INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

Today's life, transportation is an essential tool to maximize time efficiently. It has been an essential
part of most societies of the past. One can hardly conceive of a future society in which it would not
continue to be essential. The adequacy of traffic transportation system is a fair index of country's economic
development. Traffic counts is the most basic of all parametric studies, as volume (or rate flow) is the unit
to quantify traffic demand or the amount of traffic. Thus, volume as parameter most often used to quantify
demand is also used in planning, design, control, operation and management analyses. In traffic studies the
result in the observation and measurement of conditions as they exist in the present current observation
do not indicate the future nor reflect constraints in the existing highway system that may prevent vehicles
from accessing a desired link or section of the system. Traffic safety is everybody’s concern. The police
accident report is very useful, as often the officer has been trained and is an impartial observer of the
accident.
National highways are considered as the vital access to municipalities and cities in the Philippines
because they provide the framework for the network of arterials, collectors and local streets. Along these
national roads are intersections. It cannot be denied that some intersections along the national highways
are suffering from congestion and sometimes safety of drivers and pedestrians cannot be ensured
As defined by New World Encyclopedia, when we talk about transportation it is the movement of
people, goods, and facilities. Transportation of people or commuting is considered to be one important tool
for progress. Specially on urban areas as well as the transportation of goods and products. (New World
Encyclopedia)
Urban and other highly populated rural areas are now confronted with traffic problems such as traffic
accidents, congestion, pollution and energy problems due to the continuing growth of the transportation
system in the region. Congestion is observed along various corridors in different parts of the country.
Transportation Engineering has its full share of technological problems. Safer, faster vehicles with
greater capacity are sought for road haul and smaller, more flexible units are needed bear-imposed loads
and greater capacities. Problem exist in vehicle roadway dynamics, vehicle suspensions, roadway stability,
reduction of pollution and improved terminal system –all within the basic requirements of safety
dependability and economy. (Hay 1908).
As time pass by transportation may not be efficient through many factors. One of this is traffic. Traffic is
often classified by type: heavy vehicle, light vehicle, and pedestrian. Different classes may share speed
limits and easement, or may be segregated. Some jurisdictions may have very detailed and complex rules of
the road while others rely more on drivers' common sense and willingness to cooperate. (Tanay Bysani*et
al.)
The roles of Transportation in society can be classified according to economics, Social, Political and
environmental roles. The social role of transportation has caused people to use in permanent settlement
and has given chances of sustainable developments. Regarding political role, large areas can now be very
easily governed with the help of good transportation system. The environmental effect is usually viewed
negatively. (Mathew, 2009)
Based on class of transportation engineering at Panpacific University, Average Daily Traffic or ADT
refers to traffic volume or flow on a highway as measured by the number of vehicles passing a partial
station during a given interval of time. It is called the Average Annual Daily Traffic or AADT. If the period is
less than a year, volume may be stated on hourly observed daily traffic volume or estimated 30th hour
volume commonly used for design purposes. Some agencies use traffic volume for 5minutes interval to
distinguish short peak movements of vehicles.
UN says that another factor is urbanization in 16 May 2018, New York. Urbanization is the rapid growth
of urban areas by an even more rapidly expanding population. It is a phenomenon that can not be over
looked among transport development factors. Accessibility to land and the intensity of land use are closely
related to transport availability.
While population increases, pedestrians will be occupied fully with intensive number of people. A
pedestrian lane is a designated space on the roadway for exclusive use of pedestrians. The lane may be on
one or both sides of the roadway and can fill gaps between important destinations in a community.
Therefore, the more people cross the pedestrian lane, the more traffic it causes.
 Transport planning must be integral part of a much wider process of decision making. Too often in the
past transport solution have been the only way to resolve transport problems. Transport planning must be
part of the land-use planning and development process, which requires an integrated approach to analysis
and a clear vision of the type of city and society in which we wish to live. (Banister, 1994).
Government engineers designed Fly Over and Footbridge to prevent collision, accidents and traffic.
Footbridges are often situated to allow pedestrians to cross water or railways in areas where there are no
nearby roads. They are also located across roads to let pedestrians cross safely without slowing traffic. The
latter is a type of pedestrian separation structure, examples of which are particularly found at crossing.
While a bridge is a structure that elevates the road to bypass another road ways or water ways such as
rivers, stream and even seas. Meaning, the main function of bridge is to connects one place to another
without any obstacles and transport goods and services efficiently. This structure is commonly composed of
two supports holding up the beam. As much as possible, short span should be used to assure that the
capability of the bridge is high. A long-spanned bridge needs a strong foundation to carry heavy loads and
the body itself. The main goals of bridge valued its efficiency, economy and its elegancy. Efficiency pertains
to a thing's capability of doing work effectively or simply defined as the usage of structure with lesser use of
materials. Economy is the principle of reducing of materials while retaining its efficiency. Finally, elegance
reflects the personality of the designer on how he expresses without compromising the economy and
efficiency. However, there are always disagreement between efficiency and economy, but the most
controversial is elegance. Thomas Telford begins the modern writings with regards to elegance and
aesthetics since the early 19th century. Bridges are belonging to the general public, which is the final
arbiter of the following issue. The first principle is all about province of Engineer and the beauty is polish
through addition of architecture. The second thing that they are arguing is the standpoint of pure
Engineering, thinking that making bridge as most efficient possible use of materials by means of beautiful.
The last thing that they are arguing is economy and efficiency can express their own aesthetic ideas without
adding significantly to material and cost.
Traffic light is a system which consist of three different lights. Green is for go or you should pass, red is that
you should stop and yellow for slow down. The disadvantage of using traffic lights are highly impact to the
drivers because it takes the drivers of how they manage their patience and to calm down their self to angry
from traffic. One of the disadvantages is driver delay, once the green light is on probably the cars are
moving and when the driver delay and abruptly stop at a yellow or red light it will cause a collision due to a
driver behind him will distracted. Second disadvantages are the maintenance and infrastructure of traffic
system when the traffic signal is in maintenance the traffic flow will heavier or slowly moving because the
one who operate in traffic is the enforcer. It will also increase traffic congestion, air pollution and gasoline
consumption. Other disadvantages are to disobey the signal so that many vehicles crash especially rear-end
collision. Sometimes the system may develop fault leading to abnormal timing of the lights, green light
might be shorter while red light might be longer or vice versa, in that case one lane will moving more than
the other. Traffic signals are not a solution for all traffic problems and unwarranted signals can adversely
affect the safety and efficiency of traffic by causing one or more of the disadvantages that discuss.
Sometimes the problem in traffic is when the driver more aggressively behavior, over speeding and running
red lights. These are just some traffic rules that are not following the drivers. One of the places that relates
the problem of heavy traffic is the City of Urdaneta especially at the junction across Mc Arthur Highway and
provincial road going to Dagupan City.
Traffic control signals are primary used to control movement of vehicular and pedestrian traffic at
intersection. This section describes signals at individual intersections. Signals with one-half mile of each
other can be coordinated into system to give continuous flow of operation. The traffic signal device is an
assembly that contains one or more signal ‘’faces’’, each signal face, except in pedestrian signals.
Comprises three to five optical units that display color-coded indication (red, yellow, green) to the driver.
(Wright, et al, 2004).
Philippine cities says Urdaneta City is a blooming city. Its economic status is rising and it is packed with
potential; not to mention, the vehicle population.
The researchers chose this topic because base on our group’s observation, the population of vehicles
are overwhelming. Urdaneta City has important role to the society. It connects the Dagupan City, Tarlac, La
Union, Asingan, Manaoag, and other municipalities and provinces. Huge numbers of vehicles travel to
Urdaneta. Public vehicles, private vehicles, and service vehicles. The researchers based their research on
the Magallanes Interchange. The Magallanes Interchange is a four-level partial turbine interchange in
Makati, Metro Manila, the Philippines, serving as the junction between the South Luzon Expressway (SLEx)
and Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA). It is also an interchange between the 2 train lines of Metro
Manila, the MRT-3, which is over EDSA, and the PNR Metro Commuter, beside SLEx.
Conceptual framework
The concept of this research is based on what would Urdaneta city’s look like soon. The researchers
visualized an alternatives system that would greatly help in increasing volume of traffic in Urdaneta city
Pangasinan.
Theoretical framework
The theory that happens to be the current of the apologists of the Aquino administration is the
volume of vehicles theory. According to this theory, the monumental traffic that beleaguers Filipinos today
is caused many by the fact that there are just too many vehicles on the road. The proposed solution,
therefore is vehicle reduction-something that was naturally met by a lot of caterwauling. There is already a
vehicle reduction scheme in place that grounds vehicles on certain days based on their plate numbers so
yet another scheme would be a cruel imposition. That is why the researchers are looking for another
solution.

INPUT

Measurement for scale model

Actual ADT

Average daily traffic (ADT)

Avg. traffic velocity

PROCESS

Brainstorming

Site visit

Computation

Vicinity inspection
OUTPUT

Convenient traffic reduced system

Scale model

Objectives of the study

The main objective of this research is to solve the effects of increasing number of vehicles due to
Urbanization. The researchers will also have to provides the structural design of the project with its costing,
provide an actual scale model and with positive result of the research. The study focused on the traffic
study in an urban area: the case of the unsignalized intersection in Urdaneta City, Pangasinan. The study
specifically had the following objectives:
1. What is the actual load that the design can carry?
2. What would be the design of the system in order to accommodate the volume of traffic in the future?
3. What would be the total cost of the project?