Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach
‘Seventh Edition
Computer
Networking Chapter 1
Introduction
Oren cena © 2017, 2013, 2010 fers Education In AR Reseed
Introduction (1 072)
Our Goal:
* get “feel” and terminology
+ more depth, detail later in course
* approach:
~ use Internet as example
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Introduction @0f2)
Overview:
* What's the Internet?
+ What's a protocol?
* network edge: hosts, access net, physical medie
+ network core: packeV/circult switching, Intemet sructure
+ performance: loss, delay, throughput
+ security
+ protocol layers, service models
+ histor
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What’s the Internet: “Nuts and Bolts” View (1 of2)
+ billions of connected computing devices:
~ hosts = end systems
= running network apps
+ communication links.
= fiber, copper, radio, satelite
~ transmission rate: bardwidth
* packet switches: forward packets (chunks of
data)
powees = routers and switches
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Learning Objectives «i of7)
11 what is the Internet?
4.2 network edge
~ end systems, access networks, links
4.3 network core
~ packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
4.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
4.7 history
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Whats the Internet: “Nuts and Bolts” View (2 0f2)
cepyrgh © 2017, 2013, 200 Pear Eda, eA Res Reserved “Fun” Internet-Connected Devices
‘weather forecaster
Twoota-wat
‘mont enerav use
ones
Intomet phones
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Definicion de Internet
Rec. ITU-T Y.101
Q«Una coleccién de redes interconectadas entre si
usando el protocolo IP (Internet Protocol), el cual les
permite funcionar como una nica, gran red virtual».
RFC 2418
Q«The Intemet, a _loosely-organized _ international
collaboration of autonomous, interconnected networks,
supports host-to-host communication through voluntary
adherence to open protocols and procedures defined by
Internet Standards.
O There are also many isolated interconnected networks,
which are not connected to the global Internet but use
the Intemet Standards.
internet Standards are developed in the Intemet
Engineering Task Force (IETF)»
What’s the Internet: A Service View
+ Infrastructure that provides
services to applications:
~ Web, VoIP, email, games, e-
commerce, social nets,
* provides programming interface
toapps.
— hooks that allow sending and
receiving app programs to
“connect” to Internet
~ provides service options, =
analogous to postal service otto
= ‘cepyngh © 2017, 2013, 210 Pear Evan, eA Res Reserved
What’s the Internet: “Nuts and Bolts” View
~ Interconnected ISPs V9
* protocols control sending,
receiving of messages
= @g., TOP, IP, HTTP, Skype,
802.11
* Internet standards
~ RFC: Request for comments,
~ IETF: Internet Engineering
Task Force
rere ett 2017, 2013, 2010 ans aan, RE Reed
What’s a Protocol? (1 or2)
human protocols: network protecols:
+ ‘what's the time?" * machines rather than humans
* "Ihave a question" + all communication activity in
introductions Internet governed by protocols
protocols define format, order of
messages sent and received
specific actions taken when among network entities, and
messages received, or other actions taken on message
events transmission, receipt
specific messages sent
‘cnyraht © 2037, 2013, 2010 Pear Eduaton, tn. lights Reseed Definicion de Protocolo
«Una descripcién formal de los formatos de mensajes y
reglas que dos computadoras deben seguir para
intercambiar dichos mensajes.
Los protocolos pueden describir detalles ae bajo nivel de
interfaces de maquina a maquina (por ejemplo, el orden en
que se envian los bits y bytes a través de un cable) 0
intercambios de alto nivel entre programas (por ejemplo, la
forma en que dos programas transfieren un archivo a través
de Internet)».
J. Kim and T. Watanabe, Standardization of the early Internet:
a search for socio-institutional factors. 2001
What’s a Protocol? @ 0f2)
‘Ahuman protocol and a computer network prctocol:
= a8 a
Q; other human protocols?
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Learning Objectives @ of7)
1.1 what is the Internet?
4.2 network edge
~ end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
~ packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
41.6 networks under attac
tewatnimcen ——meneninacns Graeme
‘ert: Re. US 12540 (772016)
A Closer Look at Network Structure:
+ network edge:
~ hosts: clients and servers
— servers often in data
centers
* access networks, physical
media: wired, wireless
‘communication links
* network core:
~ interconnected routers
— network of networks
@reeren enya © 237, 2013, 2010 Pan Ectn Ie Ras Resse
Ejemplo de una red éptica Access Networks and Physical Media
@: How to connect end systems to
edge router?
