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To cite this Article Jegannathan, Kenthorai Raman, Abang, Sariah, Poncelet, Denis, Chan, Eng Seng and Ravindra,
Pogaku(2008)'Production of Biodiesel Using Immobilized Lipase—A Critical Review',Critical Reviews in Biotechnology,28:4,253 —
264
To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/07388550802428392
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07388550802428392
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Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 28:253–264, 2008
Copyright ⃝c Informa UK Ltd.
ISSN: 0738-8551 print / 1549-7801 online
DOI: 10.1080/07388550802428392
Denis Poncelet
ENITIAA: rue de la Géraudière – B.P. 82225 – 44332 NANTES Cedex 3, France
Increase in volume of biodiesel production in the world scenario proves that biodiesel is ac-
cepted as an alternative to conventional fuel. Production of biodiesel using alkaline catalyst has
been commercially implemented due to its high conversion and low production time. For the
product and process development of biodiesel, enzymatic transesterification has been suggested
to produce a high purity product with an economic, environment friendly process at mild re-
action conditions. The enzyme cost being the main hurdle can be overcome by immobilization.
Immobilized enzyme, which has been successfully used in various fields over the soluble coun-
terpart, could be employed in biodiesel production with the aim of reducing the production cost
by reusing the enzyme. This review attempts to provide an updated compilation of the studies
reported on biodiesel production by using lipase immobilized through various techniques and
the parameters, which affect their functionality.
INTRODUCTION ment needs, easy glycerol recovery and the absence of side re-
Biodiesel, a hot topic in every country’s policy agenda is a actions, unlike the chemical catalyst (Ravindra, 2006). Practical
renewable and environment friendly substitute for petroleum- use of lipase in pseudohomogenous reaction systems presents
based diesel fuel. It appears that the Belgian patent granted several technical difficulties such as contamination of the prod-
in 1937 constitutes the first report on what is known today as uct with residual enzymatic activity, and economic cost (Al-
Zuhair, 2007). In order to overcome this problem, the enzyme
biodiesel. It describes the use of ethyl esters of palm oil as diesel
fuel (Knothe, 2005). However, it was not until now that the is usually used in immobilized form so that it can be reused
biodiesel production from plant oil has become commercially several times to reduce the cost, and also to improve the qual-
viable due to the soaring price of crude oil. ity of the product. Immobilization refers to the localization or
confinement of an enzyme on to a solid support or on a carrier
Transesterification of triglycerides with alcohol in the pres-
matrix. The choice of a carrier is dependent upon several fac-
ence of chemical catalyst or biocatalyst leads to the formation of
alkyl ester commercially known as biodiesel. Enzymatic trans- tors, namely: mechanical strength, microbial resistance, thermal
esterification using lipase looks attractive and encouraging forstability, chemical durability, chemical functionality hydropho-
reasons of easy product separation, minimal wastewater treat- bic/hydrophilic character, ease of regeneration, loading capacity,
and cost, which is important in industrial processing applications
(Karube et al., 1977).
Enzyme immobilization is experiencing an important transi-
Address correspondence to Pogaku Ravindra, Department of
Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering and IT, Universiti tion. Combinations of approaches are increasingly applied in the
Malaysia Sabah, 88999 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. E-mail: design of robust immobilized enzyme by rational combination
dr ravindra@hotmail.com of basic immobilization techniques i.e., noncovalent adsorption,
253
254 K.R. JEGANNATHAN ET AL.
covalent binding, entrapment, and encapsulation. The availabil- persion forces. Adsorption is the most straightforward immobi-
ity of a robust immobilized enzyme at an early stage definitely lization procedure. The preparation is easy and the associated
enables early insight into process development, and saves cost costs are small. This immobilization method involves no toxic
for process development and production (Cao et al., 2005). The chemical and the resultant immobilized enzyme does not experi-
article provides a review on the various types of immobiliza- ence internal mass transfer limitations, unlike cross-linking and
tion techniques used for enzymatic production of biodiesel, entrapment.
