1.

1 Definition of Social Sciences

Social sciences are a group of academic disciplines dedicated to examining society.

This branch of science studies how people interact with each other, behave, develop as
a culture, and influence the world

1.2 Definition of Applied Social Sciences

Branch of the studies the different concept , theoretical models, and theories of the
social science disciplines to help understand society and the different problems and
issue .The applied social science is utilized to provide alternative solutions to the
diverse problem of the society.

1. The Discipline of Counseling

1.1 Counseling

According to Dinkmeyer (1966) it is a personal relationship between a professionally

trained counselor and someone who aims to assist him to communicate and meet his
immediate needs and problems. • Further, counseling is a professional relationship that
empowers diverse individuals, families, and groups to accomplish mental health,
wellness, education, and career goals.

1.1.2 Goals

Development Goals assist in meeting or advancing the client’s human growth and
development including social, personal, emotional, cognitive, and physical wellness.
Preventive Goals help the client avoid some undesired outcomes. Enhancement Goals
enhance special skills and abilities. Remedial Goals assisting a client to overcome and
treat an undesirable development. Exploratory Goals examining of options, testing of
skills, trying new and different activities. Reinforcement Goals help clients in recognizing
that what they are doing, thinking, and feeling is fine. Cognitive Goals involve acquiring
the basic foundation of learning and cognitive skills. Physiological Goals involve
acquiring the basic understanding and habits for good health. Psychological Goals aid
in developing good social interaction skills, learning emotional control, and developing
positive self-concept.

1.1.3 Scope of Counseling

The wide ranges of human problems create a widened scope and field of counseling.
Broadly, the scope of counseling includes Individuals Counseling is a process through
which clients work one-on-one with a traine mental health clinician in a safe, caring, and
confidential environment. Counseling allows individuals to explore their feelings, beliefs,
and behaviors, work through challenging or influential memories, identify aspects of
their lives that they would like to change, better understand themselves and others, set
personal goals ,and work toward desired change. We also have Marital and Premarital
Counseling it helps the couple of all types recognize and resolve conflicts and improve
their relationships through this you can make thoughtful decisions about rebuilding and
strengthening your relationship or going your separate ways ,And lastly family
counseling This type o counseling can help you improve troubled relationships with your
partner, children or other family members it also help family members improve
communication and resolve conflicts.

CORE VALUES OF COUNCELING

Counsellor are a set of attitudes and skills which have a special regard for the integrity,
authority and autonomy of the client and are firmly based on the counsellor having total
respect for universal human rights and for the person and cultural differences.

There are eight attitudes that put ethical principles into practice they are:respect
counsellors have the responsibility to conduct themselves with unconditional
acceptance of clients including being fully aware of any personal and cultural
differences, however, it does not mean necessarily the acceptance of all of their
behavior .Integrity a counsellor bound by a code of ethics must never exploit a client but
accept and honour the clients right to support their physical and emotional boundaries.
Autority whether a counselling relationship is initiated by a direct or indirect assignment
the counsellor recognises that the responsibility for entering into that relationship is
vested in the client. Autonomy acting within the boundaries of a shared respect for
universal human rights and cultural differences the counsellor must always give the
client the freedom to express themselves as well as their needs and their beliefs.
Privacy at all times the counsellor must make sure that the counselling relationship is
protected against uncontracted or inappropriate observation, including interference or
intrusion by others. Confidentiality it is the counselors responsibility that the client has
the confidence in that everything in the counselling relationship is built on a foundation
of trust that their personal or any other disclosed information is protected from
inappropriate disclosure to others. Responsibility the counsellor must actively make
sure the observance of these key philosophical principles in the service provided
through the counselling relationship. Competence it is required that the counsellor only
provides services and techniques for which they have received adequate and qualified
education and training or experience and that they keep up high standards of practice in
their work.

1.1.5 Principles

The fundamental principles of counseling include autonomy, beneficence, non

maleficence, justice, and fidelity. Autonomy is not only an important philosophical
concept but also a basic principle in counseling. Beneficence responsibility to contribute
to the welfare of the client.Justice Kitchener (1984) points out that the formal meaning of
justice is "treating equals equally and un equals but in proportion to their relevant
differences". If an individual is to be treated differently, the counselor needs to be able
to offer a rationale that explains the necessity and appropriateness of treating this
individual differently .Autonomy responsibility of the counselor to encourage clients,
when appropriate, to make their own decisions and to act on their own values the
essence of this principle is allowing an individual the freedom of choice and action.
Fidelity involves the loyalty, faithfulness clients must be able to trust the counselor and
have faith .Nonmaleficence this principle reflects both the idea of not inflicting intentional
harm, and not engaging in actions that risk harming others

Holly Forester-Miller, Ph.D. and Thomas E. Davis, Ph.D.

