   ˆj +  3 × − 2  kˆ
3 3   3 3   3 
Hence , r = 0iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ, which is the vector equation of line AB .
50. The given lines are parallel to the vectors 2î + 1ˆj + 2kˆ and 6î + 3 ˆj + 2kˆ respectively, therefore, their
direction numbers are <2, 1, 2> and <6, 3, 2>.
Hence, the (acute) angle between thee lines is given by
2 × 6 + 1× 3 + 2 × 2  a1 a2 + b1 b2 + c1 c2 
cos θ = ∵ cosθ = 
22 + 12 + 22 62 + 32 + 22  a12 + b12 + c12 a22 + b22 + c22 
19 19
⇒ cos θ = ⇒ θ = cos −1  
21  21 
th
x − 2 2y −5 x − 2 2 y − 5 z +1 x − 2 y − 5 / 2 z +1
51. The given line is = , z = −1 ⇒ = = ⇒ = =
2 −3 2 −3 0 2 −3 / 2 0
This shows that the given line passes through the point ( 2,5 / 2,− 1) and has direction ratios
proportional to 2, − 3 / 2,0 . So, its direction cosines are
2 −3 / 2 0 2 −3 / 2 4 3
, , or , , 0 or , − , 0
 3
2
 3
2
 3
2 5/ 2 5/ 2 5 5
22 +  −  + 02 22 +  −  + 02 22 +  −  + 02
 2  2  2
5
Thus given line passes through the point having position vector a = 2î + ˆj − kˆ and is parallel to the
2
3
vector b = 2î − ˆj + 0kˆ
2
 5   3 
So, its vector equation is r =  2î + ˆj − kˆ  + λ  2î − ˆj + 0kˆ 
 2   2 
52. Let the given points be P,Q and R and let their position vectors be a,b and c respectively. Then,
a = 5î + 5kˆ , b = 2î + ˆj + 3kˆ and c = −4î + 3 ˆj − kˆ
The equation of the line passing through P and Q is r = a + λ b − a ( )
( ) (
or r = 5î + 5kˆ + λ −3î + ˆj − 2kˆ ) …(i)
If points P,Q and collinear, then point R must satisfy equation (i).
(
Replacing r by c = −4î + 3 ˆj − kˆ in (i), we get −4î + 3 ˆj − kˆ = 5î + 5kˆ + λ −3î + ˆj − 2kˆ )
⇒ −4 = 5 − 3λ , 3 = λ and −1 = 5 − 2λ (On equating coefficients f î , ˆj and k̂ )
These three equations are consistent i.e., they given the same value of λ .
Hence, points P,Q and R are collinear.
Alternatively : We have, PQ = −3î + ˆj − 2kˆ and QR = −6î + 2 ˆj − 4kˆ
Clearly, 2PQ = QR ⇒ PQ || QR . Hence, points P,Q and R are collinear.
x −1 y + 1 z −1
53. We have, = = = λ (say) ⇒ x = 3λ + 1, y = 2 λ − 1, z = 5 λ + 1
3 2 5
So, the coordinates of a general point on this line are ( 3 λ + 1, 2λ − 1,5 λ + 1) .
x + 2 y −1 z + 1
The equation of the second line is. = = = µ (say)
4 3 −2
⇒ x = 4 µ − 2 , y = 3 µ + 1,z = −2 µ − 1
So, the coordinates of a general point on this line are ( 4 µ − 2, 3 µ + 1, − 2µ − 1) .
If the line intersect, then they have a common point. So, for some values of λ and µ , we must have
3 λ + 1= 4 µ − 2, 2λ − 1 = 3 µ + 1 and 5λ + 1 = −2µ − 1
⇒ 3 λ − 4 µ = −3 …(i) , 2 λ − 3 µ = 2 …(ii) and 5 λ + 2 µ = −2 …(iii)
Solving (i) and (ii), we obtain λ = −17 and µ = −12 .
These values of λ and µ do not satisfy the third equation. Hence, the given lines do not intersect.
54. The position vectors of arbitrary points on the given lines are
th
Office.: 606 , 6 Floor, Hariom Tower, Circular Road, Ranchi-1, Ph.: 0651-2562523, 9835508812, 8507613968 21
( )
î + ˆj − kˆ + λ ( 3î − ˆj ) = ( 3λ + 1) î + (1 − λ ) ˆj − kˆ
and ( 4î − kˆ ) + µ ( 2î + 3kˆ ) = ( 2 µ + 4 ) î + 0 ˆj + ( 3µ − 1) kˆ respectively.
If the lines intersect, then they have common point.

So, for some values of λ and µ we must have, ( 3 λ + 1) î + (1 − λ ) ˆj − kˆ = ( 2 µ + 4 ) î + 0 ˆj + ( 3µ − 1) kˆ
⇒ 3 λ + 1 = 2µ + 4, 1 − λ = 0 and −1 = 3µ − 1 [On equating coefficient of î , ˆj and k̂ ]

Solving last two of these two equations, we get λ = 1 and µ = 0
These values of λ and µ satisfy the third equation. So, the given lines intersect.
( )
Putting λ = 1 in first line, we get r = î + ˆj − kˆ + ( 3î − ˆj ) = 4î + 0 ˆj − kˆ as the position vector of the
point of interaction. Thus, the coordinates of the point of intersection are ( 4,0 ,− 1) .
x −1 y + 2 z − 3
55. Given line = = ...(1)
2 3 6
Let P ≡ (1, − 2, 3) . ∵ Point P satisfy equation (1). Hence P lie on (1). P(1, -2, 3)
s
nit
Direction ratios of line (1) are 2, 3, 6.
3u
2 3 6 Q (2r+1, 3r-2, 6r+3)
∴ Direction cosines of line (1) are , ,
7 7 7
x −1 y + 2 z − 3
Equation of line (1) may be written as = = = r (say) …(2)
2 3 6
7 7 7
2 3 6 
Coordinates of any point on line (2) may be taken as  r + 1, r − 2 , r + 3  .
7 7 7 
2 3 6 
Let Q ≡  r + 1, r − 2 , r + 3 
7 7 7 
Distance of Q from P = r . According to question r = 3 ∴ r = ±3
 13 5 39   1 23 3 
Putting the value of r, we have Q ≡  − , − ,  or Q ≡  , − , 
 7 7 7  7 7 7
x−5 y −7 z +3 x −8 y − 4 z −5
4 4 −5 7 1 3
Any point on line (1) is ( 4λ + 5, 4λ + 7 , − 5λ − 3)
And any point on line (2) in ( 7λ ′ + 8,λ ′ + 4 ,3λ ′ + 5 ) .

For lines (1) and (2) to intersect, these points must coincide for some values of λ and λ ′
∴ 4λ + 5 = 7λ′ + 8 ⇒ 4λ − 7λ′ = 3 …(3)
4λ + 7 = λ ′ + 4 ⇒ 4λ − λ ′ = −3 …(4)
−5λ − 3 = 3λ′ + 5 ⇒ 5λ + 3λ′ = −8 …(5)
Soling these, we get λ = −1 ; λ ′ = −1
Cleary these values of λ and λ ′ satisfy equation (5).
∴ (1) and (2) intersect and their point of intersection is (1, 3, 2).
x−b z−d
57. The equations of the given lines are x = ay + b, z = cy + d ⇒ = y, =y
a c
th
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x−b y z −d
⇒ = = , where a1 = a, b1 = 1, c1 = c …(1)
a 1 c
Similarly, the equations of the second line are
x − b′ y z − d ′
= = , where a2 = a′,b2 = 1, c2 = c′ …(2)
a′ 1 c′
Since lines (1) and (2) are perpendicular to each other
∴ a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0 ⇒ aa′ + 1×1 + cc′ = 0 . Hence, aa′ + cc′ + 1 = 0 .
 1  1
58. We have 3x + 1 = 6 y − 2 = 1 − z ⇒ 3  x +  = 6  y −  = − ( z − 1)
 3  3
 1  1
x−−  y − 1 x−−  y − 1
⇒  3 = 3 = z −1 ⇒  3 = 3 = z −1 (Dividing by 6)
1/ 3 1/ 6 −1 2 1 −6
∴ given line passes through the point ( −1 / 3, 1 / 3,1) and has d.r.’s 2 , 1,− 6 .
 1 1  1 1
Let a = P.V . of  − , ,1 = − i + ˆj + kˆ and b = 2î + ˆj − 6kˆ .
 3 3  3 3
1 1
(
∴ The vector equation of the given line is r = a + λb ⇒ r = − î + ˆj + kˆ + λ 2î + ˆj − 6kˆ .
3 3
)
x −1 y + 1 z −1 x − 2 y −1 z +1
3 2 5 4 3 −2
Any point on line (1) is ( 3λ + 1, 2λ − 1,5λ + 1) And any point on line (2) is ( 4λ ' + 2,3λ ' + 1, − 2λ ' − 1)
For lines (1) and (2) intersect, these point must coincide for some values of λ and λ '
∴ 3λ + 1 = 4λ ' + 2 ⇒ 3λ − 4λ ' = 1 …(3) 2λ − 1 = 3λ ' + 1 ⇒ 2λ − 3λ ' = 2 …(4)
5λ + 1 = −2λ ' − 1 ⇒ 5λ ' + 2λ ' = −2 …(5)
Solving equations (3) and (4), we get, λ = −5,λ ' = −4
These values of λ do not satisfy equation (5). ∴ Lines (1) and (2) do not intersect.
x−5 y −7 z +3
60. The given lines are = =λ (say) …(1)
4 4 −5
x −8 y − 4 z −5
and = = =µ (say) …(2)
7 1 3
Let P and Q are any points on lines (1) and (2) respectively.
∴ P ≡ ( 4λ + 5, 4λ + 7 , −5λ − 3) and Q ≡ ( 7 µ + 8, µ + 4 ,3µ + 5 )
The given lines will intersect if they have a common point, i.e., when P and Q coincide.
For some particular values of λ and µ .
⇒ 4λ + 5 = 7 µ + 8, 4λ + 7 = µ + 4 and −5λ − 3 = 3µ + 5
⇒ 4λ − 7 µ = 3 …(3) ⇒ 4λ − µ = −3 …(4) ⇒ 5λ + 3µ = −8 …(5)
Solving (3) and (4), we get λ = −1 and µ = −1.
Putting λ and µ into (5), 5 × ( −1) + 3 ( −1) = −8 ⇒ − 8 = −8 , which is true.
Hence, the given lines intersect.
Putting λ = −1 in P, we get the point of intersection of the given lines as (1,3, 2 ) .
th
x −1 y + 1 z −1
61. The given lines are = = =λ (say) …(1)
3 2 5
x + 2 y −1 z +1
= = =µ (say) …(2)
4 3 −2
Let P and Q are any points on lines (1) and (2) respectively
∴ P ≡ ( 3λ + 1, 2λ − 1,5λ + 1) and Q ≡ ( 4 µ − 2 ,3µ + 1, −2 µ − 1)
Let if possible, the given lines intersect.
Then, P and Q coincide for some particular values of λ and µ .
⇒ 3λ + 1 = 4µ − 2, 2λ − 1 = 3µ + 1 and 5λ + 1 = −2µ − 1 [Equating co-ordinates]
⇒ 3λ − 4µ = −3 …(3) 2λ − 3µ = 2 …(4) 5λ + 2µ = 2 …(5)
Solving (3) and (4), we get λ = −17 and µ = −12
Putting λ and µ in (5), we get, 5 ( −17 ) + 2 ( −12 ) ≠ −2
i.e., λ and µ do not satisfy equation (5). Hence, the given lines do not intersect.
62. ˆ
a = 2î + ˆj + 3kˆ , b = −4î + 3 ˆj − kˆ and c = 5î + 5k.
The equation of the straight line passing through the points whose vectors are a and b is
(
r = a+λ b −a . )
( ) (
∴ r = 2î + ˆj + 3kˆ + λ  −4î + 3 ˆj − kˆ − 2î + ˆj + 3kˆ 
 )
⇒ r = 2î + ˆj + 3kˆ + λ ( −6î + 2 ˆj + 4kˆ ) …(1)