+ residential access nets
=~
+ institutional access networks (school, fo
~— 2s
+ mobile access networks aie
keep in mind:
* bandwidth (bits per second) of access
network?
+ shared or dedicated?
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Fiber to the Home
we st
2 Optical links from central office to the home
2 leading optical technology:
® Passive Optical network (PON)
& Much higher Internet rates; fiber also carries television and
phone services
Access Network: Cable Network (i or3)
frequency division multiplexing: different channels transmitted in
different frequency bands
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Access Network: Cable Network ¢ 0f3)
+ HEC: hybrid fiber coax
~ asymmetric: up to 30 Mbps downstream transmission rate,
2 Mbps upstream transmission rate
DOCSIS 3.0: 100 Mbps
* network of cable, fiber attaches homes to ISP router
~ homes share access network to cable headend
~ unlike DSL, which has dedicated access to central office
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Access Network: Cable Network ¢ or3)
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Access Network: Home Network
wired Etheret (Gbps)
‘cepyngh © 2017, 2013, 230 Pear Evan, eA ges Reserved Enterprise Access Networks (Ethernet)
Pp ISP (internet)
* typically used in companies, universities, etc.
+ 10 Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps transmission rates
A Rats Reseed
Access Network: Digital Subscril
@of2)
er Line (DSL)
* use e3
ing telephone line to central office DSLAM
~ data over DSL phone line goes to Intemet
= voice over DSL phone line goes to telephone net
+ <2.5 Mbps upstream transmission rate (typically < 1 Mbps)
* <24 Mbps downstream transmission rate (typically < 10 Mbps)
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Wireless Access Networks (i of2)
+ shared wireless access network connects end systen to router
~ Via base station aka “access point”
wireless LANs:
+ within building (100 ft)
+ 802.11b/gin (WIFI): 11, 54, 450 Mbps transmission rate
to Internet
@ rears
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Access Network: Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
(of2)
gma
Oe, seer
voloe, cata pa ears 'sP
A Rapes Rese
Ejemplo red de acceso DSL
oo Bo ao Po gs oe
e
copyright © 2037, 2013, 2010 Pen Education, tn. lights Reseed Wireless Access Networks ¢ 02)
wide-area wireless access
+ provided by telco (cellular) operator, 10's km
+ between 1 and 10 Mbps
+ 3G, 4G: LTE
+ 5G
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‘Source: Data Communications and Computer Networks: A Business User's Approach 8th
Eaton, Curt White, 2015
Host: Sends Packets of Data
host sending function:
+ takes application message
fae) ee
we
packets, of enath L bits
+ transmits packet into access network au? =
at transmission rate R SSSR Fink vanamisaion rote
~ fink transmission rato, aka lnk
capacity, aka link bandwidth
packet timeneededto (ni
vwahgmission =‘tranomtt pit = H(Bt)
delay. packet into link RY et
enya 2017, 2013, 2010 Perr Econ Ie Rar Reseed
Physical Media: Coax, Fiber (: or2)
Coaxial Cable:
* two concentric copper conductors
* bidirectional
* broadband:
— multiple channels on cable
—HFC
Se
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Physical Media
* bit: propagates between ‘twisted pair (TP)
‘ransmitteriteceiver pairs
° + two insulatec copper wires
+ physieal link: what ies between ~ Category 5: 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps
Iransmittr & receiver Ethemet
+ guided media: ~ Category 6: 10 Gbps
~ signals propagate in solid
media: copper, fiber, coax.
* unguided media:
~ signals propagate freely. e.g.,
radio
@reeren ony 2017, 2013, 2010 Perr Econ eM Ras Reseed
Physical Media: Coax, Fiber (2 or2)
ber Optic Cable:
+ glass fiber carrying light pulses, each
pulse a bit
+ high-speed operation:
~ high-speed point-to-point
transmission (e.g., 10's-100's Gbps
transmission rate)
+ low error rate:
— repeaters spaced far apart
~ immune to electromagnetic noise
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e Physical Media: Radio (i 0:2)
+ signal carried in electromagnetic spectrum
* no physical “wire”
Physical Media: Radio (202)
Radio Link Types:
+ terrestrial microwave
— e.g. up to 45 Mbps channels
+ LAN (e.g, WiFi)
+ bidirectional ~ 54 Mops.