2. Professionals and Practitioners in Counseling

2.1 Roles, functions, and competencies of counselors

Individual assessment seeks to identify potential of every client to promote self

understanding and understand the client better. Individual counselling relationship
between client and counselor built on confidentiality. Group counselling/Guidance-
group as a means of providing assistance to individuals for an array of needs. Career
Counselling - counselors are called to provide career planning • Placement and follow-
up service of school counselling with emphasis on educational placements in programs
Referral practice of helping clients find the needed professional assistance when
counselor cannot provide. Consultation- process of helping clients through a third part •
Research -to provide data relevant to goal of counseling Evaluation and accountability-
to assess effectiveness of programs made by counselors and hold schools and other
tax-supported institutions accountable. Prevention-promotion of mental health

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COMPETENCIES OF COUNCELORS

Seven distinct competence areas of counselors. There might be other areas but we
will focus on the input of McLeod (2003)

Interpersonal Skills counselors who are competent display ability to listen, communicate
responsive to expressions of emotion, turn taking, structure of time and use of
language. Personal beliefs and Attitude of counselors have the capacity to accept
others, belief in potential of change, awareness of ethical and moral choices and
sensitive to values held by client and self. Conceptual ability to understand and assess
client’s problem; to anticipate future problems. Personal Soundness Counselors must
have no irrational beliefs that are destructive to counseling relationships, self-confidence
,capacity to tolerate strong of uncomfortable feelings in relation to the clients, secure
personal boundaries, ability to be a client ; must carry no social prejudice,
ethnocentrism and authoritarianism.Mastery of Technique Counselors must have a
knowledge of when and how to carry out specific interventions, ability to assess
effectiveness of the interventions, understanding the rationale behind techniques,
possession of wide repertoire of intervention Ability to understand and work within social
system this would be compromise of awareness of family and work relationships of
client the impact of agency on the clients, the capacity to use support networks and
supervision ; sensitivity to client from different gender, ethnicity , sexual orientation, or
age group. Openness to learning and inquiry

Counselors must have the capacity to be curious about client’s backgrounds and
problems; being open to new knowledge.
2.2 Areas of specialization where counselors work

2.3 Career opportunities of counselors

 Marriage and Family Counseling

Refers to the efforts to establish an encouraging relationship with couple or family and
appreciate the complications in the family system.

 Child and Adolescent Counseling

Is a developing area of expertise in counseling profession. The counseling strategies

focus on helping children and adolescents acquire coping skills through promotion of
resiliency positive attachment relationship, emotional and intellectual intelligence, and
other qualities that promote optional development.

 Group Counseling

is the dynamic field in the counseling profession. Group counseling as a practice can
be located in most counseling programs and became the essential part of counselor’s
system.

Group counseling offers the following : opportunities to members to learn from

observing other group members ; can functions as helpers and helps ; opportunities to
discover that you others have similar concerns ;29 members are encouraged to offer
help to others ;opportunities to enhance interpersonal skills; the therapeutic climate
created similar as the client’s family origin.

 Career Counseling

Is an evolving and challenging counseling field. This type of counseling aids individual
on decisions and planning concerning their career. The counseling approach includes
integrating theory and practice. Adopted Savickas ( 1996 )as cited Nystul ( 20003 )
adopted the model of Wagner ( 1971) on structural analysis of personality to the realm
of vocational psychology. The model consist of vocational career services, occupational
placement , vocational guidance , career counseling , career education , career therapy,
and position coaching.

 School Counseling

Refers to the process of reaching out students with concerns on drugs, family and
peers or gang involvement. The job requires sensitivity to individual differences and
considers diversity in enhancing educational perspective. The job requires skills on
consultation, counseling’s exceptional students and with the ability to handle problems
such as drug abuse, teenage pregnancy, divorced or single parents, dropping out of
school.

 Mental Health Counseling

Is manifested in the challenges posed by its clientele with mental disorders. Mental
disorders include serious depression, schizophrenia, and substance abuse. Mental
health counselors have to be inventive, and creative to address these problems . The
job requires patience, humility, kindness and compassion.

RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES , AND ACCOUNTABILITIES OF COUNCELOR

RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILTY

 CLIENT RIGHTS

You have the right to be treated with dignity and respect.

You have the right to know the qualifications and professional experience of your
therapist.

You have the right to expect professional and competent help.

You have the right to ask questions about anything related to your treatment.
You have the right to know information concerning diagnosis and treatment philosophy.
You have the right to participate in decisions related to your treatment.

You have the right to request another therapist should you not be satisfied with the
therapist assigned to you and you have the right to end therapy at any time.

 CLIENT RESPONSIBILITIES

You have the responsibility of taking an active role in the counseling process.