(
Putting r = 5î + 5kˆ in (1), we get 5î + 5kˆ = 2î + ˆj + 3kˆ + λ −6î + 2 ˆj − 4kˆ . )
( ) (
⇒ 3î − ˆj + 2kˆ = λ −6î + 2 ˆj − 4kˆ ⇒ 3î − ˆj + 2kˆ = −2λ 3î − ˆj + 2kˆ )
⇒ 1 = −2λ ⇒ λ = −1 / 2 . ∴ The point with position vector 5î + 5kˆ is on the line.
∴ The points with given position vectors are collinear.
Alternatively : Let A,B and C ve the points such that
ˆ
P.V. of A = 2î + ˆj + 3kˆ , P.V. of B = −4î + 3 ˆj − kˆ and P.V. of C = 5î + 5k.
∴ The coordinate of A, B, C are ( 2 ,1,3) , ( −4 ,3, −1) , ( 5, 0 ,5 ) respectively.
The d.r.’s of AB are −4 − 2,3 − 1, −3 or −6, 2, −4 or 3, −1, 2.
The line AB passes through A ( 2,1,3) .
x − 2 y −1 z − 3
∴ The equations of AB are = = .
3 −1 2
5 − 2 0 −1 5 − 3
. Putting x = 5, y = 0,z = 5, we get = = or 1 = 1 = 1, which is true.
3 −1 2
∴ C lies AB. ∴ The points with given position vectors are collinear.
−x − 2 y + 3 2z − 6 − ( x + 2) y + 3 2 ( z − 3)
63. Given line is = = ⇒ = =
1 7 3 1 7 3
x + 2 y +3 z −3 x − ( −2 ) y − ( −3 ) z − 3
⇒ = = ⇒ = = …(1)
−1 7 3/ 2 −2 14 3
th
∴ Given line has d.r.’s −2,14,3 Required line is parallel to (1).
∴ −2,14,3 are also d.r.’s of the required line. This is also to pass through the point (1, 2,3) .
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1 x −1 y − 2 z − 3
∴ Using = = , the equations of the required line are = = .
b1 b2 b3 −2 14 3
64. (
Given lines are r = iˆ + ˆj − kˆ + λ 2iˆ − 2 ˆj + kˆ ) ( )
…(1) and r = 2iˆ − ˆj − 3kˆ + µ iˆ + 2 ˆj + 2kˆ …(2)
Line (1) is parallel to b = 2iˆ − 2 ˆj + kˆ and line (2) is parallel to d = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 2kˆ

iˆ ˆj kˆ
∴ b × d = 2 −2 1 = −6iˆ − 3 ˆj + 6kˆ ∴Required line is parallel to b × d i.e., −6iˆ − 3 ˆj + 6kˆ
1 2 2
P.V. of ( 2, −1,3) = 2iˆ − ˆj + 3kˆ
(
∴ The equation of the required line is r = 2iˆ − ˆj + 3kˆ + λ −6iˆ − 3 ˆj + 6kˆ . )
x y z x + 2 y −1 z +1
65. Given lines are = = …(1) and = = . …(2)
1 2 1 3 2 5
D.r.’s of the lines (1) and (2) are 1,2,1 and 3,2,5 respectively.
Let a, b, c be d.r.’s of the require line. The required line is perpendicular to the lines (1) and (2).
∴ a.1 + b.2 + c.1 = 0 …(3) a.3 + b.2 + c.5 = 0 …(4)
a b c a b c a b c
Solving (3) and (4), we get, = = or = = or = = .
10 − 2 3 − 5 2 − 6 8 −2 −4 −4 1 2
∴ −4,1, 2 are d.r.’s of the required line.
x − ( −4 ) y − 3 z − ( −2 ) x+4 z+2
∴ The equations of the required line are = = ⇒ = y −3 = .
−4 1 2 −4 2
x y+a z
66. =
Given lines are = ...(1)
1 1 1
x+a y z x − a y + a z − 2a
= = …(2) and = = …(3)
2 1 1 2 1 2
General points on the lines (1) and (2) are ( λ , λ − a, λ ) and ( 2µ − a, µ , µ ) respectively.
Let the required line intersect the lines (1) and (2) at the point A ( λ , λ − a, λ ) and B ( 2µ − a, µ , µ )
respectively.
∴ D.r.’s of AB are ( 2 µ − a ) − λ , µ − ( λ − a ) , µ − λ , i.e., 2 µ − λ − a, µ − λ + a, µ − λ .
Also AB is parallel to (3) and d.r.’s of (3) are 2, 1, 2.
2µ − λ − a µ − λ + a µ − λ
∴ 2, 1, 2 are also d.r.’s of AB. ∴ = = …(4)
2 1 2
2µ − λ − a
From (4), = µ − λ + a ⇒ λ = 3a …(5)
2
µ −λ
From (4), µ − λ + a = ⇒ µ − λ = −2a ⇒ µ = λ − 2a = 3a − 2a = a [From (5)]
2
∴ Point A is ( 3a,3a − a,3a ) i.e., ( 3a, 2a,3a ) and point B is ( 2a − a, a, a ) i.e., ( a, a, a ) .
x−a y−a z −a
∴ Using point B, the equations of AB i,e, of the required line are = = .
2 1 2
th
67. Let the given points be A (1, 2,1) , B (1, 4, 6 ) and C ( 5, 4, 4 ) . Let P be the foot of perpendicular from A
to the line BC. Let P divide BC in the ratio k :1
A(1, 2, 1)
 5k + 1 4 k + 4 4 k + 6 
∴ Coordinates of P are  , , .
 k +1 k +1 k +1 
5k + 1 4k + 4 4k + 6
∴D.r.’s of AP are − 1, − 2, −1
k +1 k +1 k +1 k 1
4k 2k + 2 3k + 5 B(1, 4, 6) P C ( 5, 4, 4 )
or , , or 4k , 2k + 2, 3k + 5 .
k +1 k +1 k +1
D.r.’s of BC are 5 − 1, 4, 4 − 6 or 4, 0, − 2 or 2, 0, − 1
Since AP ⊥ BC , we have ( 4k )( 2 ) + ( 2k + 2 )( 0 ) + ( 3k + 5)( −1) = 0
⇒ 8k + 0 − 3k − 5 = 0 ⇒ k = 5 / 5 = 1 .
 5 (1) + 1 4 (1) + 4 4 (1) + 6 
∴ Coordinates of P i.e., foot of perpendicular from A to BC are  , , 
 1+1 1+1 1+1 
i.e., (3, 4, 5).
x y z x y z
68. Given lines are = = …(1) and = = …(2)
l1 m1 n1 l2 m2 n2
Let P ≡ ( x1 , y1 , z1 ) and let l , m, n be the direction ratios of the required line.
Since this line is perpendicular to lines (1) and (2).
∴ ll1 + mm1 + nn1 = 0 …(3) and ll2 + mm2 + nn2 = 0 …(4)
l m n
Solving (3) and (4) by cross multiplication, we have = =
m1n2 − m2 n1 n1l2 − n2l1 l1m2 − l2 m1
Hence direction ratios of the required lines are m1n2 − m2 n1 , n1l2 − n2l1 , l1m2 − l2 m1
Since this line passes through P ( x1 , y1 , z1 )
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
Therefore, its equation will be = = .
m1n2 − m2 n1 n1l2 − n2l1 l1m2 − l2 m1
69. Let O, A, B, C, D, E, F ,G be the vertices of the cube.
Let ' a' be the side of the cube.
Considering O as the origin, let X-axis, Y-axis Z-axis be along OA, OB, OC respectively.
∴ O = ( 0 , 0 , 0 ) , A = ( a,0 , 0 ) ,B = ( 0 , a, 0 ) , C = ( 0, 0,a ) , D = ( 0, a, a ) , E = ( a, 0, a ) ,
F = ( a, a, 0 ) , G = ( a, a, a )
The diagonals of the cube are OG, AD,BE and CF .
D.r.’sl of OG are a − 0, a − 0, a − 0 or a, a, a or 1, 1, 1
Similarly, d.r.’s of AD, BE and CF are −1, 1 , 1 ; 1, − 1, 1 and 1,1,− 1 respectively.
1 1 1 ∵ (1) + (1) + (1) = 3
2 2 2
∴ The d.c.’s of OG are , ,
3 3 3  
1 1 1 ∵ ( −1) + (1) + (1) = 3
2 2 2
The d.c.’s of AD are − , ,
3 3 3  
1 1 1 ∵ (1) + ( −1) + (1) = 3
2 2 2
The d.c.’s of BE are ,− ,
3 3 3  
th
1 1 1 ∵ (1)2 + (1) 2 + ( −1) 2 = 3 
The d.c.’s of CF are , ,−
3 3 3  
Let the d.c.’s of the given line be l,m,n and let it make angles α , β ,γ ,δ with OG, AD,BE,CF
respectively.
l m n l+m+n l m n −l + m + n
∴ cos α = + + = and cos β = − + + =
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
l m n l−m+n l m n l+m−n
cos γ = − + = and cos δ = + − =
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4
Squaring and adding, we get, cos 2 α + cos 2 β + cos 2 γ + cos 2 δ =
3
4 − x y 1− z x−4 y z −1
70. The given line is = = or = =
2 6 3 2 −6 3
Let N be the foot of perpendicular from the point P ( 2, 3, − 8 ) to the line (1). Any point on (1) is
( 4 + 2t , − 6t, 1 + 3 t ) , we want to find a suitable value of t so that this point becomes N. So we want to
have N ≡ ( 4 + 2 t, − 6 t ,1 + 3 t ) for a uniquely determined t .
Direction numbers of NP are 4 + 2 t − 2, − 6t − 3, 1 + 3t + 8
i.e., 2 + 2t , − 3 − 6t , 9 + 3t and direction numbers of (1) are 2, − 6, 3
∴ 2 ( 2 + 2 t ) + ( −6 )( −3 − 6 t ) + 3 ( 9 + 3 t ) = 0 ⇒ 4 + 4 t + 18 + 36 t + 27 + 9 t = 0
49
⇒ 49 t = −49 ⇒ t = − = −1 . ∴ N ≡ ( 4 − 2, 6, 1 − 3) or N ≡ ( 2 , 6 , − 2 ) .
49
x − x1 y − y1 z − z1
71. We know that equations of any line through a given point ( x1 , y1 ,z1 ) are = = .
a b c
∴ Equations of any line through ( −1,3, − 2 ) can be taken as
x − ( −1) y − 3 z − ( −2 )
= = …(1)
a b c
x y z
If it is perpendicular to the lines = = …(2)
1 2 3
x + 2 y −1 z +1
and = = …(3) then 1a + 2 b + 3 c = 0 ⇒ a + 2 b + 3 c = 0 …(4)
−3 2 5
and ( −3) a + 2 b + 5c = 0 ⇒ −3 a + 2 b + 5 c = 0 …(5)
Subtracting (5) form (4), we get. 4 a − 2 c = 0 ⇒ c = 2 a …(6)
7
and hence, from (4), a + 2 b + 3× 2 a = 0 ⇒ 2 b = −7 a ⇒ b = − a …(7)
2
7
From (6) and (7), we find a :b : c ::1: − : 2 ⇒ a :b :c:: 2 : − 7 : 4
2
x +1 y − 3 z + 2
Putting these values in (1), we get the required line as = =
2 −7 4
x −3 y −3 z −0
72. We are given the line = = …(i)
2 1 1
Any point on the line (i) is P ( 3 + 2 t , 3 + t ,t ) .
th
Direction numbers of OP are 3 + 2 t − 0, 3 + t − 0 , t − 0 ,
i.e., 3 + 2t ,3 + t, t
O (0,0,0)
π
Since OP makes angles of with the given line (i), therefore, we get
3
π/3 π/3
π 2 × ( 3 + 2 t ) + 1× ( 3 + t ) + 1× t 1 6t + 9 P
cos = ⇒ =
3 6 (3 + 2 t ) + (3 + t )
2 2
+ t2 2 6 6 t 2 + 18t + 18
⇒ 6 ( 6 t 2 + 18 t + 18 ) = 4 ( 36 t 2 + 108 t + 81) ⇒ t 2 + 3 t + 2 = 0 ⇒ t = −1 or −2
Substituting these values of t, the two possible positions of P are (1,2 ,− 1) and ( −1,1, − 2 ) .
Hence, the required lines are (using two point form)
x−0 y −0 z −0 x−0 y−0 z−0 x y z x y z
= = and = = , i.e., = = and = =
1 − 0 2 − 0 −1 − 0 −1 − 0 1 − 0 −2 − 0 1 2 1 −1 1 −2
x + 2 y +1 z − 3 x + 2 y +1 z − 3
73. The coordinates of any point on the line = = are given = = =λ
3 2 2 3 2 2
⇒ x + 2 = 3λ , y + 1 = 2λ ,z − 3 = 2λ ⇒ x = 3λ − 2 , y = 2λ − 1, z = 2λ + 3 …(i)
So, let the coordinates of the desired point are ( 3λ − 2, 2λ − 1, 2λ + 3) . The distance between this point
( 3λ − 2 − 1) + ( 2λ − 1 − 2 ) + ( 2λ + 3 − 3)
2 2 2
and (1, 2, 3) is 3 2 . ∴ =3 2
30
⇒ 9 ( λ − 1) + ( 2λ − 3) + 4λ 2 = 18 ⇒ 17λ 2 − 30λ = 0 ⇒ λ = 0 , λ =
2 2
17
Substituting the values of λ in (i), we obtain that the coordinates of the desired point are ( −2,− 1, 3)
 56 43 111 
and  , , .
 17 17 17 
x−2 y −3 z −7
74. (i) Given line is = − . …(1)
4 2 3
2− 2 3−3 7 − 7
(2, 3, 7) lies on the line (1) if = = or if 0 = 0 = 0 ,which is true.
4 2 3
∴ (2, 3, 7) lies on (1).
0 − 2 −3 0 − 7 1 3 7
(0, 0, 0) lies on the line (1), if = = or − = − = − , which is not true .
4 2 3 2 2 3
∴ (0, 0, 0) does not lie on (1).
(
(ii) Given line is r = î + ˆj + 3kˆ + λ 2î − ˆj − kˆ . ) …(1)
(1, 1, 3) lies on (1) if it positive vector î + ˆj + 3kˆ satisfies (1)
(
or if î + ˆj + 3kˆ + = î + ˆj + 3kˆ + λ 2î − ˆj − kˆ ) or if iˆ + ˆj + 3kˆ = (1 + 2λ ) iˆ + (1 − λ ) ˆj + ( 3 − λ ) kˆ
or if 1 = 1 + 2λ , 1 = 1 − λ , 3 = 3 − λ or if λ = 0, λ = 0 , which is true for λ = 0 .

