"Facilitating Learner CenteredTeaching"

Discuss the Following:

A.Behaviorism

1.Explain the basic principles of Behaviorism

»The Behaviorism is a worldview that operates on a principle of “stimulus-response.” All

behavior caused by external stimuli (operant conditioning). All behavior can be

explained without the need to consider internal mental states or

consciousness.Behaviorism is a worldview that assumes a learner is essentially

passive, responding to environmental stimuli. The learner starts off as a clean slate (i.e.

tabula rasa) and behavior is shaped through positive reinforcement or negative

reinforcemen.Both positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement increase the

probability that the antecedent behavior will happen again. In contrast, punishment

(both positive and negative) decreases the likelihood that the antecedent behavior will

happen again. Positive indicates the application of a stimulus; Negative indicates the

withholding of a stimulus. Learning is therefore defined as a change in behavior in the

learner. Lots of (early) behaviorist work was done with animals (e.g. Pavlov’s dogs) and

generalized to human.

2.Make a simple plan applying the primary laws of learnings

»Law of the preparation, that affirms that the preparation or disposition of the subject

contributes to the learning. In other words, that the own expectations of the subject

constitute the intrinsic reinforcement of all action.

Law of the exercise that sustains that the exercise or the practice of the appropriate

response contributes to strengthen the connection between the stimulus and the

corresponding response.

Law of effect. This is considered the most important. According to this law, the

succession of stimuli and responses is not enough for learning to occur. For the learning

to happen, reinforcement is needed. This is that when an act is followed by a reward it

tends to repeat itself, whereas when it is followed by a punishment the probability of its

repetition decreases.

regard

Example: Hannah is average in learning a math subject and her teacher notice

it.Fortunately her teacher always explains the formula in the classin order hannah to

master the topic of the solving.It explains that the more her teacher always taught,the

more she likely learned and remember

3.Give specific application of each theory in teaching.

»An example of behaviorism is when teachers reward their class or certain students

with a party or special treat at the end of the week for good behavior throughout the

week. The same concept is used with punishments. The teacher can take away certain

privileges if the student misbehaves.

B)Neo-Behaviorism

1.)Explain Tolman purposive behaviorism

»Purposive behaviorism is a branch of psychology that was introduced by Edward

Tolman. It combines the objective study of behavior while also considering the purpose

or goal of behavior.Tolman thought that learning developed from knowledge about the

environment and how the organism relates to its environmen.Tolman's goal was to

identify the complex cognitive mechanisms and purposes that guided behavior.Tolman's

purposive behaviorism focused on meaningful behavior, or molar behavior.In Tolman's

purposive behaviorism, behavior implied a performance, the achievement of an altered

relationship between the organism and its environment; behavior was functional and

pragmatic; behavior involved motivation and cognition; behavior revealed

purpose.Tolman's behavior was molar, involving an adjustment of the organism with

respect to its environment, not a molecular, physiological response.

2.Explain Bandura social learning theory

»Social Learning Theory, theorized by Albert Bandura, posits that people learn from one

another, via observation, imitation, and modeling. The theory has often been called a

bridge between behaviorist and cognitive learning theories because it encompasses

attention, memory, and motivation.

3.Give specific application of each theory in teaching

»Purposive behaviorism
>A student studying for examination because his purpose is to have a higher grades

and to be honor student in their class.Then her parents will give him a gift if he pass the

exam and to be honor student in the class.

C.Gestalt Psychology

1.Describe the Different gestalt principles.

»LAW OF PROXIMITY

The Gestalt law of proximity states that "objects or shapes that are close to one another

appear to form groups". Even if the shapes, sizes, and objects are radically different,

they will appear as a group if they are close.Also called "grouping," the principle

concerns the effect generated when the collective presence of the set of elements

becomes more meaningful than their presence as separate element

»LAW OF SIMILARITY

The principle of similarity states that, all else being equal, perception lends itself to

seeing stimuli that physically resemble each other as part of the same object, and

stimuli that are different as part of a different object. This allows for people to distinguish

between adjacent and overlapping objects based on their visual texture and

resemblance. Other stimuli that have different features are generally not perceived as

part of the object. Our brain uses similarity to distinguish between objects which might

lie adjacent to or overlap with each other based upon their visual texture. An example of

this is a large area of land used by numerous independent farmers to grow crops. Each
farmer may use a unique planting style which distinguishes his field from another.

Another example is a field of flowers which differ only by color.[citation needed]

The principles of similarity and proximity often work together to form a Visual Hierarchy.

Either principle can dominate the other, depending on the application and combination

of the two. For example, in the grid to the left, the similarity principle dominates the

proximity principle and you probably see rows before you see columns.