You have the responsibility of providing information about past and present physical
and psychological problems including hospitalizations, medications and previous
treatment.

You have the responsibility of keeping your appointments. We have many students
requesting our services so your reserved time is valuable. Please give us 24 hours
notice so that your time can be given to another student in need of our services.

You have the responsibility of arriving on time for your appointment.

ACCOUNTABILITIES AND CODE OF ETHICS

To protect the welfare of my clients and make reasonable efforts to ensure my services
are used appropriately.

 To treat all clients with respect and unconditional acceptance.

 To consistently complete a comprehensive assessment at the beginning
of the counselling relationship.
 To never exploit a clients trust and to avoid dual relationships.
 To report the sexual or physical abuse of a child to the authorities.
 To avoid overt or suggested sexual contact with clients and former
clients.To terminate counselling services when appropriate or requested
by the client(s).
 To respect the right of clients to autonomy.
 To provide a private and safe setting for counselling.
 To request payment for service, only after consent for service has been
given.
 To ensure proper self-care.
  To maintain healthy boundaries with clients.
 To obtain assistance and refer clients when appropriate.
 To clearly disclose confidentiality limitations, facts about services offered
and financial policies.
 To be aware of and comply with relevant laws for the delivery of
counselling services, including electronic services.
 To maintain client confidentiality, except where there is written consent,
danger to self or others or as required by law.
 To carefully assess, develop a safety plan, and document the potential
suicidal or homicidal behavior by a client.
 To maintain accurate and adequate session and financial records.
 To continue to grow and develop as a professional counsellor.
 To avoid conflicts of interest.
 To avoid giving or receiving gifts of substantial value.
 To be aware of the influence my public statements may have.
 To deal appropriately with the unethical behaviour of another counsellor.
 To accept that I cannot realistically expect to succeed with every client.
 To promote my services professionally and accurately.

DISCUSSION III

CLIENT AND AUDIENCES IN COUNCELING

3.1 Characteristics and needs of various types of various client and audience

The clientele and audiences of counseling are normal people. They are not in need of
clinical or mental help. They may be the youth in need of guidance at critical moments
of their growth, anyone in need of assistance in realizing a change in behavior or
attitude, or simply seeking to achieve a goal. What the audience normally calls for in
counseling is application or development of social skills, effective communication,
spiritual direction, decision-making, and career choices. Sometimes, people need to
cope with crisis. Other clientele and audiences of counseling may be people in need of
premarital and marital counseling, grief and loss (divorce, death, or amputation),
domestic Violence and other types of abuse, or coping With terminal illness, death, and
dying.
Needs of Various Types of Clientele and Audiences of Counseling

The needs vary for each type of clientele and audience of counseling. In the school
context, guidance and counselors aim to meet needs such as job-hunting coaching,
conflict management providers, human resources personnel, marriage counselors, drug
abuse and rehabilitation counselors, bereavement counselors, and abused children
caretakers and rehabilitation in government and NGO settings.

As school guidance and counselors, these professionals provide the need for personal
guidance by helping students seek more options and find better and more appropriate
ones in dealing with situations of stress or simply decision making. This may include
career options. Sometimes, they bridge between family and the school in resolving

3.1.2 Groups and Organizations

The group of clientele of counseling consists of people who either share similar
concerns or benefit from giving support to one another. A program is prepared for these
groups to assist them in the difficulties they encounter. These are some of the groups
and organizations a counselor reaches out to Students with academic difficulties, Honor
students, Students with career uncertainties etc.

DISCUSSION IX

SETTING, PROCESS , METHODS AND TOOLS IN COUNSELING

4.1 Settings

Counselors in the Government

Professional Counselors are trained and licensed to provide psychological services in

different settings. They studycharacteristics of the clients, their needs, and the
environment that shapes these individuals. Hence, the previousactivity is one way of
gaining an understanding of the members of your community, which is an essential tool
informulating an effective guidance program for promoting mental health of the
community members.

3.1.2 Private Sector

Refers to counselors who decided to do full time work as private practitioners or

engaging part time private practice while employed by community agencies. This is
feasible if the counselors expertise andspecialization matches or relevant to an
adequate client population in the geographic area. ( Gibson and Mitchell , 2003 )

3.1.3 Civil Society

Civil society means the general population or the public, which may include
municipalities. Examples of professional counselors who work in this setting are
pastoral counselors, or those who work in parishes and churches. They provide
counseling services to individuals with concerns relevant to issues of morality or
spiritual concerns. Professional counselors in this setting may provide counseling to
adult mothers who have concerns about parenting. Counseling is also given to
adolescent mothers to guide the mon the challenges and practice of proper parenting.