* propagation environment effects: . wideareo O oe
: ~ 4G cellar ~ 10 Mbps
~ reflection
~ ony ee
a3 ~ Kbps fo 45Mbps channel (or multiple smaller chennels)
er ~ 270 msec end-end delay
0synchronous versus low attude
Oren oy © 2017, 203, 208 Par Ene, AR Ree Orne oy 01, 203, 200 Par Even, AR Ree
Learning Objectives ¢ or7
B Ms ee The Network Core
4.4 what is the Internet?
4.2 network edge
~ end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
~ packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
41.6 networks under attack: security
4.7 history
@reren ony 2017, 2013, 2010 Perr Econ eM Ras Reseed
Network Backbone (core)
+ mesh of interconnected routers
5K
* packet-switching: hosts break
application-layer messages into
packets
~ forward packets from one
router to the next, across
links on path from source to
destination
~ each packet transmitted at
full link capacity
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Las arterias submarinas de
Internet
Imagen propiedad dara El Tiempo,
13 Enero 2013, Us edcatvo, Wide Area Networks
|WAN using an ISP network.
Packet-Switching: Store-and-Forward (i or3)
a x
oat Wwe &
iad —— af destination
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Packet-Switching: Store-and-Forward @ 03)
+ takes & seconds to transmit (push out) L-bit packet into
link at R bps
+ store and forward: entire packet must arrive at router before it
can be transmitted on next link
+ end-ond delay - 2 (assuming
more on delay shortly
zero propagation delay)
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Packet-Switching: Store-and-Forward 6 or3)
‘one-hop numerical example:
+ L=7.5 Mbits
+ R=1.5 Mbps
+ one-hop transmission delay = 5 sec
ony 2017, 2013, 2010 Perr Econ eM Ras Reseed
Serialization delay (Rec. ITU-T G.114)
«Serialization delay of a packet is the time it takes to clock every bit
of a packet onto the line.»
: [sJ=—Packetsize [bie]
serfatization ©" Linespeed | bit/ s]
“Table 11.1 ~ Example of serialization delays with different tine speeds and packet sizes
{ine spew Packet we Sertattvation delay
Tati 200 bytes 0.0016 m=
Fgratonala de Rec O14 too Mids 1500 bytes ©.12 1
100 mits 200 bytes ©o16ms
1 Mis 150 bytes 12m
To sav 200 bytes 0.16 me
sti 190 bytce Tame
206 bytes Lams
200 bytes ims
igure Ht Seriaization delay.
gua oma oa Ree. TUT GLA con cada seo, Packet Switching: Statistical Multiplexing
100 Mb/s, fe
statistical multiplexing
‘5 Mbius
queue of packets
‘waiting for output
ink
D.
‘Sequence of A & B packets does not have fixed pattem, bandwidth shared on
‘demand: statistical multiplexing.
Dynamic Resource Sharing
© «The principles and advantages of timesharing were key to my
realization that resource sharing of communication links in
networks could provide for efficient data communications, much
like the resource sharing of processors in timeshared systems
was accomplishing». AN EARLY HISTORY OF THE INTERNET.
Leonard Kleinrock, IEEE Communications Magazine, August
2010.
Packet Switching: Queueing Delay, Loss ‘Two Key Network-Core Functions
Por c
A aL rousing demraiee
ee
e Fin 15 Mois elon eee
ueue of Ee
aioe.
frunung sc ones
* if arrival rate (in bits) to link exceeds transmission rate of link for a
petiod of te
— packets will queue, wait to be transmitted on link
— packets can be dropped (lost) if memory (buffer) fills up
Alternative Core: Circuit Switching (1 of2)
end-end resources allocated to, reserved for “call” between
source & dest:
+ in diagram, each link has four circuits
~ call gets 2 circuit in top link and 1* circuit in right link.