∴ (1, 1,3) lies on (1)
( 2, − 1,5) lies on (1) if its position vector 2î − ˆj + 5kˆ satisfies (1)
(
or if 2î − ˆj + 5kˆ = î + ˆj + 3kˆ + λ 2î − ˆj − kˆ ) or if 2î − ˆj + 5kˆ = (1 + 2λ ) î + (1 − λ ) ˆj + ( 3 − λ ) kˆ
th
or if 2 = 1 + 2λ , − 1 = 1 − λ , 5 = 3 − λ
1
or if λ = , λ = 2 , λ = −2, which is not true for same value of λ .
2
∴ (2, 1, 5) does not lie on (1).
x +1 y − 2 z +1
75. Given line AB is = = …(1)
3 −2 −1
Let P ≡ (1, 0 , 2 )
Coordinates of any point on line (1) may be taken as
Let Q ≡ ( 3r − 1, − 2r + 2, − r − 1)
Direction ratios of PQ are 3r − 2, − 2r + 2,−r − 3 Direction ratios of line AB are 3,− 2, − 1
1
Since PQ ⊥ AB , ∴ 3 ( 3r − 2 ) − 2 ( −2r + 2 ) − 1( −r − 3) = 0 ⇒ 14r − 7 = 0 ⇒ r =
2
1 7
∴ 3r − 2 = − , − 2r + 2 = 1, − r − 3 = −
2 2
1 7
Therefore, direction ratios of PQ are − , 1, − or −1, 2 , − 7
2 2
x −1 y − 0 z − 2 x −1 y z − 2
Equation of line PQ is = = or = =
−1 2 −7 1 −2 7
x −1 y − 2 z − 3 x − 4 y −1 z − 0
76. Given lines are = = …(1) and = = …(2)
2 3 4 5 2 1
Any point on line (1) is P ( 2r + 1, 3r + 2 ,4r + 3) .
And also any point on line (2) is Q ( 5λ + 4, 2λ + 1,λ ) .

Lines (1) and (2) will intersect iff P and Q coincide for some value of λ and r .
∴ 2r + 1 = 2λ + 4 ⇒ 2r − 5λ = 3 …(1)
3r + 2 = 2λ + 1 ⇒ 3r − 2λ = −1 …(2)
4r + 3 = λ ⇒ 4r − λ = −3 …(3)
Solving (1) and (2), we get r = −1, λ = −1
Clearly these values of r and λ satisfy equation (3).
Putting the value of r , we have P ≡ ( −1, − 1, − 1) . Hence lines (1) and (2) intersect at ( −1, − 1, − 1) .
x − 1 y + 1 z + 10
77. Given line AB is = = ...(1)
2 −3 8
Any point on line (1) is Q ( 2r + 1, − 3r − 1, 8r − 10 ) .
Let P ≡ (1,0,0 ) . Suppose PQ ⊥ line (1).

P (1, 0, 0)
Now d.r’s of PQ are, 2r + 1 − 1, − 3r − 1 − 0 , 8r − 10 − 0 or 2r,( 3r + 1) ,8r − 10
d.r’s. of line (1) are 2, −3,8
Since PQ ⊥ AB, we have, ( 2r ) 2 − ( 3r + 1)( −3) + ( 8r − 10 ) 8 = 0 90°
⇒ 4r + 9r + 3 + 64r − 80 = 0 ⇒ 77r − 77 = 0 ⇒ r = 1 A Q B
∴ The required foot of the perpendicular Q is, ( 2 × 1 + 1, −3 × 1 − 1,8 × 1 − 10 ) or ( 3, −4, −2 )
th
( 3 − 1) + ( −4 − 0 ) + ( −2 − 0 )
2 2 2
Hence, required distance PQ = = 4 + 16 + 4 = 2 6
x +1 y − 3 z + 2
78. Given line is = = …(1) P (2,−3,1)
2 3 −1
and P ≡ ( 2, −3,1)
Coordinates of any point on line (1) may be taken as ( 2r − 1, 3r + 3, − r − 2 )

90°
Let Q ≡ ( 2r − 1,3r + 3, − r − 2 ) A Q B
Direction ratios of PQ are 2r − 3,3r + 6, − r − 3
Direction ratios of AB are 2,3,−1. Since PQ ⊥ AB
−15  22 −3 −13 
∴ 2 ( 2r − 3) + 3 ( 3r + 6 ) − 1( −r − 3) = 0 or 14r + 15 = 0 ∴ r = . ∴ Q ≡ − , , 
14  7 14 14 
2 2 2

2 22   3   13  531 531
PQ =  2 +  +  −3 +  + 1 +  = ∴ PQ = units.
 7   14   14  14 14
x y −1 z − 2
79. Given line AB is = = …(1)
2 2 3 Q (2,6,3)
Any point P on line (1) may the be taken as ( 2r , 2r + 1,3r + 2 ) …(2)
Direction ratios of QP are 2r − 2, 2r − 5,3r − 1.
∵ PQ and AB are perpendicular. 90°
A P B
∴ 2 ( 2r − 2 ) + 2 ( 2r − 5 ) + 3 ( 3r − 1) = 0
⇒ 4r − 4 + 4r − 10 + 9r − 3 = 0 ⇒ 17 r − 17 = 0 ⇒ r = 1
∴ Coordinates of the foot of perpendicular = ( 2, 3, 5 ) and directional ratio of PQ is ( 0, − 3, 5) .
Hence, equation of line passing through the point ( 2, 6, 3) and having directional ratio ( 0, − 3, 5) ,
x − 2 y −6 z −3
− = .
0 −3 2
x y −2 z −3
80. Given line is = = …(1) P (3,-1,11)
2 3 4
Any point on the line (1) is ( 2r ,3r + 2, 4r + 3)
Let Q be the foot of the perpendicular from P ( 3, −1,11) on line (1). 90°
A Q B
Let Q ≡ ( 2r ,3r + 2, 4r + 3)
Direction ratios of PQ are 3 − 2r, − 1 − ( 3r + 2 ) , 11 − ( 4r + 3) i.e., 3 − 2r, −3r − 3,8 − 4r
Since line (1) is ⊥ PQ . ∴ ( 3 − 2r ) × 2 − ( 3r + 3) × 3 + ( 8 − 4r ) × 4 = 0 ⇒ 29 − 29r = 0 ⇒ r = 1
∴ Foot of the perpendicular Q is ( 2 ,5 , 7 ) .
( 3 − 2 ) + ( −1 − 5 ) + (11 − 7 )
2 2 2
Also length of perpendicular, PQ = = 1 + 36 + 16 = 53 .
Also equation of this perpendicular to line (1) is
x − 3 y + 1 z − 11
= = [∴ Direction ratios of PQ are 1, −6, 4 ]
1 −6 4
th
x−0 y +1 z − 3
81. Equation of line through B ( 0, −1,3) and C ( 2, −3, −1) is = =
0 − 2 −1 + 3 3 + 1
x y +1 z − 3 A (1,8,4)
or = = …(1)
−1 1 2
Any point line (1) is P ( − r ,r − 1, 2r + 3)
Let AP ⊥ BC
90°
d.r’s of BC are −1, 1, 2 B (0,−1,3) P C (2,−3,−1)
d.r’s of AP are − r − 1, r − 1 − 8, 2r + 3 − 4 or − ( r + 1) ,r − 9, 2r − 1
Since AP ⊥ BC
5
∴ ( r + 1) .1 + ( r − 9 ) .1 + ( 2r − 1) .2 = 0 ⇒ 6r − 10 = 0 ⇒ r =
3
 5 5 10   5 2 19 
∴ P ≡  − , − 1, + 3  or P ≡  − , ,  . This is the required foot of the perpendicular.
 3 3 3   3 3 3
x y −1 z − 2
82. The given line AB is = =
1 2 3
Any point on line AB is ( k , 2k + 1,3k + 2 ) . P (1,6 ,3 )
Let it be Q
Now direction ratios of the line QP are k − 1, 2k − 5,3k − 1 A Q B
Since QP ⊥ AB,
∴ ( k − 1) × +1( 2k − 5) × 2 + ( 3k − 1) × 3 = 0 ⇒ 14k − 14 = 0 ⇒ k = 1. R (α , β ,γ )
∴ Coordinates of Q are (1,3,5 ) .
Let R (α , β ,γ ) be the image of P (1, 6,3) in AB. Then clearly, Q is the mid-point of PR
α +1 β +6 γ +3
∴ = 1, = 3, =5 ⇒ α = 1, β = 0,γ = 7 ∴ The image of P is R (1,0,7 )
2 2 2
x y −1 z − 2
Alternatively : Equation of given line AB is = = …(1)
1 2 3
For image of P (1, 6,3) in line AB, draw a line P R ⊥ AB. P 1,6 , 3
Then R is its image, if Q is mid point of P R.
Let λ , µ ,v be the d.r’s of PR.
A Q B
Now, P R ⊥ AB ⇒ λ ×1 + µ × 2 + v × 3 = 0 ⇒ λ + 2µ + 3v = 0 …(2)
x −1 y−6 z −3 R α , β ,γ
And equation of PR is = = Any point on it is ( λ k + 1, µ k + 6,vk + 3)
λ µ v
Let it be Q. As Q lies on line AB
λk +1 µk + 6 −1 vk + 3 − 2
∴ From (1), = =
1 2 3
λ k +1 µk +5 v k + 1 1( λ k + 1) + 2 ( µ k + 5 ) + 3 ( vk + 1)
⇒ = = = [By ratio and proportion]
1 2 3 1× 1 + 2 × 2 + 3 × 3
14 + ( λ + 2 µ + 3v ) k
= =1 [From (2)]
14
th
⇒ λ k = 0, µ = −3,vk = 2 ⇒ Q ≡ ( 0 + 1, −3 + 6, 2 + 3) or Q ≡ (1,3,5)
1+ α 6+β 3+γ
Since Q is the mid point of PR, ∴ = 1, = 3, = 5 ⇒ α = 1, β = 0,γ = 7
2 2 2
Hence R ≡ (1, 0 , 7 ) , which is the image of P in line AB.
83. (
Let L be the foot of the perpendicular drawn from P 2iˆ − ˆj + 5kˆ on the line )
(
r = 11iˆ − 2 ˆj − 8kˆ + λ 10iˆ − 4 ˆj − 11kˆ )
(
Let the position vector of L be 11iˆ − 2 ˆj − 8kˆ + λ 10iˆ − 4 ˆj − 11kˆ )
= (11 + 10λ ) iˆ + ( −2 − 4λ ) ˆj + ( −8 − 11λ ) kˆ
The, PL = Position vector of L − Position vector of P
⇒ PL = (11 + 10λ ) iˆ + ( −2 − 4λ ) ˆj + ( −8 − 11λ ) kˆ  −  2iˆ − ˆj + 5kˆ 
   
⇒ PL = ( 9 + 10λ ) iˆ + ( −1 − 4λ ) ˆj + ( −13 − 11λ ) kˆ
Since PL is perpendicular to the given line which is parallel to b = 10iˆ − 4 ˆj − 11kˆ