»LAW OF CLOSURE

The principle of closure refers to the mind’s tendency to see complete figures or forms

even if a picture is incomplete, partially hidden by other objects, or if part of the

information needed to make a complete picture in our minds is missing. For example, if

part of a shape’s border is missing people still tend to see the shape as completely

enclosed by the border and ignore the gaps. This reaction stems from our mind’s natural

tendency to recognize patterns that are familiar to us and thus fill in any information that

may be missing.

»LAW OF GOOD CONTINUATION

When there is an intersection between two or more objects, people tend to perceive

each object as a single uninterrupted object. This allows differentiation of stimuli even

when they come in visual overlap. We have a tendency to group and organize lines or

curves that follow an established direction over those defined by sharp and abrupt

changes in direction.[citation needed.

»LAW OF PRAGRANZ

How the complicated thing become simple and theough this we can easily figure and

discover a new shape.

2.List way of applying gestalt psychology in teaching learning process

»Lesson should be presented in such way that learners will see these as connected and

continuos

»Make your lesson holistic,complete and most of all simple

»Emphasis should be done on important aspects of the lesson

»Underline the important key of the lesson.

D.Information Processing

1.)Describe the process involved in acquiring,storing and retrieving knowledge

»Information processing of knowledge acquire by the human experiences and memory

senses.The atudy of this affect the cognitive concept of getting information.

Storage consists of retention of information over time. It is believed that we can

accumulate information in three main storage areas that vary according to time frames:

sensory, short-term (or working), and long-term

Retrieval is the process of getting information from memory.The ability to access and

retrieve information from memory allows us to actually ise these memories to amke

descisions ,interact with ithers and solve problems.

2.)Cite educational implications of the theory of informationprocessing.

»In Information-Processing Model, the main emphasis is the learner and the

environment.The learner interacts with the environment when the simulation activates

the receptors. The information is then transferred to the short-term memory (STM). It

only keeps important information in STM with the help of selective perception.Usinf the

information processing approach in classroom it gain the student attention,it shows

student how to chunk info and organized it.Give student oppurtunities to elaborate on

new information.As an educator, it is essential to always find new and interesting

methods in helping students remember new information that is taught to enhance their

understanding better.

E.Bruner Contructivist Theory

1.)Deacribe the development of the childs ability to represent knowledge.

»According to Gerome Bruner children represent theor knowledge by learning from

symbol and language This is the most adaptable form of a representation,for actiins and

knowledge.For actions and images have a fixed relation to what which they represent.

2)Explain how the spiral curriculum works

»The spiral approach is a technique often used in teaching where first the basic facts of

a subject are learned without worrying the details.Then as a learning progresses more

and more details are introduced while at the same time they are related to the basics.In
spiral curriculum the teachers must the curriculum by teaching the samesource content

in different ways depending on students developmental levels.

3.Demostrate appreciation of discovery learning as a teaching strategy.

-To appreciate the constructionofconstruction strategy is that students works primarily in

groups and learnings as knowledge are interactive and dynamic .also ,it encourages

thehe collaboration of exchanging ideas.Constructivist theory approaches can also be

used in promoting the social cognitive of students

F.Ausubel Theory

1.)Explain Ausubel Subsumption Theory

»AusubelSubsumption Theoryprescribes a way of creating instructional material that

helps learners organize their content in order to make it meaningful for transfer. The

goal here is for learners to have the necessary background that will help them solve any

problem and also retain this knowledge.According to the concept set forth by Ausubel,

the acquisition of knowledge is based on the actual processes that occur during

learning. The key process that takes place in the learner's brain is subsumption,

wherein new content is related to relative ideas that are already present in the existing

cognitive structure on a non-verbatim basis. Cognitive structures is what’s left in the

human brain from all the learning experiences, after forgetting inevitably occurs. So,

when some details, facts or situations lose their individual nature, they are then

integrated into a general notion.Ausubel subsumption theory is based on the idea that

an individual's existing cognitive structure (organization, stability and clarity of

knowledge in a particular subject) is the principal and basic factor influencing the
learning and retention of meaningful new mats the importance of relating new ideas to a

student’s existing knowledge base before the new material is presented

2.Determine the ise of Graphic organizer

»Graphic organizers are tools that can be used to visualize and organize information.

Because graphic organizers are often used as prompts for students to fill in the blanks,

graphic organizers provide many benefits to students who use them including:

Helping students structure writing project

Encouraging students to make decisions

Making it easy for students to classify ideas and communicate

Allowing students to examine relationships

Guiding students in demonstrating their thinking process

Helping students increase reading comprehension

Making it easy to brainstorm

Encouraging students to organize essential concepts and ideas

Making it clear how to break apart a story into the main elements (intro, rising action,

climax, etc.)

