CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0 Overview
In the previous chapter 2 relevant past journals and articles has reviewed. The dependent
variable and the independent variable which were identified based on previous study. In chapter
3, research methodology used in this study will be discussed. Research methodology is
systematic way to solve the research problem. Firstly, the conceptual research framework will
be developed in this chapter. Next, hypothesis development also will further explained and
developed too. The third part will be the sampling procedure which is the sample size, target
population and sampling method were further elaborate in this part. Furthermore, it will be the
data collection in this study. Research instrument will be discussed too after data collection.
Types of data analysis which included all the tests were used in this study.

3.1 Research Framework

This research framework included five independent variable and one dependent variable which
the five independent variables included perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use,
technology, organization and lastly environment. This research is to study the consumer
adoption towards RFID healthcare technology

Perceived usefulness

Perceived ease of use

Technology
Consumer
Adoption
Organization

Enviroment

Figure 3.0 Research Framework

3.2 Operational Definition

VARIABLES DEFINITION SOURCE

Consumer adoption of technological

innovations is the process consumers
Consumer Adoption (Chong et al., 2015)
use to determine whether or not to
adopt an innovation.

The perceived usefulness comes

from the performance improvement
Perceived Usefulness (Lee & Coughlin, 2014)
driven by the use of the new
technology.

Perceived Ease of Use refers to the

degree to which the potential user
Perceived Ease of Use (Lai, 2017)
expects the target system to be
effortless.

Technology is a application of
Technology scientific knowledge for practical (Dey et al., 2016)
purposes, especially in industry

The organizational dimension

exhibits organizational aspects that
may influence the adoption of new
Organization (Kim & Garrison, 2017)
technology such as organizational
resistance, capacity, structure,
communication and decision making.

The environmental dimension

manifests the potential impact of
Environment environmental forces such as (Dey et al., 2016)
competition uncertainty and the role
of external stakeholders.
3.3 Hypothesis Development
The study purpose is to explore consumer adoption towards RFID in healthcare technology
from the healthcare industries at Kuala Lumpur which included perceived usefulness,
perceived ease of use, technology, organization and lastly environment.

3.3.1 H1: There is a significant relationship on perceived usefulness and consumer

adoption.

In previous research shows that evidence for the causal relationship between perceived
usefulness and adoption were found for various technologies, including portable devices, e-
commerce, and e-mail. Medical staff are more likely to adopt technology when they perceive
its usefulness and potential benefit, rather than for originality sake alone. It is important to
clearly show a RFID benefits and utility. Adoption is more likely to be achieved if one
successfully communicates that a RFID serves a clear purpose meaningful to them and offers
easily perceived benefits, suggested, an example must show the possible benefits when
introducing the consumer to a new technology. Hence, there is a positive significant effect on
perceived usefulness and consumer adoption (Aboelmaged & Hashem, 2018).

3.3.2 H2: There is a significant relationship on perceived ease of use and consumer
adoption

There are many existing system have been evaluated as not easy to use for consumer. Design
principles and guidelines have been suggested for enhancing usability. One rule is to keep the
interfaces simple. Another effective means to assuring system usability is getting consumer
involved from the early stages of the development. Perceived ease of use is identified as a key
determinant of consumer adoption. Hence, there is a positive significant effect on perceived
ease of use and consumer adoption. (Aboelmaged & Hashem, 2018)

3.3.3 H3: There is a significant relationship on technology and consumer adoption

The technological context in the framework represents technological practices and structure
that may affect the adoption of new technology. The technological factors describe the
perceived characteristics of both the existing, deployed technologies as well as the new
technologies. The technological context of a healthcare, which includes the existing technology
applications and supporting technology infrastructure, significantly influences the technology
capability development decisions of an organization. Hence, there is a positive significant
effect on technology and consumer adoption (Dey et al., 2016).
3.3.4 H4: There is a significant relationship on organization and consumer adoption

Identify organizational characteristics such as financial resources and RFID complexity as

important determinants of consumer adoption. A consumer adoption of RFID technology is
influenced by factors like perceived benefits, management support, financial resources, and
cost and technology competence related to its organizational context. Thus, organizational
factors are positively related to RFID adoption decision in healthcare industry. Hence, there is
a positive significant organization and consumer adoption (Dey et al., 2016).