3.1.4 Schools

Professional counselors in the school setting provide programs and services that
address the cognitive, social, emotional moral, and spiritual needs of students. Aside
from this, counselors provide activities to help students cope with their academic
requirements and challenges. They also guide the students to plan their future career
goals in terms of courses to take in the tertiary level.

3.1.5 Community

A community includes a group of people in a certain place or area. Counselors in the

community setting deal with diverse groups and a number of societal concerns ranging
from developmental needs to crises requiring immediate attention. Community
counselors address crises such as suicidal tendencies of a referred individual or drug
dependency of either an individual or a group. They also respond to facilitate concerns
like job placement and marital conflicts; preventive measures like drug awareness and
sex education; and developmental issues such as midlife crisis. Community counselors
utilize various strategies and approaches to assist the varying needs of community
members. They collaborate with other professionals such as social workers, nurses,
and community officials to effectively and appropriately implement their services.
https://www.academia.edu/38156026/DIASS_REVIEW_MATERIAL_FIRST_GRADINGJ
anuary_122019

COUNSELING SERVICES, PROCES AND METHODS SOCIAL WORK

The Discipline of Social Work

SOCIAL WORK
Is an Academic decipline and profession that concerns itself with individuals, families,
groups and communities in an effort to enchance social functioning and over well-being.

DEFINITIONS
The social work profession promotes social change, problem solving in human
relationships and the empowerment and liberation of people to enhance well-being.
Utilising theories of human behaviour and social systems, social work intervenes at the
points where people interact with their environments. Principles of human rights and
social justice are fundamental to social work.

GOALS IN SOCIAL WORK

 CARING
 CURING
 CHANGING
The Goal in Caring
 Caring refers the heart of social and it focuses on the well-being or the welfare
and comfort of the individual and community
 The goal in caring involves inhacement of the quality of life in prison, the
upgrading and humanizing servives in nursing homes etc.

 The Goal in Curing

Curing refers to the aspect treating people with problems in social functioning
TECHNIQUES
 Popular counseling approaches (family therapy, behavior modification, gestat
therapy etc.)

 The Goal in Changing

Changing refers to the active participation of the social workers in social reforms.
This goals come from scope of social work
a place that requies professional to direct their service on the needs and
empowerment of people who experience

 SCOPE OF SOCIAL WORKER

Social Work as Primary
a. Adoption and services to unmarried parents
b. Foster Care
c. Residential Care
d. Support in Own Homes
e. Protective Services
f. Family Services

 Family counseling
 Family life education
 Family planning

g. Income Maintenance

 Social Insurance
 Public assistance
Social Work as an Equal Partner
a. Support for people in thier homes program.
b. Support for people in the long term care facilities.
c. Community Services
  Community Organization Activities
 Community Planning
Social Work as a Secondary
 a. Correctional Facilities
 b. Industry
 c. Medical and Health care

CORE VALUES OF SOCIAL WORK

Services
Social Justice
Dignity and Worth of the Person
Importance of Human Relationship
Integrity
Competence
SERVICES
Social's workers primary goal is to help people in need and to address social problem.

SOCIAL JUSTICE
Social workers challenge social injustice.

DIGNITY AND WORTH OF THE PERSON

Social workes respect the inherent dignity and worth of the person.

IMPORTANCE OF REATIONSHIP

Social workers recognize the centra importan of human relationship.

INTEGRITY
Social workers Behave in a trustworthy manner.

COMPETENCE
Social workers practices within their areas of competence and develop and ehance their
profesional expertise.

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 PRINCIPLE OFSOCIAL WORKS

Acceptance
Respecting clients under different circumtances.
Understanding the meaning and causes of clients behavir.
Recognizing people's strenght and potential's weakness and limitation.
CLIENT'S PARTICIPATION IN PROBLEM SOLVING

 Client's is expected to participate in the process.

 Participate in Planning ways in resolving the problem
 Identifyin resource to solve.
 Act through the available resources

SELF-DETERMINAWork
Individual, groups and communitiesare who are in need have the right to determine their
needs and how they shoud met.

INDIVIDUALIZATION
Understanding, client's unique characteristic and different methods each client.
CONFIDENTIALITY
Client shoud be accorded with appropriate ojection , within the limits of the law, with no
any harm that might result from the information given to the social worker.

WORKER SELF-AWARENESS
Social worker consciosly examines her feelings, judgement, biases, response wether it
is professionally motivated

CLIENT WORKSHIP AND RELATIONSHIP

The client is in need of help in social functioning and the worker is the possition to help.
. https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/JoemMagante/introduction-to-social-work-
76994041

DISCUSSION X

PROFESSIONAL AND PACTITIONERS IN SOCIAL WORK

Roles, Functions and competence of social work

Being a social worker is often a challenging, yet rewarding career. Social workers are
responsible for helping individuals, families, and groups of people to cope with problems
they’re facing to improve their patients’ lives. One aspect of this is teaching skills and
developing mechanisms for patients to rely on to better their lives and experiences. We
must not put our own problems in our work, it may affects our work so we should
separate our own problems in term of works. And sometimes we need to put ourselves
in their situations so we can understand what they feel.

AREA’S OF SPECIALIZATION WHERE COUNCELOR WORK

 Child, family and School Social Worker

  Community Social Worker
 Hospice and palliative care Social Worker
 Medical and Health and Substance Abuse Social Worker
 Military and Veterans Social Worker
 Psychiatric Social Worker

Child, family and School Social Worker

 Deals with all sorts of situation such as helping a child has experienced trauma
or abuse;
 Counseling students at school who are experiencing grief over the death of a
friend, family member;
 Helping parents find the right resources for their child who is suffering from a
severe mental illness.

COMMUNITY SOCIAL WORKER

 Helps plan, coordinate , and organized efforts related to infrastructure ,

volunteering, and fundraising within specific communities
 Works with community-based nonprofit organization to help heal neighborhoods
in the wake of tragedies and natural disaster

HOSPISE AND PALLIATIVE SOCIAL WORKER

 Help or care for someone who is seriously or terminally ill.\

 They help provide relief from the pain ;improve quality of life; assist with difficult
decision-making ; help family and friends of an ill individual

MEDICAL AND HEALTH SOCIAL WORK

 Work in hospital setting and helps navigate the emotional, financial, and physical
struggles that a serious medical condition can cause an individual or family
 Provides counseling and practical assistance (connecting client from resources)
MILITARY AND VETERANS SOCIAL WORKER

 Help both soldier and their families with post-traumatic stress, role adjustment ,
the implication and stressor of returning home , and any substance abuse that
may occur as a result of combat.

PSYCHIATRIC SOCIAL WORKER

 Works with disturbed children and adolescents with behavioral problems,

children with learning problems.
 Conduct family therapy and other kinds of intervention.

CAREER OPPURTUNITIES OF SOCIAL WORK

Many social workers provide clinical and case management services directly to
individuals, couples, families,and groups. Social workers serve clients dealing with a
range of challenges including poverty, physical and mental health issues, addiction, and
family problems. They may provide clinical services, such as therapy or counseling, and
connect people to resources in the community to help them overcome challenges. Most
social workers believe that everyone is impacted by their environment. This person-in-
environment perspective in informs many areas of social work, some social workers do
not work directly with in individual clients. Instead, they work in community
organizations, government, and advocacy groups to alleviate poverty and social
injustice on a big-picture level and these social work careers include legislative
advocacy, policy analysis, and community organizing to break down barriers and drive
reform. Many social workers’ careers include both individual client-centered work and
big picture work, whether professionals choose a career as a school social worker, child
social worker, medical social worker, or another social work path, their work will likely
involve individual services for people in need of support along with program
development and advocacy to improve the institutions, systems, and policies impacting
their client population.

RIGHT , RESPONSIBILITIES ,ACCOUNTABILITIES AND CODE OF ETHICS

It is not only about the fact that social work is always concerned with the clients and
service oriented but it’s also about the social work’s rights, responsibilities and

accountabilities like any other professions.It is the right to achieve professional

mandates or what is asked for the social worker to do in order for the social worker to
help the clients, general public and the society and live by its value. A social worker
must respect the clients. Social work responsibilities involves those situations that
concern of its basic functions, professional standards, roles, and adherence to the local
and international code of ethics. Lastly it is accountable to the clients, general public
and the society. A social worker must not only entertain but also accommodate them by
interviewing them and processing other necessary documents that the clients, general
public, and the society submitted to the social workers. And then social workers will
finally assure the positive results in the said transactions.

CODE OF ETHICS

Is a set of values, principles and standards for social workers to adhere to and
reference in order to guide decision making and conduct, because ethical decision
making arises frequently in social work, there are not always easy answers. Ideally, a
social worker can apply this set of ethics to a situation in order to make aninformed and
appropriate decision or judgment, if the primary goal of a social worker is to help people
improve the quality of their lives and meet their basic human needs, then a social
worker’s essential task is personal, social, political, economic and more. Code ofEthics
as being rooted in a set of core values. The core values are: service, social justice
dignity and worth of the person, importance of human relationships, integrity, and
competence. The code is divided into different sections that outline the specific
responsibilities of a social worker and this includes social workers’ ethical
responsibilities: to clients, to colleagues, in practice settings, as professionals, to the
social work profession and to the broader society. It’s important for social workers to
have the Code of Ethics because the nature of social work can be very personal and
directly plants social workers into the lives of their clients and at the heart of social work
is the idea of responsibility, social workers help their clients to take responsibility for
their own lives and respond to or get out of bad situations. n this way, the Code of
Ethics can be used in a peer-review process. The Code of Ethics is used by social
workers as a landmark and touchstone of ethical practice. Social workers’ commitment
to the code ideally results in upholding it and performing their duties according to the
core values. Most of the standards explained by the NASW are enforceable guidelines
for professional conduct. However, some areas inspirational and can be interpreted in
different ways based on any number of influences.It’s important to have guidelines
spelled out and agreed upon by the social work profession so that every individual
social worker can behave and react accordingly.