the achievements and drawbacks, as well as the various fac- Various carrier particles have been explored for immobiliza-
tors, which affect biodiesel production by using an immobilized tion of lipase for biodiesel production. An extensive list of the
enzyme. type of carrier used has been summarized in Table 1. Among
them are such as toyonite 200-M, celite, accurel, diatomaceous
VARIOUS IMMOBILIZATION TECHNIQUES USED earth, polypropylene EP 100, textile membrane, hydrotalcite,
FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION silica gel, acrylic resin, and anion resin (Iso et al., 2001; Shah
Immobilized enzymes are defined as “enzymes physically et al., 2004; Yang et al., 2006; Yesiloglu, 2004; Salis et al., 2005;
confined or localized in a certain defined region of space with Hsu et al., 2001; Nie et al., 2006; Yagiz et al., 2007; Wang
retention of their catalytic activities, and which can be used re- et al., 2006; Talukder et al., 2006). In general, the conversions
peatedly and continuously.” The term “immobilized enzyme” of biodiesel from various vegetable and waste oils by using the
was recommended at the First Enzyme Engineering Conference enzyme immobilized in this form ranges from 76 to 100%. The
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in 1971. In general, the methods for enzyme immobilization can effect of polar and nonpolar properties of resin as a carrier on
be classified into two basic categories, based on chemical reten- the degree of immobilization has also been studied (Yang et al.,
tion and physical retention (Bommarius and Riebel-Bommarius 2006). The degree of immobilization was high when lipase was
2000) as shown in Figure 1. adsorbed onto a nonpolar resin with a pore diameter of 8.5–9.5
An immobilized enzyme has to perform two essential func- nm. It was reported that the pore diameter of resin influences
tions: namely, the noncatalytic functions that are designed to aid the degree of immobilization, where degree of immobilization
separation and the catalytic functions that are designed to convert increases with increasing pore diameter (Yang et al., 2006).
the targeting substrates within a desired time and space (Cao, Even though adsorption has various advantages like commer-
2005). The last few years have witnessed the design of high ac- cially available and high activity for biodiesel production, the
tivity biocatalyst preparations for use in nonaqueous systems enzyme could be stripped off the support during the reaction due
(Shah et al., 2004). Various immobilization techniques have to the direct shear involved between the support and the impeller
been employed on lipase used for biodiesel production and they as the adsorption is basically due to weak forces. In such a case
are discussed as follows. the loss in the activity of enzyme was due to leaching and not
due to the deactivation of enzyme (Yadav and Jadhav,2005). De-
Adsorption pending on the strength of the interaction between the enzyme
Adsorption is the attachment of enzymes on the surface of and a particular support, the immobilization process can produce
support particles by weak forces, such as van der Waals or dis- distortions of the protein structure. These distortions are more
TABLE 1
Production of biodiesel using immobilized lipase enzyme by various immobilization techniques
Source Productivity g Effect of
Immobilization Carrier of Acyl Conversion biodiesel/g water on
method used enzyme a Oil acceptors Solvents b c d % enzyme h conversion e References
Adsorption Toyonite- 200M Pseudomonas 9.4 Sunflower 1-propanol 1:3 60 20 91 0.48 Increases 10 Iso et al., 2001
fluorescens
