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I'm I am
you're you are
we're we are
Affirmative statements
You're in Room G.
Negative statements
Yes-No questions are questions that you can answer with Yes or No.
Am I in Room B?
Are we in the same class?
B Yes, I am.
What's . . . ?, It's . . .
Use What's (= What is) to ask a question:
What's your name?
B It's vlopez6@cup.org. (= It is . . . )
he's he is
she's she is
they're they are
You can use one of these pronouns + be to make a statement about another person.
He's at work.
She's sick.
They're late.
Affirmative statements
Negative statements
Is Hiroki at work?
Is she in class?
A Is Ellen sick?
B No, she's not.
You can use These + are to make a statement about a plural noun:
You can use Are + these to ask a question about a plural noun:
Are these your headphones?
Affirmative short answers
They're headphones.
Noun plurals
Nouns are things or people. A noun can be singular or plural. A singular noun is one thing
or person: bag(= 1 bag). A plural noun is two or more things or people: bags (= 2+ bags).
Regular plurals
For singular nouns ending in consonant + -y change -y to -ies to make plural nouns:
a dictionary dictionaries
Irregular plurals
a man men
a woman women
a child children
sunglasses
scissors
jeans
a / an vs. the
You can use a / an or the to say where something is. A / an is an indefinite article.
The is a definite article. Use the when everyone knows the place where something is:
A Where's the teacher’s coat?
Singular
When the owner is one person, use name / singular noun + 's:
Ms. Moore's desk (= Ms. Moore owns the desk. It is her desk.)
Plural
When the owner is more than one person, use plural noun + ':
Be in statements
You can use a pronoun + contraction of be to make statements:
I'm a Johnny Depp fan.
Remember, you use the indefinite article a / an with singular nouns but not with plural
nouns:
He's an actor.
Possessive adjectives
My, your, his, her, our, and their are possessive adjectives. They show the owner of
something.
Possessive
Pronouns
adjectives
I my
you your
he his
she her
we our
they their
You can use possessive adjectives instead of pronouns with be to make statements:
Is he tired?
Who's this?
Who's that?
It's my grandmother.
This is . . .
That is . . .
Affirmative statements
I eat breakfast.
Use regular verb + -s / -es / -ies with he, she, and it:
He studies English.
Negative statements
Use doesn't (= does not) + verb with he, she, and it:
He doesn't listen to CDs.
Irregular verbs
The irregular verbs have, do and go have different endings with he, she, and it:
He has coffee.
B No, we don't.
Simple present information questions are: Question word + do / does + subject + verb . . .
?
Frequency adverbs
Always, usually, often, sometimes, hardly ever and never are frequency adverbs.
You can use frequency adverbs to talk about how often you do something:
Frequency adverbs usually come between the subject / pronoun and the verb in a
sentence:
I always eat in front of the TV.
You can also use the frequency adverbs sometimes, usually, and often at the start of a
sentence:
B It's 6:30.
Use about or at about to give approximate times ("approximate" means not exact):
A What time do supermarkets close?
He / She / It starts . . .
Unit 6 Neighborhoods: Lesson B What time is it?
Affirmative statements
Negative statements
The contractions isn't (= is not) or aren't (= are not) often follow nouns:
Marcos isn't working.
Spelling
swim swimming
have having
Use question word + be + subject (pronoun / noun) + verb + -ing to ask an information
question:
Use question word + be + verb + -ing to ask an information question with who as the
subject:
A Who's playing?
B The Yankees.
Short answers for present continuous Yes-No questions are like short answers with be.
Use Yes / No + pronoun + be (+ not):
Use contractions for negative short answers but not for positive short answers.
Time expressions
You can use the present continuous to talk about right now or around now:
I'm watching TV right now.
Here are some time expressions you can use with the present continuous:
right now
today
this morning
this week
this month
this year
this season
this semester
these days
Unit 8 Shopping: Lesson A Clothes
Use need to + verb and have to + verb to talk about needs and rules:
A What do you need to buy?
B I need to get some sneakers.
A What does Emre have to wear to work? Does he have to wear a suit?
B Yes, he does. He has to wear a suit and tie.
How much . . . ?
You can use How much . . . ? to ask about prices.
One way to ask the price of something is:
Remember to use the simple present of be in both the question and answer:
You can also use this and these without a noun when people know what you mean:
How much is this?
You can also use that and those without a noun when people know what you mean:
How much is this?
Statements
Use can to talk about things that are possible. Use subject + can + verb:
I can take a ferry.
Use can't (= can not / cannot) to talk about things that are not possible. Use subject
+ can't + verb:
The form of can / can't is the same for all subjects (I, you, he, she, we, and they).
Questions
Use can to ask questions about things that are possible.
Information questions
The form of can / can't is the same for all subjects (I, you, he, she, we, and they).
Yes-No questions
The form of can / can't is the same for all subjects (I, you, he, she, we, and they).
Statements
Use can and can't to talk about ability.
Use can't to talk about things you don't do well, or don't do:
I can't speak Spanish.
Questions
Use can to ask questions about ability.
Information questions
Yes-No questions
Affirmative statements
Negative statements
The form of simple past is the same for all subjects (I, you, he, she, we, and they).
For verbs ending in a consonant + -y, change the y to an i and add -ed:
You studied math.
For verbs ending in a vowel and a consonant, double the consonant and add -ed:
They chatted online.
Affirmative statements
Remember, irregular simple past verbs have different endings than regular simple past
verbs.
Negative statements
The form of simple past irregular verbs is the same for all subjects (I, you, he, she, we,
and they).
Use did / didn't (= did not) to give a short answer to a Yes-No question:
A Did you go out a lot last week?
B Yes, I did.
Remember, the form of did / didn't is the same for all subjects (I, you, he, she, we,
and they).
Simple past of be
The simple past of be is was / wasn’t / were / weren’t.
Statements
Affirmative statements
Negative statements
Use wasn't (= was not) with I, he, she, it, and singular nouns:
He wasn't happy.
Use weren't (= were not) with you, we, they, and plural nouns:
We weren't noisy.
Was it fun?
You can use No + subject + wasn't / weren't to answer a question in the simple past
with be.
(wasn't = was + not) (weren't = were + not)
Use No + subject + wasn't (= was not) with I, he, she, and it:
A Were you nervous?
B No, I wasn't.
Use No + subject + weren't (= were not) with you, we, and they:
A Were they nice?
You can use question word + was / were + subject to ask a simple past information
question.
B It was fun.
B In Hawaii.
B A couple of friends.
Remember, you use did for all subjects (I, you, he, she, we, and they).
Get and go
You can use get and go with some words. Some expressions have a similar meaning:
get / go back
get / go home
Countable nouns
Some nouns are countable. They are things you can count:
an apple
six potatoes
Some countable nouns are singular. Use a / an with singular countable nouns:
Countable nouns can also be plural. They usually end is -s. Don't use a / an with plural
countable nouns:
I don't eat bananas.
Uncountable nouns
Some nouns are uncountable. They are things you can't count:
milk
seafood
Questions
Statements
In affirmative statements, use a lot of. You can use a lot of with both countable and
uncountable nouns:
In negative statements, you can use a lot of or many with countable nouns:
Remember, you don't need to repeat the noun if it's clear what you are talking about:
Would like
You can use would like in offers and suggestions. It is a polite way to say want.
You don't need to repeat the noun in your answer if it's clear what you're talking about: