PHILOSOPHY REVIEWER FINAL NA TO
Philosopy- Knowledge of all things through
ultimate reason.
IDEALISM
- coined by Plato
Forms (material) and Ideas
(spiritual/immaterial)
- Idealism doesn’t disregard the object. But
they only conceive partially
- From the word IDEAN means TO SEE
(matter)
GEORGE BERKELEY
-Irish Priest or Bishop
-MONIST- single core of matter
-SOLIPSISM- bubuo sa matter
“Esse est percipi” TO BE IS TO BE
PERCEIVED (Senses)
- Used the word immaterialism – denying
existence of matter
- Great opponent is aethist
- Atheist believes in Matter/Materialism
-He developed St. Thomas Aquinas’ The
Four Types of Causes
FOUR TYPES OF CAUSES:
1. Material Cause – matter
2. Efficient Cause – agent
3. Formal Cause - Color, Shape, Weight
4. Final Cause – Final Product – Man
- But according to Berkeley, it doesn’t
end with FINAL CAUSE, Because Man
should find his purpose which is to be a real
human person. And that purpose comes
from God which is the Absolute idea.
• FRIEDRICH WILHELM JOSEPH
VON SCHELLING
- Doesn’t disregard object – Senses
(conceivable)
- YOU WILL EXPERIENCE
ABSOLUTE IDEA RIGHT FROM THE
BEGINNING from GOD
- Freedom comes with Free Will and Choice
- Choice goes with what you think is right
and wrong
- Absolute Spirit – Objective Idealism
(Universal)
• GEORGE WILHELM HEGEL
- Who am I in this World
-Dialectical/Dialectic Method
- Dialectical means DIALOGUE
THREE STAGES
- Thesis- Discovery by you alone
- Antithesis- Discovery with others
- Synthesis- Continues Process
wherein you go back to the past to find the
answer to the questions in the present life.
You will only meet the absolute idea when
you DIE. By that time, you will recognize
your purpose and live it in another world
(wherein youre pure and perfect)
PRAGMATISM
Charls Sander Pierce- Father of
Pragmatism
-Post modern (modern aetheist )
-Greek word “pragma” –
action,experiments, ability, work
Guide Thoughts
-EXPERIENCE is the highlight term of
Pragmatism
• World – Dynamic – Everything is a
Framework – Concept – Concept Doctrine –
(to prove) Experience – Find Meaning-
When error arouse, IDEA TO BE BLAMED
• Truth is Relative, THERES NO
ABSOLUTE TRUTH
• It doesn’t disregard IDEA but uses IDEA
to prove that IDEA is always SUBJECTED
TO ERROR – Means NO ABSOLUTE
TRUTH
• EXPERIENCE IS THE ULTIMATE
BASIS OF REALITY
• TRUTH IS WHATEVER WORKS
CHARLES SANDER PIERCE
- A mathematician and Scientist
-He didn’t disregard Idea, uses it ONLY IN
THE FIRST PART OF SCIENTIFIC
PROCESS
- Beliefs, Ideas, and Concepts – Already
Given but to validate these, that results to
DOUBT – therefore THERE should be
INQUIRY or EXPERIMENTAL TEST that
will result not to the MEANING but to the
Consequences.
-TOTALITY OF MAN
-HE WANTS TO BREAK THE TIME TO
ENTER ANOTHER DIMENSION TO
KILL GOD (ALPHA AND OMEGA)
FIXATION OF BELIEFS (4 WAYS)
1. TENACITY- Innate idea
2. AUTHORITY- Opinion (Partial Ideas)
3. AGREEABLE APRIORI or APRIORI
VS APOSTERIORI – Empiricism (Senses)
4. METHOD OF SCIENCE- Believe in
inductive method where IDEAS ARE
ONLY AT THE START.
JOHN DEWEY
- Mathematician
-HANDS ON APPROACH
-introduced instrumentalism (IMPOSITION
OF ENTITY) We use idea as an instrument
to practical works
-TO FULFILL THE DESIRABLE END –
Last entity
GREAT OPPONENT- MASLOW (not all
man can reach SELF ACTUALIZATION)
HERBERT MEAD
- Psychologist
-Social theory of I (entity) and Me (identity)
1. Preparatory Stage- limitations rely on
ideas (Duplication)
2. Play Stage- Experience with other people
3. Game Stage- Generalize the World, only
you independently deciding
WILLIAM JAMES
-Social Theory of Self - Functionalism
1. The True Self- Ideas
(ex. You want to cheat?)
2. The Real Self- Experience
(ex. I should review)
1. The Pro-Active Self – Goal
IF DECISION FAILED, IDEAS TO BE
BLAMED
EXISTENTIALISM
Existentialism- Creating meaning in
meaningless world.
Soren Kierkegaard- Father of
Existentialism
- arouse in the age of ENLIGHTENMENT
-(WORLD WAR II) – Hitler (Civil Law)
- CANON LAW – Church Law
-TO BE OR NOT TO BE
-Potency of being man
-Focus on the man not on the world because
the world is absurd, it has no meaning and
purpose so it’s NO LIFE
-ESSENTIALISM – Opponent of
EXISTENTIALISM (essence preceeds
existence)
-Angst- existential crisis or problem
-Existence preceeds essence
-Church is totalitarian therefore we are
authoritarian
-We can’t exercise the justice
SOREN KIERKEGAARD
-Founder of Existentialism
-“Leap of Faith” – Book
Faith is GENUINE BELIEF
-World is absurd, full of angoise (full of
anguish)
1. Man is the product of passion
2. Man is the product of zealous
intention
-Great opponent : Hegel because
SCIENTIFIC METHOD IS USED
-STAGES OF LIFE
1. Aesthetic- pleasure/ enjoyment
2. Ethical- understanding functions of life
3. Religious- absolute freedom, when youre
about to die, youll be religious as
preparation to meeting God.
Boredom – Transistory of Stages
JEAN PAUL SARTE
-We are part of the world
-“Being and Nothing”- Book
-DEATH- actuality of being man
(ANTEDOTE to Suffering)
-Absurdity of the World (Time is
inconsistent) – Full of Anguish – No
Purpose – God (Inconsistent)
-Man – No design – uses essence to find
meaning or to absolute freedom
FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE
- World is full of WHYs –leads to
DEATH – God is Dead - Nihilism (book
means NOTHING)
Being – Assisiticm ( will to power –
potency of man – something not to be
nothing in this World) – Amor Fati – Love
one’s faith – destiny of man or being is to
find its meaning
Ubermanche – we are all superman means
we have talent to exceed
( SUPERIORITY)
Note: Ubermanche is unfinished book
because he quoted “ The real happiness is in
the empty world”
MARTIN HEIDEGGER
-“Being and In Time”
- Da-sein (being rational being )
- Da Nichts- nothing
- Geworfenheit- throwness
- Uneigentlichkeith- inauthenticity (death
– the only answer)
- Eigentlichkeit- authenticity (there is true
meaning)
-death is in absurdity of da-sein
-You can experience death while existing in
this world
-live in graveyard! –there is meaning in
SUFFERING
 - mambubuhay ka ng tapaT
SIR EVERT
Martin Heidegger- Phenomenology of
Death-
The search for the meaning of being.
DASEIN- being in the world
DA-SEIN – being- in- the- world
Regrets- Worst form of death
We should be authentic to have a
meaningful life.
SIR EVERT
Intersubjectivity- Awareness of the self and
the other.
Martin Buber- Pagpasok sa mundo ng iba.
Dialogue- deep and genuine relationship of
a person.
Seeming- you hide your identity to be
accepted by others
Being- showing your true self; acceptance.
Speechifying-
Ich-Es Relationship
-when you see a person as a thing;
monologue; I- It
Ich-Du Relationship
I-Thou – subject to subject; dialogue
Edmund Husserl- Father of
Phenomenology/ Phenomenological Method
Phenomenological Method leads to right
judgement.
Method of Phenomenology
Epoche – Bracketing
Eidetic Reduction- Remove biases or
exhaust all possibility
Trancendental/ Phenomenological
Reduction- conclusion; final judgement.
Edith Stein also known
St. Teresa Benedicta
Empathy- You put yourself in one’s shoes
Aesthetic Empathy
Moral Empathy
Sympathy- Shared feeling
Pope John Paul II named Karol Jozef
Wojtyla
HUMAN PERSON AND SOCIETY
Components
Mores –Personal rule or system
Norms – Society. Not legal. Establish by
institution
Law-Legal. Government.
Dignity- Rights of human person
Political Philosophy
Divine origin- God. Canon law
Patriarchal Origin- tyranny (one ruler)
Matriarchal Origin- tyranny (one ruler)
Historical Origin- system of society
Marxist Theory- Karl Marx (book: Das
Kapital and Communist Manifesto) ----
Constitution began. Evolution of Laws
19th century – French and American
Revolution
John Locke – He defined man as Tabula
Rasa means empty sheet.
“Wherein law ends, tyranny begins”
-Empirical Method
Man should enjoyed liberty, Natural rights ,
right to life, liberty and property (security).
1. Man governed by the law of nature
- State and society cannot fulfill the
needs of every individual
3 drawbacks
1. Laws were not clearly stated
2. No common authority to enforce the
natural rights
3. No recognized and commonly accepted
judge to settle the disputes
“fulfill the human person before establishing
a government” (what john locke tries to
explain)
3 remedy
No legislative to make law
No Judiciary to interpret law
No Executive to implement law
Social Contract: Formation of Civil Society
Governmental Contract: Establishment of
Government
Thomas Hobbes
2 basic equalities
1.Equality of need –basic needs like water
etc.
2.Equality of Power (survival of the
fittest)
He defined leader as LEVIATHAN
MEANS SEA MONSTER
3 important passions (DESIRE OF
SAFETY, GAIN AND GLORY)
Jean Jacque Rousseau “man is born free
but everywhere he is chained”
2 factors emerged to disintegrate state of
nature
1. Increase in population (mas dumarami tao
means mas lalong dumarami evil)
2. Dawn of reason (Simplicity and
happiness disappeared)
- Time of mafia wars
To escape in the formation of
TRADITIONAL STATE OF NATURE:
Individual: Collective unit of society
Civilizations:forced man to civil society
Political System: General will/ natural
rights
NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI
THE PRINCE (Book as a an apology)
2 qualities of a prince (HEART OF A
LION AND A CANON MIND)
- He believes you must submit your general
will to one ruler
- Against the divine law of plato
“seek salvation, reject appetite”
Richard Rorty
All about “ETHICS” – morality (rooted
from culture) (culture – one way of knowing
and living)
-YOU NEED TO BE OPEN IN
CRITICISM
-PROVIDING A POSITIVE VIEW
-ayaw ng government at dapat may
communication.
SIR EVERT
John Locke- There is ruler but we still have
our own rights.
Man - greedy.
Government- they preserve and protect.
They give us right to life, liberty and
property.
Thomas Hobbes- absolute monarchy.
Man- evil
Leviathan- law enforcer/ punisher
The government is responsible for peace
and order, equal distribution of goods and
property.
Jean Jacques Rousseau proposes freedom.
Man- free
General will, absolute power.
Nicollo Machiavelli- Father of Modern
PolScie.
People should obey in the law.
“It is better to be feared than to be loved”
Etymology- origin of the word
Psychology
William Woods (father of psychology)
Sigmund Freud
-Austrian, doctor
-father of psychoanalysis
One of the first psychologists to study
human motivation
-Psychiatry vs. Psychology
-up until 20th century frontal lobotomies
were performed on patients
Freud-believed that mental illness is a
result of nurture, not nature.
He asked the question:
“What makes people do things?”
Answer: MOTIVATION
Needs motivate human behaviour (food,
shelter, clothing…)
Being deprived of a need arouses a feeling
called a DRIVE OR DESIRE. Animals
respond instinctively, humans learn various
ways to respond.
Human motivation explains the reasons why
people behave the way they do.
People have DRIVES OR DESIRES in the
back of their minds
ie: Will to live, will to die
Some of these desires cause people to
behave irrationally.