Adsorption Celite Pseudomonas 10 Jatropha Ethanol 1:4 50 12 98 0.08 Increases 4 Shah et al., 2006
cepacia
Adsorption Macroporous anion Mucor miehei 20 Sunflower Ethanol Petroleum ether 1:11 45 5 82 1.64 Increases NA Mittlebach et al.,
exchange resin 1990
Adsorption NA Candida antartica 1.6 Cotton seed Methanol t-Butanol 1:4 50 24 95 2.4 NA NA Royan et al.,
2007
Adsorption NA Candida antartica 3 Rapeseed Methanol t-Butanol 1:4 35 12 95 2.6 Increases 16 Li et al., 2006
Adsorption Macro porous Candida antartica 10 Jatropha Ethyl acetate 1:11 50 12 91.3 0.76 NA 12 Mukesh et al.,
acrylic resin 2007
Adsorption Polypropylene EP Pseudomonas 10 Sunflower Methanol Hexane 1:4.5 40 48 91 0.18 NA NA Soumanou et al.,
100 fluorescens 2003
Adsorption Acrylic resin Candida antartica 4 Palm Methanol THF 1:3 40 40 97 0.6 Decreases NA Talukder et al.,
2006
Adsorption Silica gel Candida antartica 5 Soybean oil Methanol t-Butanol 1:3.9 40 25 94 0.752 NA NA Wang et al., 2006
deodorizer
distillate
Adsorption Acrylic resin Candida antartica 2 Soybean Methanol Ionic liquids 1:4 50 12 80 3.3 NA NA Sung et al., 2007
Adsorption Celite -545 Chromobactrium 10 Jatropha Ethanol 1:4 40 10 92 0.92 Increases NA Shah et al., 2004
viscosum
Adsorption Anion resin Porcine pancreatic 10 Sunflower Ethanol 1:3 45 7 80 1.14 NA 2 Yesiloglu, 2004
Adsorption NA Candida antartica 30 Soybean Methyl acetate 1:12 40 14 92 0.21 NA NA Xu et al., 2003
Adsorption Nonpolar resin Candida sp. 99–125 25 Soybean Methanol Hexane 1:3 40 28 98.8 0.14 Increases 13 Yang et al., 2006
Adsorption Diatomaceous earth P.cepacia 1.46 Sunflower 2-Butanol 1:3 40 6 100 11.4 Increases NA Salis et al., 2005
Adsorption Acrylic resin Candida antartica 30 Soybean Methyl Acetate 1:12 40 14 92 0.21 NA 100 Du et al., 2004
Adsorption Acrylic resin Candida antartica 10 Crude Jatropha Methanol 2-Propanol 1:4 50 8 92.8 1.16 NA 12 Mukesh et al.,
2006
Adsorption Textile membrane Candida sp. 99–125 20 Salad Methanol Hexane 1:3 40 30 96 0.16 Increases NA Lu et al., 2006
Adsorption Macroporous anion Candida antartica 5 Palm kern oil Ethanol Supercritical CO2 1:10 40 4 63 3.15 NA NA Oliveira et al.,
resin 2001
Adsorption Hydrotalcite Thermomyces 4 Waste cooking Methanol 1:4 45 10 92.8 2.32 NA 4 Yagiz et al.., 2007
lanuginosus
Cross-linking Glutaraldehyde Pseudomonas 10 Madhuca Ethanol 1:4 40 2.5 92 3.68 NA NA Kumari et al.,
cepacia 2007
Entrapment Hydrophobic sol-gel Pseudomonas 5 soybean Methanol 1:7.5 35 30 56 0.37 Increases 4 Noureddine et al.,
cepacia 2005
Entrapment Phyllosilicate sol-gel Pseudomonas 57.4 Tallow and Ethanol 1:4 50 20 94 0.08 NA 5 Hsu et al., 2001
cepacia grease
Encapsulation Silica aerogel Burkholderiacepacia 2.4 Sunflower Methyl acetate Isooctane 1:3 NA 30 64 0.88 NA NA Orçaire et
al.,2006
THF: Tetrahydrofuran.
256 K.R. JEGANNATHAN ET AL.
effective at low loadings and cause enzyme erosion (Bosley and Pseudomonas cepacia was entrapped within a sol-gel polymer
Peilow, 1997). Hence the stability of immobilized enzyme using matrix, prepared by polycondensation of hydrolyzed tetramethy-
adsorption is very low, which makes the reuse limited and unfit lorthosilicate and iso-butyltimethoxysilane. The immobilized
for industrial applications. enzyme was used in transesterification of soybean oil and a con-
version of around 67% was achieved. The low conversion of es-
Cross-Linking ter using immobilized lipase by entrapment was due to the poor
The cross-linking method is based on the formation of diffusion and erosion of enzyme from the surface of the support
intermolecular cross-linkages between the enzyme molecules during the processing procedures (Nourenddini et al., 2005).