3.3.5 H5: There is a significant relationship on environment and consumer adoption

The majority of studies suggest that pressure of industry competition encourages organizations
to accelerate the adoption of information systems. A consumer adoption of RFID technology
is influenced by factors like uncertainty and external pressures (competition, network partners,
and suppliers) related to its environmental context. Thus, environmental factors are positively
related to RFID adoption decisions in hospitals. Hence, there is a positive significant effect on
environment and consumer adoption (Dey et al., 2016).

3.4 Data Collection Method

According to Sekaran data collection methods are an integral part of research design as shown
in the shaded portion. There are several data collection methods, each with its own advantages
and disadvantages. Problems researched with the use of appropriate methods greatly enhance
the value of the research.

Data can be collected in a variety of ways, in different settings field or lab and from different
sources. Data collection methods include interviews face-to-face interviews, telephone
interviews, computer-assisted interviews, and interviews through the electronic media
questionnaires that are either personally administered, sent through the mail, or electronically
administered observation of individuals and events with or without videotaping or audio
recording and a variety of other motivational techniques such as projective tests.

Interviewing, administering questionnaires, and observing people and phenomena are the three
main data collection methods in survey research. Projective tests and other motivational
techniques are also sometimes used to tap variables. It is assumed that the respondents project
into the responses their own thoughts, feelings, attitudes, and expectations,
3.5 Sources of Data

According to Sekaran Primary data can be defined as the original data gather for research
information. The variables have been doing analysis by past journals before conduct this study.
Quantitative data and qualitative data both are primary data. Quantitative data collection is the
data collect by the used of number to access and it can be evaluated through the analysis of
statistic. The example of quantitative data collection can be survey. For qualitative data
collection such as interview or observation which does not involve any numerical data during
gathering. In this study, quantitative data collection was selected for the used to collect data.

The use of questionnaires is going to collect data for this study and distribute by to the medical
staff of healthcare industries. All information of respondents will be kept as private and
confidential as the questionnaires were not able to request respondents note down their personal
information such as name and telephone. Questionnaires method been selected is because of it
can reach the cost and time saving. Therefore, questionnaires were distributed randomly to the
medical staff of healthcare industries.

Secondary data is the data that have been gather and can been found in past researches such as
online website, journals, articles and books for reused purpose. The used of secondary data is
to do literature review by review past studies from these sources. Apart from that, secondary
data also included statistics, population of the country.

3.6 Sampling Method

According to Sekaran, sampling is the process of selecting a sufficient number of elements
from the population, so that a study of the sample and an understanding of its properties or
characteristics would make it possible for us to generalize such properties or characteristics to
the population elements. The characteristics of the population such as μ (the population mean),
σ (the population standard deviation), and σ2 (the population variance) are referred to as its
parameters. The central tendencies, the dispersions, and other statistics in the sample of interest
to the research are treated as approximations of the central tendencies, dispersions, and other
parameters of the population. As such, all conclusions drawn about the sample under study are
generalized to the population. In other words, the sample statistics (the sample mean), S
(standard deviation), and S2 (the variation in the sample) are used as estimates of the population
parameters μ, σ, and σ2.
There are two major types of sampling designs probability and nonprobability sampling. In
probability sampling, the elements in the population have some known chance or probability
of being selected as sample subjects. In nonprobability sampling, the elements do not have a
known or predetermined chance of being selected as subjects. Probability sampling designs are
used when the representativeness of the sample is of importance in the interests of wider
generalizability. When time or other factors, rather than generalizability, become critical,
nonprobability sampling is generally used. Each of these two major designs has different
sampling strategies. Depending on the extent of generalizability desired, the demands of time
and other resources, and the purpose of the study, different types of probability and non-
probability sampling designs are chosen.