Characteristic of Clientele and Audience of Social Work

The type of health information that is most appropriate and ‘impactful’ will be influenced
by the characteristics of your target audience, including their gender, ethnicity ,culture,
age, disability, sexuality, lifestyle, communication needs, location, health literacy, socio-
economic status, beliefs, preferences, health condition, and coping strategies. You will
need to consider the characteristics of your audience, such as disability, language
spoken and health literacy, and the impact of this on how it is most effective to
communicate with them. Knowing audience members’ attitudes about a topic will help a
speaker determine the best way to reach their goals. Imagine that a presenter is trying
to convince the community to build a park. A speaker would probably be inclined to
spend the majority of the speech giving reasons why a park would benefit the
community. Try to do some research to find out what the audience already knows about
the topic. Giving a brief review of important terms and concepts is almost always
appropriate, and can sometimes be done by acknowledging the heterogeneous
audience and the importance of ‘putting everyone on the same page.’ For example
,even if the audience members were familiar with basic genetics, a brief review of key
term and concepts at the beginning of a speech refreshes memories without being
patronizing. You need to have a lot more understanding about their social problems, be
good and patient to have a good communication with them.

Needs of Various type of Clientele and Audiences of Social Work

Easy is overrated; the only difficult client is a client who thinks we can make them
successful without their help. But we can’t work in a vacuum. So sometimes finding
balance and flow with a client can take a while because everyone has a different way of
working. The ideal client has clear goals and a picture of how to get there. If clients
embrace the characteristic of fairness, agency lif e is much easier. It’s quite simple. For
example, it’s fair to ask for a change order when the scope of work has increased
significantly due to client needs. If a client embraces a fair mindset, they will be
reasonable and understanding in why they should authorize the change order. The best
relationship a client and a firm can have is a trusting relationship. The client needs to
take on a firm that he has received good references for and has good chemistry with.
Once that firm has been hired, give them your trust. Don’t doubt them. Enable them to
do their job in the best way possible and they will. That’s what you hired them for.

The group and organization as Client of Social Work

Social workers work with a variety of groups in all settings in which social work is
practiced. It is means that inside of a group of people it needs of commonly identity or
similarity with each other. It’s like a small group that working with service ,like group of
organization or place of employment, or pupils and student in school set up. Social work
applies social sciences, such as sociology, psychology, political science, public health,
community development, law, and economics, to engage with client systems, conduct
assessments, and develop interventions to solve social and personal problems; and
create social change. Social work practice is often divided into micro-work, which
involves working with individuals or small groups; and macro-work, which involves
working communities, and within social policy, to create change on a larger scale.

The Community as Client of Social Work

Working with the community requires the generalist practitioner to be able to assess
community functioning and design specific intervention techniques. Community
organization has been recognized for many years as one of the main methods of social
work. Community have the largest share because everyone, what i mean is, individual
and families is essentially members of the community. A community can be power less
sector so that means the social work service can free from control or power of another
and empowerment. A group of individuals or families that share certain values, services
, institutions, interests, or geographical proximity. A functional special unit that meets
people’s sustenance needs, helps form collective identities, and patterned social
interaction. Social work may focus on community transformation to cause environmental
change to make it possible and to achieve social well-being or social justice.

THE SETTINGS, PROCESSES, METHODS, AND TOOLS IN SOCIAL WORK

Government setting

In the case of its broad associative definition, government normally consists of

legislature, executive, and judiciary. Government setting by which organizational
policies are enforced, as well as a mechanism for determining policy. Each government
has a kind of constitution, a statement of its governing principles and philosophy
.Typically the philosophy chosen is some balance .between the principle of individual
freedom and the idea.