People are born with a certain number of
instincts or DRIVES (human instinctive
behaviour)
The human mind has 3 aspects which
influence behavior
Id Super ego ego
ID- unconconscious part of the mind
(this part of the mind seeks to bring us
pleasure)
-primitive parts of our personality including
Aggression and sexual drives
EGO-conscious part of the mind (Rational
Self). Decides what action to take for
positive means and what to do based on
what is believed is the right thing to do.
Aware of reality.
SUPEREGO- unconscious part of the mind
that
acts as our conscience. Reminds us of what
we should do.
The ID and the SUPEREGO are in constant
conflict. Your DRIVE tells you to do one
thing , while SOCIETY tells you to do
something else.
If you don’t resolve this conflict between
the ID and the EGO, you may experience
unhappiness or mental distress.
Thus, in order to understand motivation, you
must understand what is in your
unconscious memory. This is the basis for
PSYCHOANALYSIS.
How do you get this out?
1) FREE ASSOCIATION
-ink blot pictures, word association
(Way of “tricking” you to lull your
conscious mind to sleep to bring out the
unconscious).
2) HYPNOSIS
- Freud was one of the first to use this.
This is a way of freeing the unconscious
mind or opening up drawers to remember
vivid details of the past.
3) DREAMS
- Freud believed dreams were your
unconscious mind talking to you. Dreams
were very symbolic and difficult to analyze.
- MEDITATION
- – some Buddhist monks meditate for Oral Anal Phallic
15 hours a day! Latent Gental
ABRAHAM MASLOW Conscious
Unconscious-total blockness
ERIK ERIKSON Pre- conscious-short term memory
• Psychosocial development theory is SIR EVERT
based on eight stages of development Sigmund Freud- Father of Psychoanalysis.
• Erikson’s theory is based on the idea Method of psychoanalysis
that development through life is a series of ID- pleasure
stages which are each defined by a crisis or Ego- mediator
challenge Super Ego- morality; conscience
_______________________________ Abraham Maslow- Theres a lot of process
with each other and use the new tools. This before you reach self- actualization
means that the learning environment must Physiological Needs
be authentic, that is, it must contain the type Safety Needs
of people who would use these types of Love and Belonging
tools such as concepts, language, symbols in Esteem
a natural way. Erik Erickson- Psychosocial Development
Theory
LEV VYGOTSKY 1.Trust VS. Mistrust /infancy/
• Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) 2.Autonomy VS. Shame or doubt /toddler/
Distance Between Actual and Potential 3.Initiative vs. guilt /pre-schooler/
Knowledge 4. Competence vs. inferiority /elementary/
• Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD). 5. identity vs. confusion /adolescence/
The difference between what a 6.Intimacy vs. isolation /young adulthood/
child can do independently and what the 7. generativity vs. stagnation /middle
child needs help from a more adulthood/
knowledgeable person to do is the 8. integrity vs. despair /late adulthood/
• Learning appears twice.
First on the social level, and SIR EVERT
later, on the individual level; first between Oriental Philosopher
people (interpsychology), and then inside Siddharta Gautama also known as Buddha
the child (intrapsychology). Buddha- Prince of Nepal
• Development cannot be separated from Enlightened one
its social context. Buddhism- Religion
The context needed for learning Buddhist- People
is that where the learners can interact Nirvana- Paradise
Psychosexual Development “one who has awakened”
4 noble truth
1. Dukkha- suffering
2. Samudaya- cause of suffering
3. Nirodha- end of suffering
4. Maggo- way out of suffering
Cause of suffering- DESIRES
Lao Tzu- old founder of taosim
Tao Te Ching- Bible
Taoist- People
Tao-Nature-Reality = Balance
Confucius- famous thinker
Confucianism- religion
The Analects- Bible or teaching of
Confucius.
Hinduism- oldest religion or ancient
religion
Vedas- sacred knowledge
God- Brahman.
three forms called the Trimurti. Brahman
takes many forms. Especially
Brahma- Creator
Vishnu- preserver
Shiva- destroyer
There’s a conflict between Western
Philosopher and Eastern Philosophers
because they claim that Westerns are the
intelligent people because they are more
advance,they have technology but they
dehumanizes man while the Eastern are
low because they focuses on nature and
the goal, which is the way of life.
Mahatma Ghandi- principle of non-
violence.
Ubermensch- superman
ZPD- zone of proximal development