∴ PL ⊥ b ⇒ PL. b = 0
( )
⇒ ( 9 + 10λ ) iˆ + ( −1 − 4λ ) ˆj + ( −13 − 11λ ) kˆ  . 10iˆ − 4 ˆj − 11kˆ = 0
 
⇒ 10 ( 9 + 10λ ) − 4 ( −1 − 4λ ) − 11( −13 − 11λ ) = 0
P (2iˆ − ˆj + 5kˆ )
⇒ 90 + 100λ + 4 + 16λ + 143 + 121λ = 0
⇒ 237λ = −237 ⇒ λ = −1
Putting the value of λ , we obtain vector of L as iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ
L
( ) ( )
Now, PL = i + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ − 2iˆ − ˆj + 5kˆ = −iˆ + 3 ˆj − 2kˆ (11iˆ − 2 ˆj − 8kˆ ) − λ (10iˆ − 4 ˆj − 11kˆ )
⇒ PL = 1 + 9 + 4 = 14
Hence, length of the perpendicular from P on the given line is 14 units.
x−3 y −3 z
84. Given line is = = …(1)
2 1 1
A general point on (1) is P ( 2λ + 3, λ + 3, λ )
D.r.’s of OP are 2λ + 3 − 0, λ + 3 − 0, λ − 0 , i.e., 2λ + 3, λ + 3, λ
D.r.’s of the given line are 2,1,1.
Let OP make angle π / 3 with (1), ∴ cos

π
=
( 2λ + 3) .2 + ( λ + 3) .1 + λ.1
3 ( 2λ + 3 ) + ( λ + 3 ) + λ 2 4 + 1 + 1
2 2
O
1 6λ + 9 3 ( 2λ + 3 )
⇒ = =
2 6λ 2 + 18λ + 18 6 6 λ 2 + 3λ + 3 P π /3
⇒ λ 2 + 3λ + 3 = ( 2λ + 3) ⇒ λ 2 + 3λ + 2 = 0 ⇒ λ = −1, −2
2 x−3 y −3 z
= =
2 1 1
Case I : λ = −1
∴ Coordinates of P are ( 2 ( −1) + 3, −1 + 3, −1) i.e., (1, 2, −1) and d.r.’s of OP = (1, 2, − 1) .
x −1 x − 2 z + 1
∴ Equation of required line is, = = .
1 2 −1
th
Case II : If λ = −2 , then coordinates of P are ( 2 ( −2 ) + 3, − 2 + 3, − 2 ) ≡ ( −1, 1, − 2 ) and direction
x + 1 y −1 z + 2
ratio of OP = ( −1, 1, − 2 ) . ∴ Required line is, = = .
−1 1 −2
85. (
The given line is r = −2iˆ + 3 ˆj + λ 2iˆ − 3 ˆj + 6kˆ ) …(i)
It passes through the point A1 with position vector

a1 = −2iˆ + 3 ˆj , and it is parallel to the vector b = 2iˆ − 3 ˆj + 6kˆ.
The equation of the line passing through the point A2 ( 2,3, 2 ) with position vector
(
a2 = 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 2kˆ and parallel to the line (i) is r = 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 2kˆ + µ 2iˆ − 3 ˆj + 6kˆ . )
Also a2 − a1 = 4iˆ + 2kˆ, b = 2 2 + ( −3 ) + 6 2 = 7
2
iˆ ˆj kˆ
and b × ( a2 − a1 ) = 2 −3 6 = ( −6 − 0 ) iˆ − ( 4 − 24 ) ˆj + ( 0 + 12 ) kˆ = −6iˆ + 20 ˆj + 12kˆ
4 0 2
b × ( a2 − a1 ) = ( −6 ) + ( 20 ) + (12 )
2 2 2
∴ = 580.
b × ( a2 − a1 ) 580
∴ The distance between the parallel lines (i) and (ii) = =
b 7
x − 11 y + 2 z + 8
86. The given = = …(1)
10 −4 −11
This line passes through the point (11, − 2, − 8) and has d.r.’s 10, − 4, − 11
The B (α , β , γ ) be the foot of perpendicular from A ( 2, − 1,5) to the line (1).
A (2, − 1, 5 )
The d.r.’s of AB are α − 2, β − ( −1) , γ − 5 i.e., α − 2, β + 1, γ − 5
AB is perpendicular to the given line.
∴ 10 (α − 2 ) + ( −4 )( β + 1) + ( −11)( γ − 5 ) = 0
⇒ 10α − 4 β − 11γ = −31 …(2) 10, − 4 , − 11 B (α , β ,γ )
α − 11 β +2 γ +8
Since B (α , β , γ ) lies on the line, we have = = = λ , say
10 −4 −11
⇒ α = 10λ + 11, β = −4λ − 2, γ = −11λ − 8 …(3)
∴ From (2), 10 (10λ + 11) − 4 ( −4λ − 2 ) − 11( −11λ − 8) = −31
⇒ 100λ + 110 + 16λ + 8 + 121λ + 88 = −31 ⇒ 237λ = −237 ⇒ λ = −1
∴ α = 10 ( −1) + 11 = 1, β = −4 ( −1) − 2 = 2, γ = −11( −1) − 8 = 3 [From (3)]
∴ Foot of perpendicular = (α , β , γ ) = (1, 2, 3)
( 2 − 1) + ( −1 − 2 ) + ( 5 − 3)
2 2 2
Also, length of perpendicular = AB = = 1 + 9 + 4 = 14 units.
x y −2 z −3
87. The given is = = …(1)
2 3 4
This passes through the point (0, 2, 3) and has d.r.’s 2, 3, 4.
Let β (α , β , γ ) be the foot of perpendicular from A to the line.
th
∴ D.r.’s of AB are α − 3, β + 1, γ − 11.
A (3, − 1, 11)
∴ 2 (α − 3) + 3 ( β + 1) + 4 ( γ − 11) = 0
⇒ 2α + 3β + 4γ = 47 …(2)
2, 3, 4
α β −2 γ −3
Since B (α , β , γ ) is on the line (1), we have = = = λ , say B (α , β ,γ )
2 3 4
∴ α = 2λ , β = 3λ + 2, γ = 4λ + 3 …(3)
∴ From (2), 2 ( 2λ ) + 3 ( 3λ + 2 ) + 4 ( 4λ + 3) = 47
⇒ 4λ + 9λ + 6 + 16λ + 12 = 47 ⇒ 29λ = 29 ⇒ λ = 1
∴ α = 2 (1) = 2, β = 3 (1) + 2 = 5, λ = 4 (1) + 3 = 7 [From (3)]
∴ Foot of perpendicular = (2, 5, 7)
Length of ⊥ from ( 3, − 1, 11) = AB = ( 2 − 3) + ( 5 + 1) + ( 7 − 11)
2 2 2
= 1 + 36 + 16 = 53 units
x − 3 y − ( −1) z − 11 x − 3 y + 1 z − 11
Equations of AB are = = or = =
2 − 3 5 − ( −1) 7 − 11 −1 6 −4
x y −1 z − 2
88. The given line is = = .
1 2 3
This line passes through the point (0, 1, 2) and has d.r.’s 1, 2, 3.
A(1, 6, 3)
Let B (α , β , γ ) be the image of A (1, 6,3)
The d.r.’s of AB are α − 1, β − 6, γ − 3 . 1, 2, 3
M
∴ 1(α − 1) + 2 ( β − 6 ) + 3 ( γ − 3) = 0
B(α, β, γ)
⇒ α − 1 + 2 β − 12 + 3γ − 9 = 0 ⇒ α + 2 β + 3γ = 22 …(1)
 α +1 β + 6 γ + 3 
Let M be the mid-point of AB ∴ M =  , , 
 2 2 2 
α +1 β +6 γ +3
−1 −2
Since, M lies on the line, we have 1 = 2 = 2 = λ (say)
1 2 3
α +1 β +4 γ −1
⇒ = = =λ ⇒ α = 2λ − 1, β = 4λ − 4, γ = 6λ + 1
2 4 6
∴ From (1), ( 2λ − 1) + 2 ( 4λ − 4 ) + 3 ( 6λ + 1) = 22 ⇒ λ =1
∴ α = 2 (1) − 1 = 1, β = 4 (1) − 4 = 0, γ = 6 (1) + 1 = 7 ∴Image of the given point = (α , β , γ ) = (1, 0, 7 ) .
x −1 y −1 z −1
89. Any line through the point (1, 1, 1) is = = …(1)
a b c
x −1 y − 2 z − 3
The line (1) intersects the line = =
2 3 4
1 −1 2 −1 3 −1
if a : b : c ≠ 2 : 3 : 4 and a b c = 0 , i.e., if −1( 4 a − 2 c ) + 2 ( 3 a − 2 b ) = 0,
2 3 4
i.e, if 2 a − 4 b + 2 c = 0 , i.e. if a − 2 b + c = 0 …(2)
th
x + 2 y − 3 z +1 x − ( −2 ) y − 3 z − ( −1)
The line (1) intersects the line = = , i.e., = =
1 2 4 1 2 4
−2 − 1 3 − 1 −1 − 1
i.e., if a : b : c ≠ 1 : 2 : 4 and a b c = 0,
1 2 4
i.e., if −3 ( 4 b − 2 c ) − 2 ( 4 a − c ) − 2 ( 2 a − b ) = 0, i.e., if −12 a − 10 b + 8 c = 0
i.e., if 6 a + 5 b − 4 c = 0 …(3)
a b c
From (2) and (3), we get = = ⇒ a : b : c : : 3 : 10 : 17 .
8 − 5 6 + 4 5 + 12
x −1 y −1 z −1
Hence, the required line is = = [From (1)]
3 10 17
( a2 − a1 ) . ( b1 × b2 )
90. The shortest distance between the given pair of lines is given by d =
b1 × b2
The two lines will intersect if and only if d = 0, i.e., ( a2 − a1 ) . b1 × b2 = 0 ( )

( )
Here equation of first line is r = iˆ − ˆj + λ 2iˆ + kˆ = a1 + λ b2 , where a1 = iˆ − ˆj and b1 = 2iˆ + kˆ
(
Also equation of second line is r = 2iˆ − ˆj + µ iˆ + ˆj − kˆ = a2 + µ b2 , )
where a2 = 2iˆ − ˆj and b2 = iˆ + ˆj − kˆ
iˆ ˆj kˆ
Now b1 × b2 = 2 0 1 = −iˆ + 3 ˆj + 2kˆ and a2 − a1 = 2iˆ − ˆj − iˆ − ˆj = iˆ ( )
1 1 −1
( ) ( )
Since ( a2 − a1 ) . b1 × b2 = iˆ. −iˆ + 3 ˆj + 2kˆ = ( −1)(1) + 3 ( 0 ) + 2 ( 0 ) = −1 ≠ 0
Hence the given lines do not intersect.
91. (i) The given lines are r = iˆ − ˆj + λ 2iˆ + kˆ ( ) (
…(1) and r = 2iˆ − ˆj + µ iˆ + ˆj − kˆ ) …(2)
From (1), r = a + λ b , where a = iˆ − ˆj and b = 2iˆ + kˆ

From (2), r = c + µ d , where c = 2iˆ − ˆj and d = iˆ + ˆj − kˆ
( ) (
∴ c − a = 2iˆ − ˆj − iˆ − ˆj = iˆ )
1 0 0
∴ c − a ( )
b d  = ( c − a ) . b × d = 2 0 1 = 10 ( 0 − 1) = −1 ≠ 0
1 1 −1
∴ The lines are not coplanar. ∴ The lines are not intersecting.
(ii) The given lines are r = iˆ + ˆj − kˆ + λ 3iˆ − ˆj ( )
…(1) and r = 4iˆ − kˆ + µ 2iˆ + 3kˆ ( ) …(2)
From (1), r = a + λ b , where a = iˆ + ˆj − kˆ and b = 3iˆ − ˆj

From (2), r = c + µ d , where c = 4iˆ − kˆ and d = 2iˆ + 3kˆ
( ) (
∴ c − a = 4iˆ − kˆ − iˆ + ˆj − kˆ = 3iˆ − ˆj )
th
3 −1 0
( )
∴ c − a b d  = ( c − a ) . b × d = 3 −1 0 = 3 ( −3) + 1( 9 ) = 0 . ∴ The lines are coplanar.
2 0 3
The vectors b = 3iˆ − ˆj and d = 2iˆ + 3kˆ are not parallel, so that the lines are also not parallel.
∴ The given lines must be intersecting.
x −1 y + 1 z −1 x − 2 y −1 z +1
3 2 5 4 3 −2
Let us suppose that the lines intersect at P, say.
P is on (1), so let P = ( 3λ + 1, 2λ − 1,5λ + 1) .
P is also on (2), so we have