by means of bifunctional or multifunctional reagents such as
glutaraldehyde, bisdiazobenzidine, hexamethylene diisocyanate Encapsulation
etc. Cross-linked enzyme aggregates are matrix-free immobi- Encapsulation is the confinement of enzyme within a porous
lized preparations. Generally, the first step of the immobiliza- membrane forming a bilayer. Encapsulation avoids direct con-
tion process is to precipitate the enzyme using acetone and this tact between the enzyme and the bulk medium. It also pro-
produces physical aggregates of the enzyme. These aggregates vides a cage to avoid the enzyme from leaching out (Yadav
are then cross-linked with glutaraldehyde to form a more robust and Jadhav,2005). Production of biodiesel using encapsulated
structure. The application of this biocatalyst design for the pro- lipase in silica aerogel has shown a conversion of 56%. The im-
duction of biodiesel has been explored (Kumari et al., 2007). mobilized enzyme could be recycled several times without any
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The use of cross-linked enzyme aggregates accelerated the rate apparent mechanical deterioration by wear (Orçaire et al., 2006).
of transesterification and a conversion of 92% has been obtained. On the other hand, a stronger diffusion limitation with encap-
However, one of the intrinsic drawbacks for cross-linked enzyme sulated lipase occurred by a high protein concentration in the
aggregates is that their particle size is usually below 10 µm. enzyme, which clogs the pores in the matrices. It is worthwhile
Thus, difficulties arise when they are used in heterogeneous re- to produce an encapsulated enzyme with smaller size to over-
action systems, where the substrate particle and the cross-linked come the mass transfer problems and to use a purified enzyme
enzyme aggregates particles might be in the same range. This to avoid clogging (Orçaire et al., 2006).
can create problems in separation of immobilized enzyme from
the product for the continuous use (Cao et al., 2003). Other Immobilization Techniques
The immobilization of enzyme by using a combination of
Entrapment different immobilization techniques is known as “hybrid immo-
Entrapment of lipase entails capture of the lipase within a ma- bilization” (Fig. 2). Hybrid immobilization has given promising
trix of polymer (Xavier et al., 1990).The lipase immobilized by results on an industrial scale in fields like food (Reyed, 2007)
entrapment is much more stable than physically adsorbed lipase. and pharmaceuticals (Posorske, 1984; Bonrath et al., 2002).
Unlike the covalent bonding method it uses a relatively simple This approach was recently explored for transesterification of p-
procedure while at the same time the immobilized lipase main- chlorobenzyl alcohol with vinyl acetate to give p-chlorobenzyl
tains its activity and stability (Kennedy et al., 1990). A novel acetate using lipase adsorbed on hexagonal mesoporous sil-
procedure for entrapment of Pseudomonas cepacia lipase within ica followed by encapsulation on calcium alginate (Yadav and
a phyllosilicate sol-gel matrix with tetramethylorthosilicate as Jadhav, 2005). The hybrid immobilization system showed 68%
precursor has been developed (Hsu et al., 2001). Lipase from conversion and excellent reusability with a decrease of only 4%
in overall conversion after the fourth reuse. The potential of straint for biodiesel production may be the cost of the feedstock.
this technique could be explored for biodiesel production. For Al-Zuhair (2007) suggests considering palm oil as a favorable
example, it could be used to solve the leakage of enzyme im- feedstock for biodiesel production. Palm oil has the highest yield
mobilized through adsorption by providing a porous membrane compared to that of other vegetable oils. The high value of
through encapsulation. edible vegetable oil as a food product makes production of a
Similarly, protein-coated microcrystals are becoming popu- cost-effective fuel very challenging. The demand for vegetable
lar for nonaqueous systems. Protein-coated microcrystals have oils for biodiesel has also raised the use of fertilizers, which
negligible mass transfer limitations and high activity compared also contribute to the increase in greenhouse gases. Produc-
to cross-linked enzyme aggregates (Kumari et al., 2007). The ing biodiesel from a fertilizer-heavy crop would generate up
preparation of protein-coated microcrystals involves the mixing to 70% percent more greenhouse gas emissions than using reg-
of enzyme solution with a concentrated solution of salt, sugar, ular diesel ( http://www.oregonlive.com). It is more reasonable
or amino acid. The combined aqueous mixture is then added to use jatropha oil, as edible oils are not in surplus supply (Shah
drop wise with rapid mixing to a water-miscible organic solvent and Gupta, 2006). Jatropha oil has an estimated annual produc-
like acetone or 1-propanol (Kreiner et al., 2001). The production tion potential of 200 thousand metric tonnes in India (Srivastava
of biodiesel using protein-coated microcrystals has shown high and Prasad, 2000). It can be grown in wasteland with minimum
conversion (Kumari et al., 2007). amount of water and fertilizers, unlike sunflower or soybean. It
grows rapidly, takes approximately 2 to 3 years to reach maturity
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show remarkable levels of activity and stability in nonaqueous hydrogen-bonded to histidine, and the nitrogen on histidine is
environments, which facilitates the catalysis of several unnatural hydrogen-bonded to the alcohol on serine. The first step in the
reactions such as esterification and transesterification. reaction is to make the serine alcohol a better nucleophile. This
Literature reveals the relation between lipase structures and task is performed by histidine, which completely pulls the proton
their catalytic ability (Cecilia et al., 2007). The overall structure off the serine alcohol, forming an oxyanion. The serine oxyanion
of the triacylglycerol lipases can be described as a structure then attacks the substrates carbonyl carbon, forming a tetrahe-
with a central L-sheet with the active serine placed in a loop dral intermediate 1 (Fig. 3). The created oxyanion is stabilized by
termed the catalytic elbow. Above the serine a hydrophobic cleft nearby amino acids (aspartate and histidine), which hydrogen-
is present or formed after activation of the enzyme (Svendsen, bond to the oxyanion. Next, the electrons on the oxyanion are
2000). The hydrophobic cleft is an elongated pocket suitable for pushed back to the carbonyl carbon, and the proton currently
acyl moieties to fit into. The activation, which is often necessary on the histidine is transferred to the diglyceride, which is subse-
for the lipase enzyme is the movement of a lid. Thermomyces quently released (Al-Zuhair et al., 2007). The serine ester formed
lanuginose lipase have an active site and a lid on the surface of reacts with alcohol to complete the transesterification. The his-
the enzyme. Pseudomonas and Candida antarctica lipase have tidine nitrogen removes hydrogen from the alcohol molecule
an active site and a funnel-like lid. Candida rugosa lipase has an forming the alkyl oxide anion. The hydroxide attacks the car-
active site at the end of a tunnel containing the lid in its external bonyl carbon, the intermediate oxyanion is stabilized by a hydro-
part (Pleiss et al., 1998). The structural peculiarities of lipase gen bond (tetrahedral intermediate 2), the electrons are pushed
from different sources might be the reason for showing different back to the carbonyl carbon, and the free fatty acid is formed. The
activity in different substrates. serine oxygen then reclaims the hydrogen situated on the histi-
The mechanism of lipase involves the Asp-His-Ser catalytic dine to re-establish the hydrogen-bonding network. The aspartic
triad acting as a charge-relay system (Bommarius and Riebel- acid serves to pull positive charge from the histidine during the
Bommarius 2000). The carboxylate group on aspartic acid is times it is fully protonated.
PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL USING IMMOBILIZED LIPASE 259
The immobilized lipases from various sources have been used LiCl salt solutions. Methanol was released according to its parti-
in biodiesel production (see Table 1). Lipase from Candida an- tioning coefficient between the oil and the salt-solution phases.
tartica has been selected by the majority of researchers. Other In addition, it was reported that the glycerol produced during
sources of enzyme used were produced from Pseudomonas flu- the process dissolves in the salt-solution phase, eliminating the
orescens, Pseudomonas cepacia, Burkholderia cepacia, Rhi- glycerol deposition on the immobilized lipase. However, the use
zomucor miehei, Chromobactrium viscosum, Porcine pancreas, of salt solutions could generate more wastewater and this could
and Thermomyces lanuginosus. On the other hand, an inter- increase the production cost.
esting study by Turkan and Kalay (2006) on the elucidating In the present scenario where environmental concerns and
mechanism of lipase for methanolysis of sunflower using three production costs are given higher priority, the solvent free trans-
different immobilized lipases concludes that immobilized li- esterification could be encouraged. Among the alcohols, using
pase from Rhizomucor miehei and Thermomyces lanuginosus ethanol as an acyl acceptor for biodiesel production could be
catalyze the first step (conversion of triacylglyceride to diglyc- economical. With the increase in the production of ethanol in
eride) of transesterification faster. Whereas, immobilized lipase the world market, the price of ethanol is getting cheaper, which
from Candida antarctica catalyzes the second diacylglyceride to makes ethanol the best candidate for biodiesel production.
monoacylglyceride and third (monoacylglyceride to acylester)
steps faster. Turkan and Kalay, (2006) suggested using a dual en- Water Content
zymatic system rather than the single lipase system in biodiesel Biocatalysts need a minimum amount of water to retain their
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260
TABLE 2
Production of biodiesel using immobilized lipase by step wise addition of alcohol
Percentage of Number of Molar Conversion Conversion Conversion
immobilized methanol equivalent of Reaction in the in the in the
Immobilization lipase to the addition alcohol in temperature Reaction 1st step 2nd step 3rd step
◦
Oil Alcohol technique weight of oil steps each step C time (h) (%) (%) (%) References
Waste oil Methanol Adsorption 4 3 1/3 30 48 34 at 10 h 66 at 24 h 90.4 at 48 Watanabe et al., 2001
Mixture of soybean Methanol Adsorption 4 3 1/3 30 48 34 at 10 h 66 at 24 h 95.6 at 48 Watanabe et al., 2001
and rapeseed
Soybean Methanol Adsorption 4 3 1/3 30 3.5 42.4 at 1 h 69.8 at 2.5 h 98.7 at 3.5h Samukawa et al., 2000
Mixture of soybean Methanol Adsorption 4 2 2/3 30 36 32 at 7h 96.5 at 36 h Watanabe et al., 2000
and rapeseed
Soybean Methanol NA 4 3 1/3 NA NA 32 at 5 h 75 at 25 h 90 at 45 h Du et al., 2005
Lard Methanol Adsorption 20 3 1/3 40 30 28 at 3 h 60 at 18 h 87.4 at 30 h Lu et al., 2007
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TABLE 3
Proposed kinetic models for biodiesel production using immobilized lipase
Triglyceride[TG] Solvent[A] Immobilized lipase Proposed kinetic equation Vmax Km [TG] Km [A] Ki References
Vmax (A)(ρmi x−M A(A))M T G
Soybean oil Methyl acetate Candida antartica Vi = K mT G(A)(1+((A)/K i))+(K m A+(A))(ρmi x−M A(A))/M T G)
1.9 Mol/Min 1 Mol/l 16 Mol/l 0.0455 Mol/l Xu et al., 2004
Vmax (T G)
Sunflower oil Butanol Rhizomucor miehei Vi = 1+K i T G [T G]+K T G [T G](1+[A]K I A )+K A [A]
250 mMol/min. g 5.3 mM 55 mM 13 mM Dossat et al., 2002
Vmax [T G] 3 3 3
Sunflower oil Methanol Rhizomucor miehei V = 1+K i T G [T G]+K T G [T G](1+[A]K I A )+K A [A]
−1
0.414 Min 0.16 Mol/Cm 0.98 × 10 −4
Mol/cm 1.9 Mol/cm Al-Zuhair, 2005
TG : Triglyceride.
A: Alcohol.
Km [TG]: Apparent Michaelis-Menten constant for triglycerides.
Km[A]: Apparent Michaelis-Menten constant for methyl acetate or alcohol.
Vmax: The initial maximum velocity of reaction.
Ki: Inhibition Constant.
261
262 K.R. JEGANNATHAN ET AL.
reactor, fluidized bed reactors, and membrane reactors. The type CONCLUSIONS
of reactors to be selected using immobilized lipase depends on The conventional production of biodiesel by chemical cata-
the nature of the immobilized enzyme. The mechanical stability lysts is energy consuming, leads to undesirable side products,
of the immobilized enzyme must be considered when using a requires expensive wastewater treatment, and makes it difficult
stirred tank reactor. Whereas, the pressure drop created across to recover the glycerol. Enzymatic production of biodiesel omits
the reactor packing and the interparticle diffusion limitations these difficulties and is workable at milder conditions. It is not
should be considered when using a packed bed reactor (Balcão economical when an enzyme is used in free form, which makes
et al., 1996). The packed reactor has traditionally been used for the recovery of the enzyme impossible. Immobilization not only
most large-scale catalytic reactors because of its high efficiency, increases the stability of enzyme, also favors to use the enzyme
low cost, and ease of construction and operation (Malcata et al., several times thereby reducing the production cost. Selection of
1990). In biodiesel production by immobilized lipase majority suitable immobilization techniques is important to ensure effec-
of the researchers selected batch operation in stirred tank reactor. tive usage of enzyme without leakage and detachment from the
However, Royon et al., (2007), Hsu et al. (2004) and Watanabe support. Use of natural polymers as matrix for lipase immobi-
et al., (2000) used continuous fixed-bed reactors and reported lization in biodiesel production is yet to be explored, but has
the effect of flow rate on biodiesel production. But, in packed given promising result in other fields like food and pharmaceu-
bed reactor the glycerol produced during the reaction decreases ticals. Production of biodiesel using nonedible oil can greatly
the reaction rate of the immobilized lipase. Conversion could be reduce the feedstock cost and is also environmental friendly.
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enhanced if glycerol was removed from the reaction mixture as Using ethanol as the acyl acceptors can make the biodiesel pro-
the reaction proceeds (Watanabe et al., 2000). Glycerol formed duction green but the amount used should be less than at the
during the reaction was separated continuously using a mem- solubility limit, so that it is not present in the separate phase.
brane reactor (Chen and Wu, 2003; Bélafi-Bakó et al., 2006). Stepwise addition of alcohol can keep the concentration of alco-
But, one of the limitations using membrane reactor might be hol below the critical level. Immobilized lipase which can give
their high cost compared to packed bed reactor and stirred tank higher ester conversion in a short period and resistant to alcohol
reactor. should be used for economic production. Continuous packed bed
reactor, which has high efficiency, low cost and ease of construc-
tion, operation, and maintenance can be used. Immobilization
KINETICS OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION USING of lipase using combinatorial techniques must be explored to
IMMOBILIZED LIPASE achieve a robust catalyst. Production of biodiesel using immo-
It is essential to understand the kinetics of the reaction to bilized lipase shows promising results on the laboratory bench
identify the optimal conditions for lipase-catalyzed transesteri- scale. Working on the pilot scale is essential to bring it to the
fication. Only a limited number of kinetic studies are found in commercial scale.
the literature for biodiesel production using immobilized lipase.
Most of the kinetic studies are described by the ping-pong model ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
with competitive inhibition by alcohol. Xu et al., (2004) reported This research project is financially supported by E-SCIENCE
the kinetics of lipase-catalyzed interesterification of soybean fund (Grant no: SCF0012-IND-2006), Ministry of Science,
oil with methyl acetate for biodiesel production. A mechanism Technology and Innovation (MOSTI), Malaysia.
was proposed considering the presence of three consecutive re-
versible reactions. The rate constants for the three consecutive REFERENCES
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are given in (Table 3). Dossat et al., (2002) proposed a model effect of fatty acid concentration and water content on the production
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