G.Gagne`s condition of learning

1.)Explain Gagnes Condition of learning

»This theory stipulates that there are several different types or levels of learning. The

significance of these classifications is that each different type requires different types of

instruction. Gagne identifies five major categories of learning: verbal information,

intellectual skills, cognitive strategies, motor skills and attitudes. Different internal and

external conditions are necessary for each type of learning. For The foundations of

Gagne's work lie in the concept of Behaviourism, based on the notion that through

analysing observed behaviours, the necessary components to acquire a specific skill

could be identified. From his observations of individuals' learning, he concluded that the

process of learning a specific skill was dependent upon previous learning which led to

his assertion that instruction should comprise of logical, sequenced steps which build

upon prior learning. It is through this sequence of 'building knowledge' and the mastery

of each component that learning can occur.

2.Articulate the benefits of using gagnes in principles of teaching

»Gagne's Nine Levels of Learning model gives trainers and educators a checklist to use

before they engage in teaching or training activities. Each step highlights a form of

communication that aids the learning process. When each step is completed in turn,

learners are much more likely to be engaged and to retain the information or skills that

they're being taught.If you use this approach before any type of training session or

presentation, you'll remember how to structure your session so that your people get the

best possible learning experience.

H.Contructivisim Knowledge

1.Explain the role of contructivism in facilitating learning

»The role of the teacher in constructivist philosophy is adapt to the learner’s needs and

give them the freedom to construct knowledge for themselves. Each learner is

considered as a unique individual, with cultural background, individual disposition, and

prior knowledge influencing their learning. The teacher must consider all these factors,

and then assist the learner in pursuing new knowledge and placing what they have

learned into the context of their own lives.

2.)Describe strategies to promote knowledge construction

»According to deeper learning there are 6srategies to promote knowledge construction:

1.. Help students uncover knowledge

2.Eliminate the front of the classroom

3.Encourage collaboration

4.Informally assess students

5.Design lessons with flexible learning paths

6.Provide students with built-in tech support

I.Transfer of Learning

1.Explain how transfer learning occurs

»Transfer learning occurs in the dependency of learning or performance on prior

experience.Transfer learning happens when learning in one contect or with one set of

materials affects performance in another context or with other related materials.

2Identify the factorsprocess that affect transferthe of learning

»Transfer of learning refers to the “ability of a trainee to apply the behavior, knowledge,

and skills acquired in one learning situation to another.Factors that affectmake the

transfer training are instructional deaign factor,learner factor and external factor.

J.Meaning and type of Motivation

1.Distinguish between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation.

Extrinsic motivation occurs when we are motivated to perform a behavior or engage in

an activity to earn a reward or avoid punishment. In this case, you engage in a behavior

not because you enjoy it or because you find it satisfying, but in order to get something

in return or avoid something unpleasant.

Intrinsic motivation involves engaging in a behavior because it is personally rewarding;

essentially, performing an activity for its own sake rather than the desire for some

external reward. Essentially, the behavior itself is its own reward.

2.Justify the role of extrinsic motivation in view of the development of intrinsic motivation

» Extrinsic motivation is our desire to perform a task becauseof incentives or rewards.

So,because of that reward that triggers you to do a certain task, it develops your

motivation from within or the so called intrinsic motivation.

K.Theories on factors affecting motivation

1.Explain to the following theories on the sources of intrinsic motivation.

Attribution Theory-This theory explains that we attribute our successes or failures or

other events to several factors.Attribution theory deals with how the social perceiver

uses information to arrive at causal explanations for events. It examines what

information is gathered and how it is combined to form a causal judgment”.

Self -Efficacy theory-A sense ofhigh efficacy means a high sense of competence. Self-

efficacy, or confidence as it is commonly known, is one of the most enabling psychology

models to have been adopted into positive psychology. It is the optimistic self-belief in

our competence or chances of successfully accomplishing a task and producing a

favourable outcome.

Self determination and self regulation theory-Students are intrinsically motivated when

they have this when they believe they have some choice and control regarding the

thingss they do and the directions their lives take.

Goal Theory-This theory states that goal setting is essentially linked to task

performance. It states that specific and challenging goals along with appropriate

feedback contribute to higher and better task performance.In simple words, goals

indicate and give direction.

Choice theory-Choice theory contends that we are internally motivated, not externally

motivated by rewards and punishmenteffect.Originally called “control theory,” Glasser

switched to “choice theory” in 1996 to emphasize that virtually all behavior is chosen
Maslow Hierarchy of needs-Maslow first introduced his concept of a hierarchy of needs

in his 1943 paper "A Theory of Human Motivation" and his subsequent book Motivation

and Personality. This hierarchy suggests that people are motivated to fulfill basic needs

before moving on to other, more advanced needs.

2.Cite the implications of these theories to the facilitation of learning

-The implication of these theories is that student wll actively engaged in every activities

because they believed that they can do it by their selfand successfulyaccomplishing a

task with a fabourable outcome.