( 3λ + 1) − 2 = ( 2λ − 1) − 1 = ( 5λ + 1) + 1
4 3 −2
3λ − 1 2λ − 2 5λ + 2
⇒ = = …(3)
4 3 −2
3λ − 1 2λ − 2
From (3), = ⇒ 9λ − 3 = 8λ − 8 ⇒ λ = −5
4 3
2λ − 2 5λ + 2 2
From (3), = ⇒ −4λ + 4 = 15λ + 6 ⇒ λ = −
3 −2 19
We are getting different values of λ. ∴One supposition is wrong.
∴ The given lines are not intersecting.
x − 1 y − ( −1) z − 0
(ii) The given lines are = = …(1)
2 3 1
x − ( −1)
y−2 z−2
and == …(2)
5 1 0
x − a1 y − a2 z − a3 x − c1 y − c2 z − c3
We know the lines = = and = = are coplanar
b1 b2 b3 d1 d2 d3
c1 − a1 c2 − a1 c3 − a3
iff b1 b2 b3 = 0.
d1 d2 d3
c1 − a1 c2 − a2 c3 − a3 −1 − 1 2 − ( −1) 2 − 0 −2 3 2
For the given lines, b1 b2 b3 = 2 3 1 = 2 3 1
d1 d2 d3 5 1 0 5 1 0
= −2 ( 0 − 1) − 3 ( 0 − 5 ) + 2 ( 2 − 15 ) = 2 + 15 − 26 = −9 ≠ 0
∴The lines are not coplanar, so these cannot intersect.
Alternatively : Let us suppose that the lines intersect at P, say.
P is on (1), so let P = ( 2λ + 1,3λ − 1, λ ) .
P is also on (2), so we have

( 2λ + 1) + 1 = ( 3λ − 1) − 2 = λ − 2
5 1 0
2λ + 2 3λ − 3 λ − 2
⇒ = = …(3)
5 1 0
2λ + 2 17
From (3), = 3λ − 3 ⇒ 2λ + 2 = 15λ − 15 ⇒ λ =
5 13
th
λ −2
From (3), 3λ − 3 = ⇒ λ −2=0 ⇒ λ = 2
0
We are getting different values of λ. ∴Our supposition is wrong. ∴The lines are not intersecting.
93. Compare the given equations with the equations r = a1 + λυ1 and r = a1 + µυ2 .
Here, a1 = iˆ + ˆj , a2 = 2iˆ + ˆj − kˆ ⇒ a2 − a1 = iˆ − kˆ and υ1 = 2iˆ − ˆj + kˆ, υ2 = 3iˆ − 5 ˆj + 2kˆ
iˆ ˆj kˆ
⇒ υ1 × υ2 = 2 −1 1 = ( −2 + 5 ) iˆ − ( 4 − 3) ˆj + ( −10 + 3) kˆ = 3iˆ − ˆj − 7 kˆ
3 −5 2
⇒ υ1 × υ2 = 32 + ( −1) + ( −7 ) = 59.
2 2
( )( )
Also (υ1 × υ2 ) . ( a2 − a1 ) = 3iˆ − ˆj − 7 kˆ . iˆ − kˆ = 3 × 1 + ( −1) × 0 + ( −7 ) × ( −1) = 10.
(υ1 ×υ2 ) . ( a2 − a1 ) 10
∴ The required shortest distance between the given lines = .
υ1 × υ2 59
x − 8 y + 9 z − 10 x − 15 y − 29 z − 5
94. Given lines are = = …(i) and = = …(ii)
3 −16 7 3 8 −5
Any point on (i) is M ( 8 + 3 t , −9 − 16 t ,10 + 7 t ) and any point on (ii) is N (15 + 3s, 29 + 8s, 5 − 5s ) .
Direction numbers of MN are < 15 + 3 s − 8 − 3 t , 29 + 8 s + 9 + 16 t ,5 − 5 s − 10 − 7 t >,
i.e., < 7 + 3 s − 3 t , 38 + 8 s + 16 t , − 5 − 5 s − 7 t >
Now MN will be shorts distance between (i) and (ii) iff MN is perpendicular to both (i) and (ii),
i.e., iff 3 ( 7 + 3 s − 3 t ) + ( −16 )( 38 + 8 s + 16 t ) + 7 ( −5 − 5 s − 7 t ) = 0
and 3 ( 7 + 3 s − 3 t ) + 8 ( 38 + 8 s + 16 t ) + ( −5 )( −5 − 5 s − 7 t ) = 0
i.e., iff −154 s − 314 t − 622 = 0, i.e, 77 s + 157 t + 311 = 0 …(iii)
and 98 s + 154 t + 350 = 0, i.e, 7 s + 11t + 25 = 0 …(iv)
On solving (iii) and (iv) simultaneously, we get t = −1 and s = −2
t = −1 , given M ( 5, 7, 3) and s = −2 given N ( 9, 13, 15) .
∴ The shortest distance between the given lines
( 9 − 5) + (13 − 7 ) + (15 − 3)
2 2 2
= = 16 + 36 + 144 = 196 = 14
x−5 y −7 z −3 x −5 y −7 z −3
Also, the equations of the line MN are= = , i.e, = =
9 − 5 13 − 7 15 − 3 2 3 6
95. Vector equation of the given line is r = a1 + t v , where r = x iˆ + y ˆj + z kˆ , a1 = −5 iˆ − 3 ˆj + 6 kˆ
and υ = iˆ + 4 ˆj − 9kˆ .
Position vector of the given point is a2 = 2 iˆ + 4 ˆj − kˆ .
Hence, the required distance

υ × ( a2 − a1 )
=
( ) (
iˆ + 4 ˆj − 9kˆ × 7 iˆ + 7 ˆj − 7 kˆ )
υ iˆ + 4 ˆj − 9 kˆ
7 7 7 52 + 82 + 32
=
12 + 42 + 92
( )( )
iˆ + 4 ˆj − 9kˆ × iˆ + ˆj − kˆ =
98
5 iˆ − 8 ˆj − 3 kˆ =
98
= 7 units.
th
x−2 y −3 z −4 −2, 6,−3 A(2, 3, 4)
96. Given lines are = = …(1) (1)
−2 6 −3
4 − x y 1− z x − 4 y − 0 z −1
and = = ⇒ = = …(2)
2 6 3 −2 6 −3
−2, 6,−3 (2)
Since d.r.’s of lines (1) and (2) are proportional, these lines are parallel. B(4, 0, 1) C(α, β, γ)
Line (1) passes through A (2, 3, 4) and has d.r.’s −2, 6, − 3
Line (2) passes through B (4, 0, 1) and has d.r.’s −2, 6, − 3 .
Distance between lines (1) and (2) is equal to the length of perpendicular from A to the line (2).
Let C (α , β , γ ) be the foot of perpendicular from A to the lines (2)
D.r.’s of AC are α − 2, β − 3, γ − 4 .
AC is perpendicular to line (2)
⇒ ( −2 )(α − 2 ) + 6 ( β − 3) + ( −3)( γ − 4 ) = 0 ⇒ −2α + 6 β − 3γ = 2 …(3)
α −4 β γ −1
Since C (α , β , γ ) is on (2), we have = = = λ , say
−2 6 −3
∴ α = −2λ + 4, β = 6λ , y = −3λ + 1
∴ From (3), −2 ( −2λ + 4 ) + 6 ( 6λ ) − 3 ( −3λ + 1) = 2 ⇒ 49 λ = 13 ⇒ λ = 13 / 49
 13  170  13  78  13  10  170 78 10 
∴ α = −2   + 4 = , β = 6   = , γ = −3   + 1 = ∴ C = , , 
 49  49  49  49  49  49  49 49 49 
2 2 2
 170   78   10  1
∴ AC =  − 2  +  − 3 +  − 4  = 5184 + 4761 + 34596 = 4.307
 49   49   49  49
∴ Distance between given lines = 4.307 units.
x−6 y −7 z −4
97. Equations of line AB are = = …(1)
3 −1 1
∵ A is the point ( 6, 7, 4 ) and direction ratio of AB are < 3, −1,1 > 
x − 0 y − ( −9 ) z − 2
Equations of line CD are = = …(2)
−3 2 4
∵C is the point ( 0, −9, 2 ) and direction ratio of CD are < −3, 2, 4 > 
As P lies on (1) and Q lies on (2), we can take these points as P ( 3t + 6, −t + 7, t + 4 ) and
Q ( −3 s, 2 s − 9, 4 s + 2 ) . Hence, direction ratio of PQ are < −3 s − 3 t − 6, 2 s + t − 16, 4 s − t − 2 > .
As PQ ⊥ (1) and also PQ ⊥ (2), therefore, we have,
3 ( −3s − 3t − 6 ) + ( −1)( 2s + t − 16 ) + 1( 4s − t − 2 ) = 0
and −3 ( −3 s − 3 t − 6 ) + ( 2 )( 2s + t − 16 ) + 4 ( 4 s − t − 2 ) = 0
⇒ −7 s − 11t − 4 = 0 and 29 s + 7 t − 22 = 0 ⇒ 7 s + 11t = −4 and 29 s + 7 t = 22.
Solving these two equations for s and t, we get s = 1, t = −1.
∴ P is the point ( −3 + 6,1 + 7, −1 + 4 ) = ( 3,8,3) and Q is the point ( −3, 2 − 9, 4 + 2 ) = ( −3, −7, 6 )
⇒ P.V. of P = 3iˆ + 8 ˆj + 3kˆ and P.V. of Q = −3iˆ − 7 ˆj + 6kˆ .

x −3 y −8 z −3
98. The equation of given lines are = = = λ (say) …(1)
3 −1 1
th
x+3 y +7 z −6
= = = µ (say) …(2)
−3 2 4
Let P and Q be two points on lines (1) and (2) respectively.
Therefore, P ≡ ( 3λ + 3, −λ + 8, λ + 3) and Q ≡ ( −3µ − 3, 2 µ − 7, 4µ + 6 )
Direction ratios of PQ are < −3µ − 3λ − 6, 2 µ + λ − 15, 4 µ − λ + 3 >
Let PQ be the line of shortest distance.
Clearly, PQ ⊥ line (1)
⇒ 3 ( −3µ − 3λ − 6 ) − 1( 2µ + λ − 15) + ( 4µ − λ + 3) = 0 [ Using a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0]
⇒ −7 µ − 11λ = 0 …(3)
Also, PQ ⊥ line (2) ⇒ − 3 ( −3µ − 3λ − 6 ) + 2 ( 2µ + λ − 15) + 4 ( 4µ − λ + 3) = 0
⇒ 29 µ + 7λ = 0 …(4)
Solving (3) and (4) by cross multiplication method, we get λ = 0 and µ = 0.
So, the point P and Q are P ( 3,8,3) and Q ( −3, −7, 6 )
( −3 − 3 ) + ( −7 − 8 ) + ( 6 − 3 )
2 2 2
∴The shortest distance PQ = = 36 + 225 + 9 = 3 30 units
99. ( ) (
The given lines are r = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ + λ 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4kˆ ) …(1)
and r = ( 2iˆ + 4 ˆj + 5kˆ ) + 2 µ ( 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4kˆ ) …(2)
Equation (2) can be written as r = ( 2iˆ + 4 ˆj + 5kˆ ) + s ( 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4kˆ ) , ( where s = 2µ ) …(3)
Here, r1 = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ, r2 = 2iˆ + 4 ˆj + 5kˆ and m = 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4kˆ
∴ The shortest distance =

