FUELS AND COMBUSTION

1.) Fuel is composed of chemical elements which in rapid chemical union with
oxygen, produce combustion.
2.) Combustion is an exothermic chemical reaction, which is accompanied by
development of heat and light at a rapid rate, temperature rises considerably.
3.) Methane (CH4) is the major constituent of natural gas.
4.) The approximate chemical composition of petroleum and its derivatives is:
carbon, 85%; hydrogen, 15%.
5.) Hydrometer furnishes the simplest method of determining gravity.
6.) Viscosity is property that measures a fluid’s resistance to flow.
7.) Crude petroleum oil contains mainly carbon and hydrogen, along with some
small amounts of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur.
8.) The hydrogen is present always in the form of hydrocarbon mixtures.
9.) Internal Combustion engine is operated almost exclusively on fuels derived
from petroleum.
10.) The largest demand has been gasoline on account of the automobile, truck,
and airplane.
11.) Diesel is the principal Internal Combustion engine for stationary power plants.
12.) Cetane number is the percent of cetane in the standard fuel.
13.) Cracked oils show lower cetane number than straight-run distillates.
14.) Aniline point is that temperature where equal parts of oil and aniline (a coal tar
derivative will dissolve in each other.
15.) Lower points may be specified whenever required by local temperature
conditions to facilitate storage and use.
16.) Flash point is the temperature at which ignition of the fuel vapors rising above
the heated oil will occur when exposed to an open flame.
17.) Pour point is the minimum temperature at which the fuel will no longer pour
freely.
18.) Color is sometimes specified on the basis that good color indicates clean fresh
stock of satisfactory volatility.
19.) Ash is the incombustible content of fuel oil.
20.) Sulfur to an excessive amount may produce corrosion and deposits in the
engine; oils have sulfur and must not exceed 2% in any case.
21.) The grindability index is a measure of the relative ease or difficulty of
pulverizing different kinds of coal.
22.) One of the test of grindability, the Hardgrove, uses a standard miniature
pulverizer into which is sent a definite amount of grinding energy.
23.) The weight of the ground product that will pass a 75 micron sieve is employed
to calculate an index number called the Hardgrove Grindability.
24.) Ash fusion temperature are determined by viewing a molded specimen of the
coal ash through an observation window in a high – temperature furnace.
25.) The heating value of coal is determined either by the peroxide or oxygen bomb
calorimeter.
26.) Heating value tests are performed by the use of one of the standard fuel
calorimeters.
27.) If the maximum temperature of the absorbing medium is low enough to cool the
products of combustion below 100ºC, the latent heat of vaporization in the
products will be released.
28.) The bomb is charged with oxygen to a pressure of about 14 kg/cm2.
29.) Proximate analysis is made by heating the coal until it decomposes
successively into three of the four complex items.
30.) Ultimate analysis is an analysis of the composition of fuel which gives, on
mass basis, the relative amounts of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur
ash and moisture.
31.) When a coal is subjected to combustion conditions, it first absorbs the heat
necessary to cause volatilization of the hydrocarbons.
32.) The quantity of gas burned is indicated by a “wet type” gas meter, which
shows the pressure and temperature of the gas as well as the volume consumed.
33.) Moisture-and ash-free coal is generally called combustible, since it represents
the fraction of the original sample that can be gasified during proper combustion.
34.) The desiccator is a closed vessel containing a dehumidifying substance which
will keep the test samples from absorbing moisture from the atmosphere as they
cool.
35.) The volumetric coefficient of expansion of oil is 0.0007 per ºC.
36.) When combustion of coal is complete, the gaseous products are CO2, N2, O2,
from excess air, and SO2.
37.) Orsat apparatus is commonly used for test to analyze gaseous products of
combustion.
38.) The average high speed engine requires a fuel of better than 45 cetane.
39.) The typical petroleum substance is a complex of carbon and hydrogen, mixed
with paraffins, olefins, naphthalenes, and aromatics, each having its own boiling
range.
40.) High speed engine require large fraction of low boiling point.
41.) Coke a mixture of fixed carbon and ash.
42.) Ignition temperature which the atoms of fuel in oxygen must be well mixed
together and be in a highly agitated state externally.
43.) Coal is a heterogeneous compound.
44.) Molal Ratio or the ration by volume of nitrogen to oxygen in air when both
gases are at the same temperature.
45.) Cracking of crude oil yields a larger fraction of Internal Combustion engine
fuel than does distillation.
46.) Calorific value is the heating value obtained when the water in the product of
combustion is in liquid state.
47.) Lower heating value is the heating value obtained when the water in the
products of combustion is in the vapor state.
48.) Solid fuels such as coal, coke, wood, charcoal, bagasse, coconut shells and
briquetted fuels.
49.) Liquid fuels such as crude petroleum and its distillates (gasoline, alcohol,
kerosene, diesel, bunker, and other fuel oils)
50.) Gaseous fuels such as natural gas, artificial gas, blast furnace, liquified
petroleum gas (LPG), methane, acethylene, propane, …..