Private Sector Setting

Part of the economy, sometimes referred to as the citizen sector, which is run by private
individuals or groups, usually as a means of enterprise for profit, and is not controlled by
the State . the private sector is wider, and places fewer constraints on firms .In countries
with more government authority, such as China, the public sector makes up most of the
economy

Civil Society Setting

The term Civil Society is used to collectively refer to the voluntary organizations
corporate bodies, socially active groups, and firms working in each society .Civil Society
works for discharging several economic, social, cultural, moral and other responsibilities
which fall in the domain of private activities. It, however, serves the public purpose of
securing general welfare and development. Civil Society even opposes the wrong
politics, decisions and projects of the government. In doing so the civil society depends
upon constitutional, peaceful and legal method of action. In other words, Civil Society
refers to the effective presence of autonomous groups and associations, business
groups, interest groups, trade unions, voluntary social service organizations and clubs,
in fact, all non-governmental organizations, clubs and groups working for securing their
interests by their own efforts.

School Setting

School social workers play a critical role in schools and educational settings .Social
workers working within school systems provide services to students to enhance their
emotional well-being and improve their academic performance. School social workers
are usually employed by the school district or an agency that is contracted with the
school district to provide services. School social workers are often called on to help
students, families, and teachers address problems such as truancy, social with draw all
,over aggressive behaviors, rebelliousness, and the effects of special physical,
emotional ,or economic problems. School social workers often also address issues such
as substance abuse and sexuality issues in the higher grade levels. School social
workers have a wide range of job functions. Their title is typically “school social worker.”
Qualifications for this position are often decided by the school district or employing
agency and requirements can range from a bachelors degree to a clinical license from
the state in which they practice. However, like many social workers, the caseloads of
school social workers are often high. School social workers can be assigned to more
than one school, requiring time to travel between locations. Often the school social
worker performs in isolation and may not have access to consistent supervision. There
also may be limited resources to support service delivery such as a lack of confidential
and private space, supplies, and training.

Community Setting

Our community have all feature appropriate furniture and, in some cases, have
restricted space, ensuring that you are used to working in varied and realistic home and
environments. A home or a community organization located in the neighborhood in
which a participant in the program under this section. A community is a familiar thread
used to bring people together to advocate and support each other in the fight to
overcome.

THE DECIPLINE OF COMMUNICATION

Communication

Communication as a discipline includes the study of communication in interpersonal

relationships, groups, organizations, and across cultures; rhetorical theory and criticism;
performance studies; argumentation and persuasion; technologically mediated
communication; and popular culture.

Goals of Communication

To Inform- you are providing information for use in decision making.

To Persuade - To reinforce or change a belief of a topic.

To Build Relationship- some messages that may send have to goal of building good
between you and the other person

 To Request - ask for a specific action by the receive

Chand, Smiriti.(2015)

BASIC ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION PROCESS

Sender

- the person who entends to convey the message with the intention of passing
information and ideas for others is known as a sender or communicator.
Reciever

- is the person who recieve message for a whom the message is meant for. It is the
reciever who tries to understand the message in the possible manner in achieving the
desired objectives.

Channel

- he person who are interested in communicating has to choose the channel for sending
the required information, ideas etc. This information transmitted to the reciever through
certain channels which may be either formal or formal.

Feedback

- is the process of ensuring that the reciever has recieved the message and understood
in the same sense as sender meant it.

Media

- It is the medium, passage or route through which encoded message is passed by the
sender to the receiver. There can be various forms of media-face to face
communication, letters, radio, television, e-mail etc. For example manager inform about
the introduction of a new product in a meeting through presentation.

LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION (FROM INTRAPERSONAL TO MASS

Intrapersonal Communication

 Occurs with an individual

 Also known as a self-talk , inner thought
 Try to replace negative thinking with positive thinking

Interpersonal Communication
  One to one communication between you and another person
 Use most often in a health care situation

Small Group Communication

 Interaction when a small number of people meet together

 Communication is goal directed and requires an understanding of group
dynamics

Public Communication

 Interaction with an audience

 Requires special adaption in eye contact, gesture , voice inflection and use of
presentation

materialhttps://slideplayer.com/slide/10731803/

2. PROFESSIONAL AND PRACTITIONERS IN COMMUNICATION

Professional and practitioners in communication are populated by wide variety of

professional who are in communication practice and they are;

 Creative artist
 Writer
 Editors
 Journalist
 Blogger
 Educators
 Social advocate
 Business men/Business woman
 Preachers
 Scientist
This professionals are bind together because of desire and impact and receive a
message to make in their audience.

2.2 ROLES, FUNCTIONS OF COMPETENCIES OF COMMUNICATION AND

JOURNALIST

Roles of Communicators and Journalist

The role of communicators and journalist is to make evidences and facts and to inform
the public about a certain issue .Therefore they give information and evidences to
inform the public about issues that matter to them.

Function of Communicators and Journalist

They collect and document information , facts and opinion , and present them for public
analysis and deepening to the root of reality . In additional of function is being present
where the news is happening because being a communicators is to deliver the truth and
facts .