The questionnaire's content is all based on the five factors which will influence consumer
adoption. The sampling design is non-probability convenient sampling which included
convenience sampling were used as the way to distribute the questionnaire to respondents.
Convenience sampling can be defined as one of the non-random sampling in which researchers
will choose the people who will come across. Convenience sampling selected due to it is easily
available to whomever and it is simplest and quickest for collecting data.

3.7 Sampling Size

This study is going to cover the hospitals and clinics in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The group
of people who will be targeted is the medical staff from the medical sector from all over Kuala
Lumpur with targeted a total number of 200 people as this study's respondents. The reason of
chosen sector as the respondents is because this are those consumer who will adopt with the
RFID technology implementation in healthcare industry. So they will be the best respondents
to this study.
3.8 Questionnaire Development

Survey research method will be used to collect the primary data of this research. Survey method
is chosen because it is the most time saving and cost saving method for research.
Questionnaires will be distributed to gather the data as one of the survey method. The
questionnaire contain two section which is Section A, and Section B.

Section A will ask about respondent demographic information such as age, gender, race, which
healthcare industry around Kuala Lumpur they are working. The scale used in this section will
be nominal scale and ordinal scale. For section B, it will discuss about questions of both
independent and dependent variable. A five-point Likert scale has the ranking from strongly
disagree to strongly agree as the table shows below and this five-point Likert scale will be
applied in section B.

1 2 3 4 5
Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree
Disagree
Table 2: Five-point Likert Scale

3.9 Data Analysis

An IBM program which named Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) 22 (SPSS) has
been used in this study for analysis the collection data. This program helps researchers to
calculate the collected data more easily and shows the results of the study. Descriptive test,
reliability test, Pearson’s correlation coefficient analysis and multiple linear regression analysis
will be included.

3.9.1 Univariate Analysis

Descriptive Analysis is majority use for testing on demographic fact such as gender, age, race,
occupation in medical line and so on which is the Section A of the questionnaire. After the
analysis, the data of these demographic factors can be shown in different of types such as bar
chart, pie chart or histogram. It shows the mean and standard deviation of the five independent
variables and one dependent variable of this study.
3.9.2 Reliability Test

Reliability test is to test the independent variables and dependent variable, which their result is
consistent at the same time it also tested the reliability of the questionnaire. To know whether
the variables is consistent or not, when the Cronbach’s Alpha value is in the range of 0.7 or
above will be reviewed as an acceptable measurement.

3.9.3 Normality Test

3.9.4 Bivariate Analysis

In a research project that includes several variables, beyond knowing the means and standard
deviations of the dependent and independent variables, we would often like to know how one
variable is related to another. That is, we would like to see the nature, direction, and
significance of the bivariate relationships of the variables used in the study (that is, the
relationship between any two variables among the variables tapped in the study). A Pearson
correlation matrix will provide this information, that is, it will indicate the direction, strength,
and significance of the bivariate relationships of all the variables in the study.

The correlation is derived by assessing the variations in one variable as another variable also
varies. For the sake of simplicity, let us say we have collected data on two variables price and
sales for two different products

3.9.5 Multivariate Analysis

Multiple Linear Regression analysis is one of the linear analysis that measure the relationship
between only one dependent variable and two or more independent variables at the same time
it can determine which independent variable is most significant. Thus, this study is going to
test the effect between perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, technology, organization
and environment which are the independent variables of this study and the only dependent
variable of this study, consumer adoption.
3.10 Summary of Data Analysis Method for Hypothesis Testing
3.11 Chapter Summary

Research framework and hypothesis of research developed in this study is to investigate the
relationship of independent variables and dependent variables which is the consumer adoption
in RFID healthcare technology . In the upcoming chapter questionnaires will be distributed and
collected back afterwards to do data analysis by using SPSS.