( r2 − r1 ) × m …(4)
m
( ) (
We have ( r2 − r1 ) × m = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 2kˆ × 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4kˆ )
iˆ ˆj kˆ
= 1 2 2 = ( 8 − 6 ) iˆ − ( 4 − 4 ) ˆj + ( 3 − 4 ) kˆ = 2iˆ − 0 ˆj − kˆ
2 3 4
∴ ( r2 − r1 ) × m = 4 + 0 + 1 = 5 and m = 4 + 9 + 16 = 29
5 145
Hence, the shortest distance = = units.  Using ( 4 ) 
29 29
100. If the equations of the lines are r = a1 + λ1b1 and r = a2 + µ b2 , then the shortest distance d between
( a2 − a1 ) . ( b1 × b2 )
them is, d = …(1)
b1 × b2
(i) Here a1 = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ, b1 = 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4kˆ, a2 = 2iˆ + 4 ˆj + 5kˆ, and b2 = 3iˆ + 4 ˆj + 5kˆ.
( ) ( )
Now a2 − a1 = 2iˆ + 4 ˆj + 5kˆ − iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 2kˆ …(2)
th
iˆ ˆj kˆ
b1 × b2 = 2 3 4 = (15 − 16 ) iˆ − (10 − 12 ) ˆj + ( 8 − 9 ) kˆ = −iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ …(3)
3 4 5
( −1) + 22 + ( −1) = 6
2 2
b1 × b2 = …(4)
( ) ( )( )
and ( a2 − a1 ) . b1 × b2 = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 2kˆ . −iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ = 1× ( −1) + 2 × 2 + 2 × ( −1) = 1 …(5)
1 1
Substituting the values from (4) and (5) in (1), we get, d = =
6 6
(ii) Here a2 = 3iˆ + 5 ˆj + 7 kˆ, b1 = iˆ − 2 ˆj + 7kˆ, a2 = −iˆ − ˆj − kˆ, and b2 = 7iˆ − 6 ˆj + kˆ
iˆ ˆj kˆ
Now a2 − a1 = −4iˆ − 6 ˆj − 8kˆ …(2) and b1 × b2 = 1 −2 7 = 40iˆ + 48 ˆj + 8kˆ …(3)
7 −6 1
( 40 ) + ( 48) + (8 )
2 2 2
⇒ b1 × b2 = = 3968 …(4)
( ) ( )(
and ( a2 − a1 ) . b1 × b2 = −4iˆ − 6 ˆj − 8kˆ . 40iˆ + 48 ˆj + 8kˆ )
= ( −4 )( 40 ) + ( −6 )( 48) + ( −8)( 8 ) = −512 …(5)
−512 64
∴ d= =
3968 62
101. Given lines are r = 3iˆ + 8 ˆj + 3kˆ + λ 3iˆ − ˆj + kˆ ( ) …(1)
(
and r = −3iˆ − 7 ˆj + 6kˆ + µ −3iˆ + 2 ˆj + 4kˆ ) …(2) A
90°
L B
Equations of lines (1) and (2) in Cartesian form are

x −3 y −8 z −3 90°
AB : = = =λ …(3) C M D
3 −1 1
x+3 y +7 z −6
and CD : = = =µ …(4)
−3 2 4
Let L ≡ ( 3λ + 3, −λ + 8, λ + 3) and M ≡ ( −3µ − 3, 2µ − 7, 4µ + 6 )
Direction ratios of LM are 3λ + 3µ + 6, −λ − 2 µ + 15, λ − 4 µ − 3
Since LM ⊥ AB
∴ 3 ( 3λ + 3µ + 6 ) − 1( −λ − 2µ + 15 ) + 1( λ − 4µ − 3) = 0 or 11λ + 7 µ = 0 …(5)
Again LM ⊥ CD
∴ −3 ( 3λ + 3µ + 6 ) + 2 ( −λ − 2µ + 15 ) + 4 ( λ − 4µ − 3) = 0 or −7λ − 29 µ = 0
Solving (5) and (6), we get, λ = 0, µ = 0 ∴ L ≡ ( 3,8,3) , M ≡ ( −3, −7, 6 )
( 3 + 3) + ( 8 + 7 ) + ( 3 − 6 )
2 2 2
Hence shortest distance LM = = 270 = 3 30 units
Vector equation of LM is, r = 3iˆ + 8 ˆj + 3kˆ + t 6iˆ + 15 ˆj − 3kˆ ( )

x −3 y −8 z −3 x −3 y −8 z −3
Note : Cartesian equation of LM is = = or = =
6 15 −3 2 5 −1
th
102. (i) The given lines are : r = ( 3 − t ) iˆ + ( 4 + 2t ) ˆj + ( t − 2 ) kˆ …(1)
r = (1 + s ) iˆ + ( 3s − 7 ) ˆj + ( 2s − 2 ) kˆ …(2)
(
From (1), we have r = 3iˆ + 4 ˆj − 2kˆ + t −iˆ + 2 ˆj + kˆ ) ( ) ⇒ r = a1 + t b1
where a1 = 3iˆ + 4 ˆj − 2kˆ and b1 = −iˆ + 2 ˆj + kˆ
(
From (2), we have, r = iˆ − 7 ˆj − 2kˆ + s iˆ + 3 ˆj + 2kˆ) ( ) ⇒ r = a2 + s b2
where a2 = iˆ − 7 ˆj − 2kˆ, b2 = iˆ + 3 ˆj + 2kˆ
( a2 − a1 ) . ( b1 × b2 )
The S.D. between the lines is given by d = …(3)
b1 × b2
( ) (
Now a2 − a1 = iˆ − 7 ˆj − 2kˆ − 3iˆ + 4 ˆj − 2kˆ = −2iˆ − 11 ˆj ) …(4)
iˆ ˆj kˆ
b1 × b2 = −1 2 1 = iˆ + 3 ˆj − 5kˆ ⇒ b1 × b2 = 12 + 32 + ( −5 ) = 35
2
…(5) …(6)
1 3 2
( ) ( )( )
and ( a2 − a1 ) . b1 × b2 = −2iˆ − 11 ˆj . iˆ + 3 ˆj − 5kˆ = ( −2 ) × 1 + ( −11) × 3 + 0 = −35
−35 35
From (3), (4), (5) and (6), we get, d = = = 35 units
35 35
(
(ii) The given lines can be written as : r = iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ + λ iˆ + ˆj + kˆ = a1 + λ b1 ) ( )
where a1 = iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ, b1 = iˆ − ˆj + kˆ
( ) ( )
and r = 2iˆ − ˆj − kˆ + µ 2iˆ + ˆj + 2kˆ = a2 + λ b2 , where a2 = 2iˆ − ˆj − kˆ, b2 = 2iˆ + ˆj + 2kˆ
( a2 − a1 ) . ( b1 × b2 )
S.D. between lines, d =
b1 × b2
( ) (
Now a2 − a1 = 2iˆ − ˆj − kˆ − iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ = iˆ − 3 ˆj )
iˆ ˆj kˆ
b1 × b2 = 1 −1 1 = −3iˆ + 3kˆ ( −3) + ( −3)
2 2
⇒ b1 × b2 = = 18 = 3 2
2 1 2
−3 1
( ) ( )( )
and ( a2 − a1 ) . b1 × b2 = iˆ − 3 ˆj . −3iˆ + 3kˆ = (1)( −3) + 0 + 0 = −3 ∴ d =
3 2
=
2
x −1 y − 2 z − 3 x−2 y −3 z −5
103. The given lines are = = = = …(1) and …(2)
2 3 4 3 4 5
The line (1) passes through the point (1, 2,3) and is parallel to the vector 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4kˆ.
Let a1 = position vector of (1, 2,3) = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ and b1 = 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4kˆ
∴ The vector equation of (1) is r = a1 + λ b1 , where r is the position vector of point ( x, y, z )
Further, line (2) passes through the point ( 2,3,5 ) and is parallel to the vector 3iˆ + 4 ˆj + 5kˆ.
th
Let a2 = position vector of ( 2,3, 5 ) = 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 5kˆ and b2 = 3iˆ + 4 ˆj + 5kˆ
∴ The vector equation of line (2) is r = a2 + µ b2 .
( a2 − a1 ) . ( b1 × b2 )
S.D. between the lines = …(3)
b1 × b2
( ) (
Now, a2 − a1 = 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 5kˆ − iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ = iˆ + ˆj + 2kˆ , )
iˆ ˆj kˆ
b1 × b2 = 2 3 4 = −iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ ( −1) + 22 + ( −1) = 6
2 2
⇒ b1 × b2 =
3 4 5
−1 1
( ) ( )(
and ( a2 − a1 ) . b1 × b2 = iˆ + ˆj + 2kˆ . −1iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ = −1 . ∴From (3), d =
6
=) 6
104. The given equations can be written as
( ) ( ) (
r = iˆ − 2 ˆj + 3kˆ + t −iˆ + ˆj − 2kˆ and r = iˆ − ˆj − kˆ + s iˆ + 2 ˆj − 2kˆ ) ( )
Comparing the given equations with the standard equations r = r1 + sm and r = r2 + t n , we get
( ( )
r1 = iˆ − 2 ˆj + 3kˆ , r2 = iˆ − ˆj − kˆ )
m = ( −iˆ + ˆj − 2kˆ ) , and n = ( iˆ + 2 ˆj − 2kˆ ) . ( ) ( )
∴ r2 − r1 = iˆ − ˆj − kˆ − iˆ − 2 ˆj + 3kˆ = ˆj − 4kˆ
iˆ ˆj kˆ
and m × n = −1 1 −2 = iˆ ( −2 + 4 ) − ˆj ( 2 + 2 ) + kˆ ( −2 − 1) = 2iˆ − 4 ˆj − 3kˆ
1 2 −2
⇒ m × n = 22 + ( −4 ) + ( −3) = 29
2 2
∴ The shortest distance =

( r2 − r1 ) . ( m × n ) =
( ˆj − 4kˆ ) .( 2iˆ − 4 ˆj − 3kˆ ) = 0 − 4 + 12 = 8 29
units.
m× n 29 29 29
105. The vector equations of two lines are given by

( ) ( )
r = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ + λ 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4kˆ and r = 4iˆ + ˆj + µ 5iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ ( ) ( )
Comparing the given equations with the standard equations r = r1 + λ m and r = r2 + µ n , we get
r1 = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ, r2 = 4iˆ + ˆj + 0kˆ
m = 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4kˆ, and n = 5iˆ + 2 ˆj + kˆ ( ) ( )
∴ r2 − r1 = 4iˆ + ˆj + 0kˆ − iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ = 3iˆ − ˆj − 3kˆ
iˆ ˆj kˆ
and m × n = 2 3 4 = iˆ ( 3 − 8 ) − ˆj ( 2 − 20 ) + k ( 4 − 15 ) = −5iˆ + 18 ˆj − 11kˆ
5 2 1
⇒ m × n = 25 + 324 + 121 = 470
Hence, the shortest distance

( r − r ).( m × n )
= 2 1 =
( 3iˆ − ˆj − 3kˆ ) . ( −5iˆ + 18 ˆj − 11kˆ ) −15 − 18 + 33
= =0
m× n 470 470
Hence, the shortest distance between the given lines is 0. Thus, the given lines intersect.
th
To find the point of intersection :
( ) ( ) ( ) (
we have, iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ + λ 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4kˆ = 4iˆ + ˆj + µ 5iˆ + 2 ˆj + kˆ )
For some particular values of λ and µ
⇒ (1 + 2λ ) iˆ + ( 2 + 3λ ) ˆj + ( 3 + 4λ ) kˆ = ( 4 + 5µ ) iˆ + (1 + 2 µ ) ˆj + µ kˆ
⇒ 1 + 2λ = 4 + 5µ , 2 + 3λ = 1 + 2 µ and 3 + 4λ = µ
Taking first two equations, we get, 2λ − 5µ = 3 …(1)
Taking middle two equations, we get, 3λ − 2 µ = −1 …(2)
Taking last two equations, we get, 4λ − µ = −3 …(3)
Solving (1) and (2), we get λ = −1, µ = −1
Putting λ = −1 and µ = −1 in (3), we get 4 ( −1) + 1 = −3 ⇒ − 3 = −3 , which is true.
Putting λ = −1 or µ = −1 in any of the two equation as
( )
r = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ + ( −1) 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4kˆ = −iˆ − ˆj − kˆ
Hence, the point of intersection of the given lines is −iˆ − ˆj − kˆ or ( −1, − 1, − 1) .
( ) (
106. The given lines are r = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ + λ 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4kˆ ) …(i)
and r = ( 2iˆ + 4 ˆj + 5kˆ ) + 2 µ ( 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4kˆ ) …(ii)
Equation (ii) can re-written as r = ( 2iˆ + 4 ˆj + 5kˆ ) + µ ′ ( 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4kˆ ) …(iii)

and µ ′ = 2 µ .
These two lines passes through the points having position vectors a1 = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ and
a2 = 2iˆ + 4 ˆj + 5kˆ respectively and both are parallel to the vector b = 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4kˆ .
( a2 − a1 ) × b
∴ Shortest distance = …(iv)
b
( )(
We have, ( a2 − a1 ) × b = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 2kˆ × 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4kˆ )
iˆ ˆj kˆ
⇒ ( a2 − a1 ) × b = 1 2 2 = ( 8 − 6 ) iˆ − ( 8 − 6 ) iˆ − ( 4 − 4 ) ˆj + ( 3 − 4 ) kˆ = 2iˆ − 0 ˆj − kˆ
2 3 4
⇒ a2 − a1 × b = 4 + 0 + 1 = 5 and b = 4 + 9 + 16 = 29
5
Substituting the values of ( a2 − a1 ) × b and b in (iv), we get, shortest distance =
29
(
107. The given lines are r = −3iˆ + 8 ˆj + 3kˆ + λ 3iˆ − ˆj + kˆ ) …(1)
and r = −3iˆ − 7 ˆj + 6kˆ + µ ( −3iˆ + 2 ˆj + 4kˆ ) …(2)
From (1), r = a + λ b , where a = 3iˆ + 8 ˆj + 3kˆ and b = 3iˆ − ˆj + kˆ