Competence of Communicators and Journalist

They are four competence ;

 Listening Skill
 Reading skill
 Speaking Skill
 Writing Skill

Writing and speaking skills are very essential because if you don’t know how to write or
don’t know how to speak the massage maybe discourse the fact and evidence maybe
mislead

AREAS OF SPEALIZATION IN WHICH CUMMUNICATORS AND JOURNALIST

WORK

Communicators and journalist can work in a numbers of areas of Specialization;

  Speech writing and taking minutes of a meeting
 Advertising, marketing, and sales
 Communication Education
 Electronic media, Radio television and broadcasting; public relation;
 Public communication and opinion management

CAREER OPPURTUNITIES OF COMMUNICATORS AND JOURNALIST

The field of communication is wide in every human organization has communication

especially the role. Therefore the company should communicate so they can relay well
the message to their client, costumers or stakeholders and this situation are the same
happening of the government because government it gives us information on what's
going on in our country.

Career opportunities Albert, Nakayama, and Martin (2007 present some as follow;

 Speech Writer
 Press Secretary
 Public Information Officer
 Public Affair Specialist
 Communication Assistant
 Meeting Secretary
 Advertising
 Sales and Assistant and Account Executive
 Research Associate
 Operations Manager

RIGHTS , RESPONSIBILITIES ,ACCOUNTABILITIES AND CODE OF ETHICS

Rights Responsiblities , Accountabilities

Before that may I define what is right

 Right – which is morale corrected and honorable just.

 Responsibilities - the act of having a duty or opportunities to act independently
  Accountabilities – is a fact of having what you need to do and what you want to
do to give yourself a satisfaction.

So why do we need to learn about this, In these sense the right and responsibilities and
accountabilities have to be established to safeguard the integrity of media and
protection. In the name of Freedoom of Expression how is this happen.

Freedom of Expression

Freedom of expression refers to the ability of an individual or group of individuals to

express their beliefs, thoughts, ideas, and emotions through different method of
communication such as;

 Writing and Speech

Accountabilities

- Is necessity for communicator and journalist should not lose responsibility

for it should always be in one's own mind, brain, and speech.
Communicators and Journalist should ensure that citizens are able to
originate content and contribute to media content.
- Do not just remain passive you should never ignore what others say you
agree with even if you have not moved well. Exercise and live by and
which must provide guarantless against censorship and protection of ;

 Freedom of Expression
 Confidentiality of Journalist Source
 Ensuring the Information
Ensure the citizen have a convenient access to all media which is subject to just
and fair law and universally recognized principle of human rights. In 2005 ,Global
campaign for Free of Expression by the International Federation of Journalist
recognized that self regulatory mechanism can :
 Can help ensure more comprehensive approach
 Help to deliver genuine accountability
  Protect the principle and practice of freedom of expression

Take note this is not easy it is complex and challenging as long as you want to do it you
will meet your rights, responsibilities, accountabilities correctly.

Codes of Ethics Communicators and Journalist

Communicators and journalist have code of ethics and professional standard base on
self regulation. The general rules Codes of Ethics Communicators and Journalist is to
respect of truthfulness and respect to people.United nation scientific and cultural
organization are other known as UNESCO considered the code of ethics as being a
heart of the good communications and journalism for it’s foster professional self
censorship and among professional in industry. UNESCO argued the codes of ethics
under the denominations are essential instrument of media self regulation.

Codes of Ethics contribute ;

 Accuracy
 Fairness
 Reliability of information ,Therefore benefiting the general as the consumer of
information . The National Union of Journalist provide a sample of Code and
Ethics in 1936.

 The journalist upholds defends the principle of media freedom, the right
of freedom of expression and the right of the public to be informed.
 Strive to ensure that information disseminated is honestly conveyed,
accurate, and fair.
 Does his/her outmost to correct harmful inacurries
 Differentiate between fact and opinion
 Obtains material by honest, straight forward , and open means , with the
exception of investigation are both overwhelmingly in the public interest
and which involve evidence that cannot be obtained by straightforward
means
  Does nothing to intrude into anybody’s private life, grief, or distress,
justified by overriding consideration of the public interest.
 Protect the identity of source who supply information in confidence and
material gathered in the course of his\her work.
 Resist threats or any other inducements to influence, distort , or suppress
information and takes no unfair personal advantage of information gained
in the course of his\her duties before the information is public knowledge.
 Produces no material likely to hatred or discrimination on the grounds of a
person’s age, gender, race, color, creed, legal, status, disability, marital
status or sexual orientation.
 Does not by way of statement , voice, or appearance endorse by
advertisement any commercial product of his/her own work or the medium
by which she/he is employed

Shall not normally seek the consent of an appropriate adult when interviewing or
photographing a child for a story about his/her welfare.

CARLO L. (2015) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TrlbDKi__hw