From (2), r = c + µ d , where c = −3iˆ − 7 ˆj + 6kˆ and b = −3iˆ + 2 ˆj + 4kˆ
th
( c − a ) .(b × d )
S.D. between the lines =
b ×d
iˆ ˆj kˆ
b ×d = 3 −1 1 = iˆ ( −4 − 2 ) − ˆj (12 + 3) + kˆ ( 6 − 3) = −6iˆ − 15 ˆj + 3kˆ
−3 2 −4
∴ b × b = −6iˆ − 15 ˆj + 3kˆ = 36 + 225 + 9 = 270
( ) (
Also c − a = −3iˆ − 7 ˆj + 6kˆ − 3iˆ + 8 ˆj + 3kˆ = −6iˆ − 15 ˆj + 3kˆ )
∴ ( c − a ) . ( b × d ) = ( −6iˆ − 15 ˆj + 3kˆ ) . ( −6iˆ − 15 ˆj + 3kˆ )
= ( −6 )( −6 ) + ( −15 )( −15 ) + ( 3)( 3) = 36 + 225 + 9 = 270
( c − a ).(b × d ) 270
∴ S.D. = = = 3 30 units
b ×d 270
108. The given lines are r = (1 − t ) iˆ + ( t − 2 ) ˆj + ( 3 − 2t ) kˆ …(1)
and r = ( s + 1) iˆ + ( 2 s − 1) ˆj − ( 2 s + 1) kˆ …(2)
From (1), r = iˆ − 2 ˆj + 3kˆ + t −iˆ + ˆj − 2kˆ ( )

∴ r = a + t b , where a = iˆ − 2 ˆj + 3kˆ and b = −iˆ + ˆj − 2kˆ
From (2), r = iˆ − ˆj − kˆ + s iˆ + 2 ˆj − 2kˆ( ) ∴ r = c + sd , where c = iˆ − ˆj − kˆ and d = iˆ + 2 ˆj − 2kˆ
( c − a ).(b × d )
S.D. between lines =
b×d
iˆ ˆj kˆ
Now, b × d = −1 1 −2 = iˆ ( −2 + 4 ) − ˆj ( 2 + 2 ) + kˆ ( −2 − 1) = 2iˆ − 4 ˆj − 3kˆ
1 2 −2
(
∴ b × d = 4 + 16 + 9 = 29 . Also, c − c = iˆ − ˆj − kˆ − iˆ − 2 ˆj + 3kˆ = ˆj − 4kˆ ) ( )
∴ ( c − c ) . ( b × d ) = ( ˆj − 4kˆ ) . ( 2iˆ − 4 ˆj − 3kˆ ) = ( 0 )( 2 ) + (1)( −4 ) + ( −4 )( −3) = 0 − 4 + 12 = 8
( c − c ).(b × d ) 8 8
∴ S.D. = = = units.
b ×d 29 29
x −3 y −8 z −3 x+3 y +7 z −6
3 −1 1 −3 2 4
The line (1) passes through A (3, 8, 3) and has d.r.’s. 3, − 1, 1 .
The line (2) passes through B ( −3, − 7, 6 ) and has d.r.’s −3, 2, 4 .
Let PQ be the line of shortest distance between the lines with P and Q on the lines (1) and (2)
respectively.
Let P = ( 3λ1 + 3, − λ1 + 8, λ1 + 3) and Q = ( −3λ2 − 3, 2λ2 − 7, 4λ2 + 6 )
th
For some scalars λ1 and λ2 .
D.r.’s of PQ are ( −3λ2 − 3) − ( 3λ1 + 3) , ( 2λ2 − 7 ) − ( −λ1 + 8 ) , ( 4λ2 + 6 ) − ( λ1 + 3)
or −3λ2 − 3λ1 − 6, 2λ2 + λ1 − 15, 4λ2 − λ1 + 3
PQ is ⊥ line (1),
2
∴ 3 ( −3λ2 − 3λ1 − 6 ) − 1( 2λ2 + λ1 − 15) + 1( 4λ2 − λ1 + 3) = 0
Q B(−3, −7, 6)
⇒ −7λ2 − 11λ1 = 0 …(3)
PQ is ⊥ line (2), 2,4
−3,
∴ −3 ( −3λ2 − 3λ1 − 6 ) + 2 ( 2λ2 + λ1 − 15) + 4 ( 4λ2 − λ1 + 3) = 0 3,−1,1 1
⇒ 29λ2 + 7λ1 = 0 …(4) P A(3, 8, 3)
From (3) and (4) implies λ1 = 0, λ2 = 0 .
∴ P = ( 0 + 3, 0 + 8, 0 + 3) = ( 3, 8, 3) and Q = ( 0 − 3, 0 − 7, 0 + 6 ) = ( −3, − 7, 6 )
( 3 + 3) + ( 8 + 7 ) + ( 6 − 3)
2 2 3
∴ Shortest Distance, PQ = = 3 30 units.
The d.r.’s of PQ are −3 − 3, − 7 − 8, 6 − 3 or −6, − 15, 3 or 2, 5, − 1
x −3 y −8 z −3
∴ The equations of PQ i.e., of the line of shortest distance are = = .
2 5 −1
x − 8 y + 9 z − 10
110. The given lines are = = …(1)
3 −16 7
x − 15 58 − 2 y z − 5 x − 15 y − 29 z − 5
and = = i.e., = = …(2)
3 −16 −5 3 8 −5
The line (1) passes through A ( 8, − 9, 10 ) and has d.r.’s 3, − 16, 7.
The line (2) passes through B (15, 29, 5) and has d.r.’s 3, 8, − 5 .
respectively.
Let P = ( 3λ + 8, − 16λ − 9, 7λ + 10 )
2
and Q = ( 3µ + 15, 8µ + 29, − 5µ + 5 ) for same scalars λ and µ .
D.r.’s of PQ are Q B(15, 29, 5)
( 3µ + 15 ) − ( 3λ + 8 ) , (8µ + 29 ) − ( −16λ − 9 ) , ( −5µ + 5 ) − ( 7λ + 10 ) ,−5
3, 8
or 3µ − 3λ + 7, 8µ + 16λ + 38, − 5µ − 7λ − 5 . 3,−16,7 1
PQ is ⊥ line (1), P A(8, −9, 10)
∴ 3 ( 3µ − 3λ + 7 ) − 16 ( 8µ + 16λ + 38 ) + 7 ( −5µ − 7λ − 5) = 0
⇒ −154 µ − 314λ − 622 = 0 ⇒ 77 µ + 157λ + 311 = 0 …(3)
PQ is ⊥ line (2), ∴ 3 ( 3µ − 3λ + 7 ) + 8 ( 8µ + 16λ + 38 ) − 5 ( −5µ − 7λ − 5) = 0
⇒ 98µ + 154λ + 350 = 0 …(4)
µ λ 1
From (3) and (4) implies = =
54950 − 47894 30478 − 26950 11858 − 15386
µ λ 1
⇒ = = ∴ λ = −1, µ = −2
7056 3528 −3528
th
∴ P = ( 3 ( −1) + 8, − 16 ( −1) − 9, 7 ( −1) + 10 ) = ( 5, 7, 3)
and Q = ( 3 ( −2 ) + 15, 8 ( −2 ) + 29, − 5 ( −2 ) + 5) = ( 9, 13, 15)
∴ D.r.’s of PQ are 9 − 5, 13 − 7, 15 − 3 or 4, 6, 12 or 2, 3, 6 .
∴ The equations of PQ i.e, of the line of shortest distance are
x −5 y −7 z −3
= = . ∵ ( 5, 7, 3) is on PQ 
2 3 6
( 9 − 5 ) + (13 − 7 ) + (15 − 3)
2 2 2
Also , shortest distance, PQ = = 16 + 36 + 144 = 14 units
(
111. The given lines are r = 3iˆ + 5 ˆj + 7 kˆ + λ iˆ − 2 ˆj + kˆ ) …(1)
(
and r = −iˆ − ˆj − kˆ + µ 7iˆ − 6 ˆj + kˆ ) …(2)
Line (1) passes through the point (3, 5, 7) with position 3iˆ + 5 ˆj + 7 kˆ and has d.r.’s 1, − 2, 1 , because it
is parallel to the vector iˆ − 2 ˆj + kˆ .
x −3 y −5 z −7
∴ The equation (1) in Cartesian form is = = …(3)
1 −2 1
x +1 y +1 z +1
Similarly, the equation (2) in Cartesian form is = = …(4)
7 −6 1
respectively. 2
Let P = ( λ1 + 3, − 2λ1 + 5, λ1 + 7 ) and Q = ( 7 µ1 − 1, − 6 µ1 − 1, µ1 − 1)
Q (−1, −1, −1)
For some scalars λ1 and µ1 .
6,1
D.r.’s of PQ are 7, −
1,−2,1 1
( 7 µ1 − 1) − ( λ1 + 3) , ( −6µ1 − 1) − ( −2λ1 + 5) , ( µ1 − 1) − ( λ1 + 7 ) P (3, 5, 7)
or 7 µ1 − λ1 − 4, − 6 µ1 + 2λ1 − 6, µ1 − λ1 − 8.
PQ is ⊥ line (2),
∴ 1( 7 µ1 − λ1 − 4 ) − 2 ( −6µ1 + 2λ1 − 6 ) + 1( µ1 − λ1 − 8 ) = 0 ⇒ 10 µ1 − 3λ1 = 0 …(5)
PQ is ⊥ line (2),
∴ 7 ( 7 µ1 − λ1 − 4 ) − 6 ( −6µ1 + 2λ1 − 6 ) + 1( µ1 − λ1 − 8 ) = 0 ⇒ 43µ1 − 10λ1 = 0 …(6)
Solving (5) and (6), we get λ1 = 0, µ1 = 0 .
∴ P = ( 0 + 3, 0 + 5, 0 + 7 ) = ( 3, 5, 7 ) and Q = ( 0 − 1, 0 − 1, 0 − 1) = ( −1, − 1 − 1)
( −1 − 3 ) + ( −1 − 5 ) + ( −1 − 7 )
2 2 2
∴ Shortest distance, PQ = = 16 + 36 + 64 = 116 = 2 29 units
( ) ( )
. . of P = −iˆ − ˆj − kˆ − 3iˆ + 5 ˆj + 7 kˆ = −4iˆ − 6 ˆj − 8kˆ
Now PQ = P.V . of Q − PV
∴ The equation of the line PQ is r = P.V. of P + PQ or r = 3iˆ + 5 ˆj + 7 kˆ + λ −4iˆ − 6 ˆj − 8kˆ ( )

*112. Given, l + m + n = 0 …(1) and 2mn + 2ml − nl = 0 …(2)
From (1), n = − ( l + m ) . Putting n = − ( l + m ) + 2ml + ( l + m ) l = 0
⇒ −2m ( l + m ) + 2ml + ( l + m ) l = 0 ⇒ −2ml − 2m 2 + 2ml + l 2 + ml = 0
th
2
2 2 l  l 
⇒ l + ml − 2m = 0 ⇒   +   − 2 = 0 [Dividing by m 2 ]
m m
l −1 ± 1 + 8 −1 ± 3
⇒ = = = 1, − 2
m 2 2
l
Case I. When = 1 : In this case m = l . From (1), 2l + n = 0 ⇒ n = −2l . ∴ l : m : n = 1: 1: − 2
m
∴ Direction ratios of the line are1, 1, − 2 .
1 1 −2 1 1 −2
∴ Direction cosines are , , or , ,
12 + 12 + ( −2 )
2
12 + 12 + ( −2 )
2
12 + 12 + ( −2 )
2
6 6 6
l
Case II. When = −2 : In this case l = −2m
m
From (1), −2m + m + n = 0 ⇒ n = m ∴ l : m : n = −2m : m : m = −2 : 1 :1
∴ Direction ratios of the line are −2, 1, 1
−2 1 1 −2 1 1
∴ Direction cosines are , , or , ,
( −2 )
2
+ 12 + 12 ( −2 )
2
+ 12 + 12 ( −2 )
2
+ 12 + 12 6 6 6
1 1 2 2 1 1
Hence direction cosines of the line are , ,− or − , ,
6 6 6 6 6 6
*113. Given equations are l + m + n = 0 ⇒ n = − (l + m) …(1)
and 3lm − 5mn + 2nl = 0 …(2)
Let l1 , m1 , n1 and l2 , m2 , n2 be the direction cosines of the two lines.
Putting the value of n from (1) in (2), we get, 3lm + 5m ( l + m ) − 2l ( l + m ) = 0
⇒ 3lm + 5lm + 5m 2 − 2l 2 − 2lm = 0 ⇒ 2l 2 − 6lm − 5m 2 = 0
2
l  l 
⇒ 2  − 6  − 5 = 0 [Dividing throughout by m 2 ] …(3)
m m
 l  l  5  l1 l 
∴  1  2  = −  where and 2 are the roots of eqn. ( 3) 
 m1  m2  2  m1 m2 
ll mm
⇒ 12 = 1 2 …(4)
−5 2
Now, putting the value of m from (1) in (2), we get, −3l ( l + n ) + 5n ( l + n ) + 2nl = 0
2
2 2 2 2 l l
⇒ −3l − 3ln + 5ln + 5n + 2ln = 0 ⇒ 3l − 4ln − 5n = 0 ⇒ 3  − 4   − 5 = 0
n n
 l   l  −5  l1 l2 
∴  1  2  =  where and are the roots of eqn. ( 5) 
 n1   n2  3  n1 n1 
ll nn
⇒ 12 = 1 2 …(6)
−5 3
ll mm nn
From (4) and (6), 1 2 = 1 2 = 1 2 = k
−5 2 3
Now l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = −5k + 2k + 3k = 0 . Hence the two lines are perpendicular.
*114. Given equations are 3m + n + 5l = 0 …(1)
th
and 6nl − 2lm + 5mn = 0 …(2)
Putting the value of n form equation (1) in equation (2), we have,
−6l ( 5l + 3m ) − 2lm − 5m ( 5l + 3m ) = 0 ⇒ −30l 2 − 18lm − 2lm − 25lm − 15m 2 = 0
2
2 2 l  l  l −3 ± 9 − 8 −3 ± 1 −1
⇒ 30l + 45lm + 15m = 0 ⇒ 2   + 3   + 1 = 0 ⇒ = = = , −1
m m m 4 4 2
l 1 l
∴ For one line = − and for the other line = −1
m 2 m
l 1 l 1
Case I : When = − : Let 1 = −
m 2 m1 2
n1  l  n1 5 1
From equation (1), 3 + + 5  1  = 0 or = −3 + = −
m1  m1  m1 2 2
1
∴ m1 = −2l1 , n1 = − m1 = l1 [∵ m1 = −2l1 ]
2
∴ Direction ratios of this line are l1 , −2l1 , l1 or 1, −2,1
1 2 1 1 2 1
∴ Its direction cosines are, , , or , ,
12 + ( −2 ) + 12
2
12 + ( −2 ) + 12
2
12 + ( −2 ) + 12
2
6 6 6
l l
Case II : When = −1 : Let 2 = −1
m m2
n2  l  n
From eqn. (1), 3 + + 5  2  = 0 ⇒ 2 = −3 + 5 = 2 ∴ n2 = 2m2
m2  m2  m2
∴ Direction ratios of this line will be − m2 , m2 , 2m2 or −1,1, 2
−1 1 2 −1 1 2
∴ Its direction cosines are , , or , , .
( −1)
2
+ 12 + 2 2 ( −1)
2
+ 12 + 22 ( −1)
2
+ 12 + 22 6 6 6
If θ be the acute angle between the lines, then,

 1   −1   −2   1   2  −1 −2 2 1 1
cos θ   . + +  .  = 6 + 6 +6 =6 ⇒ θ = cos −1   .
 6  6  6  6  6 6
*115. The equations given the direction cosines of the two lines are
3l + m + 5n = 0 …(i) and 6 mn − 2 nl + 5 lm = 0 …(ii)
From (i), m = −3 l − 5n = − ( 3l + 5n ) …(iii)
Putting value of m in (ii), we get, −6 ( 3l + 5n ) n − 2nl − 5l ( 3l + 5n ) = 0
⇒ 30 n 2 + 45 ln + 15 l 2 = 0 ⇒ 2 n 2 + 3 ln + l 2 = 0 ⇒ ( 2 n + l )( n + l ) = 0
∴ Either l = −2n ⇒ m = n, from (iii) or l = − n ⇒ m = −2n, from (iii)
∴ Direction numbers of the two lines are
< − 2 n, n, n > and < −n, −2 n, n >, i.e., < −2,1,1 > and < 1, 2, − 1 > .
If θ is the acute angle between the lines then
( −2 ) ×1 + 1× 2 + 1× ( −1) 1  1
cos θ = =− ⇒ θ = cos −1  −  .
4 +1+1 1+ 4 +1 6  6
*116. By a property of direction cosines, we must have l 2 + m 2 + n 2 = 1 …(1)
th
and ( l + δ l ) + ( m + δ m ) + ( n + δ n ) = 1
2 2 2
⇒ l 2 + m2 + n2 + δ l 2 + δ m2 + δ n2 + 2 ( l δ l + m δ m + n δ n ) = 1
⇒ δ l 2 + δ m 2 + δ n 2 = −2 ( l δ l + m δ m + n δ n ) …(2) [Using (1)]
Also, δθ is the angle between the two positions.
Therefore, cos δθ = l ( l + δ l ) + m ( m + δ m ) + n ( n + δ n )
 δθ  2
⇒ 1 − 2sin 2   = l + m + n + (l δ l + m δ m + n δ n )
2 2
 2 
2
  δθ 
⇒ −2 sin    = lδ l + m δ m + n δ n [Using (1)]
  2 
2
 δθ 
⇒ −2   = l δ l + m δ m + n δ n [∵ δθ is small, ∴ sin (δθ / 2 ) = δθ / 2 ]
 2 
⇒ δθ 2 = −2 ( l δ l + m δ m + n δ n ) ⇒ δθ 2 = δ l 2 + δ m 2 + δ n 2 , as desired. [Using (2)]
th
th

BL Three Dimensional Geometry (Straight Line)

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BL Three Dimensional Geometry (Straight Line)

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JEE (MAIN & ADV.

), MEDICAL + BOARD, NDA, X & IX

THREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY (STRAIGHT LINE) (BOARD LEVEL,XII)

SOLUTION OF 3-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY (STRAIGHT LINE)

∴ D.c.’s OB are 3 / 5 2, − 4 / 5 2, 5 / 5 2, i.e., 3 / 5 2, − 4 / 5 2, 1/ 2 .

Let a be the position vector of ( 5, − 4, 6 ) , a = 5iˆ − 4 ˆj + 6kˆ …(2)

∴ The vector equation of the line is r = a + λb …(1)

r2 = 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4kˆ respectively.

⇒ xiˆ + yiˆ + zkˆ = ( 2 − λ ) iˆ + ( 3 − λ ) ˆj + ( 4 − 5λ ) kˆ

39. The direction ratios of first line are 3, − 6, 2

Now, as r is the position vector of P ( x, y, z ) , we get, xiˆ + y ˆj + zkˆ = (1 + 3t ) iˆ − 2 (1 + t ) ˆj + ( 3 + 6t ) kˆ

(ii) The direction ratios of the given are 3, 5, 4 and 1, 1, 2

45. (i) The first line is parallel to the vector b = iˆ + 2 ˆj − 2kˆ

Hence the angle between the lines = 0

The second line r = ( iˆ − ˆj − kˆ ) + s ( iˆ + 2 ˆj − 2kˆ ) is parallel to the vector b = iˆ + 2 ˆj − 2kˆ

Then, r1 = −iˆ + 4 ˆj − 2kˆ, r2 = λiˆ + µ ˆj + kˆ and r3 = 0iˆ + 2 ˆj − kˆ

Equating the coefficients of iˆ, ˆj and k̂ we get, tλ + t − 1 = 0, t µ − 4t + 4 = 2 and 3t − 2 = −1

and ( 4î − kˆ ) + µ ( 2î + 3kˆ ) = ( 2 µ + 4 ) î + 0 ˆj + ( 3µ − 1) kˆ respectively.

If the lines intersect, then they have common point.

⇒ 3 λ + 1 = 2µ + 4, 1 − λ = 0 and −1 = 3µ − 1 [On equating coefficient of ˆi , ˆj and k̂ ]

And any point on line (2) in ( 7λ ′ + 8,λ ′ + 4 ,3λ ′ + 5 ) .

Line (1) is parallel to b = 2iˆ − 2 ˆj + kˆ and line (2) is parallel to d = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 2kˆ

P.V. of ( 2, −1,3) = 2iˆ − ˆj + 3kˆ

Direction numbers of NP are 4 + 2 t − 2, − 6t − 3, 1 + 3t + 8

i.e., 2 + 2t , − 3 − 6t , 9 + 3t and direction numbers of (1) are 2, − 6, 3

(1, 1, 3) lies on (1) if it positive vector ˆi + ˆj + 3kˆ satisfies (1)

or if 1 = 1 + 2λ , 1 = 1 − λ , 3 = 3 − λ or if λ = 0, λ = 0 , which is true for λ = 0 .

And also any point on line (2) is Q ( 5λ + 4, 2λ + 1,λ ) .

Let P ≡ (1,0,0 ) . Suppose PQ ⊥ line (1).

∴ The required foot of the perpendicular Q is, ( 2 × 1 + 1, −3 × 1 − 1,8 × 1 − 10 ) or ( 3, −4, −2 )

Coordinates of any point on line (1) may be taken as ( 2r − 1, 3r + 3, − r − 2 )

Direction ratios of PQ are 3 − 2r, − 1 − ( 3r + 2 ) , 11 − ( 4r + 3) i.e., 3 − 2r, −3r − 3,8 − 4r

Since line (1) is ⊥ PQ . ∴ ( 3 − 2r ) × 2 − ( 3r + 3) × 3 + ( 8 − 4r ) × 4 = 0 ⇒ 29 − 29r = 0 ⇒ r = 1

∴ Foot of the perpendicular Q is ( 2 ,5 , 7 ) .

∴ Coordinates of Q are (1,3,5 ) .

Since PL is perpendicular to the given line which is parallel to b = 10iˆ − 4 ˆj − 11kˆ

Let OP make angle π / 3 with (1), ∴ cos

It passes through the point A1 with position vector

The two lines will intersect if and only if d = 0, i.e., ( a2 − a1 ) . b1 × b2 = 0 ( )

From (1), r = a + λ b , where a = iˆ − ˆj and b = 2iˆ + kˆ

From (1), r = a + λ b , where a = iˆ + ˆj − kˆ and b = 3iˆ − ˆj

P is also on (2), so we have

P is also on (2), so we have

Hence, the required distance

⇒ P.V. of P = 3iˆ + 8 ˆj + 3kˆ and P.V. of Q = −3iˆ − 7 ˆj + 6kˆ .

and r = ( 2iˆ + 4 ˆj + 5kˆ ) + 2 µ ( 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4kˆ ) …(2)

Here, r1 = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ, r2 = 2iˆ + 4 ˆj + 5kˆ and m = 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4kˆ

∴ The shortest distance =

Equations of lines (1) and (2) in Cartesian form are

Vector equation of LM is, r = 3iˆ + 8 ˆj + 3kˆ + t 6iˆ + 15 ˆj − 3kˆ ( )

102. (i) The given lines are : r = ( 3 − t ) iˆ + ( 4 + 2t ) ˆj + ( t − 2 ) kˆ …(1)

where a1 = 3iˆ + 4 ˆj − 2kˆ and b1 = −iˆ + 2 ˆj + kˆ

where a2 = iˆ − 7 ˆj − 2kˆ, b2 = iˆ + 3 ˆj + 2kˆ

Let a1 = position vector of (1, 2,3) = iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ and b1 = 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4kˆ

∴ The vector equation of (1) is r = a1 + λ b1 , where r is the position vector of point ( x, y, z )

∴ The shortest distance =

105. The vector equations of two lines are given by

⇒ m × n = 25 + 324 + 121 = 470

Hence, the shortest distance

Hence, the point of intersection of the given lines is −iˆ − ˆj − kˆ or ( −1, − 1, − 1) .

and r = ( 2iˆ + 4 ˆj + 5kˆ ) + 2 µ ( 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4kˆ ) …(ii)

Equation (ii) can re-written as r = ( 2iˆ + 4 ˆj + 5kˆ ) + µ ′ ( 2iˆ + 3 ˆj + 4kˆ ) …(iii)

and r = −3iˆ − 7 ˆj + 6kˆ + µ ( −3iˆ + 2 ˆj + 4kˆ ) …(2)