+ dedicated resources: no sharing
~ circuit-ike (guaranteed) performance
* circuit segment idle if not used by call (no sharing)
* commonly used in traditional telephone networks
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Alternative Core: Circuit Switching (2072)
=
‘cepyngh © 2017, 2013, 230 Pear Evan, eA ges Reserved Circuit Switching: FDM Versus TDM
Numerical example
D How long does it take to send a file of 640,000 bits from host,
Example:
FoM Aussi Ato host B over a circuit-switched network?
+ ANlinks are 536 Mops
frequency EN + Each link uses TDM with 24 slots/sec
SS. + 500 msec to establish end-to-end circuit
a ume.
Let's work it out!
7 In TDM: each host gets same slot in revolving TDM frame.
rene yin 2017, 202, 200 Peer donne. Rt Reed 16
Packet Switching Versus Circuit Switching (10°)
packet switching allows more users to use network!
example:
* 1 Mbis link
* each user:
= 100 kb/s when “active”
= active 10% of time
+ circuit-switching:
= 10 users
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Recordemos la distribucién binomial
© nusuarios O xatvo © activo
ny PO P p> On PP
P(A)=(1= py" p*
P (seis activos)=(33\(1—p) P
P(k<10 activos)=P(0)+ P(1)+P(2)+...+P (10)
Packet Switching Versus Circuit Switching (2 of 4)
© packet swite
= with 36 users, probability > 10 active at same time is less than .0004 *
Probabitiad de = 10 usuarios
4 Mbps link ectvos ala vez
1 CDF[BinomialDistribution(35, 0.1], 10]
@: how did we get value 0.00047 0.000424298
Q: what happens if> 35 users ?
* Check out the ontineinteracve exercises for more examples:
tipslgsia.c.umass edukurose ressinerocive.
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Blocking probability
© 35 users, 10 channels Packet Switching Versus Circuit Switching 6 0F4)
is packet switel
* great for bursty data
~ resource sharing
— simpler, no call setup
g a “slam dunk winner?”
* excessive congestion possible: packet delay and loss
~ protocols needed for reliable data transfer, congestion
control
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Packet Switching Versus Circuit Switching (4 014)
* Q: How to provide circuit-like behavior?
— bandwidth guarantees needed for audio/video apps
~ still an unsolved problem (chapter 7)
Q: human analogies of reserved resources (circuit switching)
versus on-demand allocation (packet-switching)?
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Is packet Switching that beautiful?
| Er cubrimiento de la banda ancha residencial y mévil es cada vez
mayor,
| El acceso banda ancha sirve no solo para el servicio de Internet si
no de otros servicios como TV (IPTV) y voz (VoIP).
Packet switching brinda flexibilidad para llevar estos servicios
sobre la misma red
2 ZQué ocurre si muchas fuentes a la vez demancan los recursos de
tx simultaneamente?
| ZComo resolver este problema?
‘Timing of events in (a)citcuit switching, (bypacket switching
Priorization principle
AF = Assured forwarding
BE Bert ofort
eee Figura tomada de Rec.
ee MU-T 6.114 con
caracter educativo,
em Circuit switched | Packet switched
Call setup Required Not needed
‘Dedicated physical path Yes ‘No
‘Each packet follows the same route | Yes No
Packets arrive in order Yes No
Is switch crash fatal Yes No
Bandwidth available Fixed ‘Dynamic
Time of possible congestion ‘At setup time [On every packet
Potentially wasted bandwidth Yes ‘No
‘Store-and-forward transmission No Yes
| Charan. comparison-of ercult-ewitehed SAT sRer-ewiehod HERES! Internet Structure: Network of Networks (1 oF 10)
+ End systems connect to Internet via access ISPs (Internet
Service Providers)
~ residential, company and university ISPs
* Access ISPs in turn must be interconnected.
~ so that any two hosts can send packets fo each other
* Resulting network of networks is very complex
— evolution was driven by economics and national policies
* Let's take a stepwise approach to describe current Internet
structure
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Internet Structure: Network of Networks (2 of 10)
Question: given millions of access ISPs, how to connect them
together?
a0
a
«
= -
= =
7
= -<- ste
= a
— ee
Internet Structure: Network of Networks (3 of 10)
Option: connect each access ISP to every other access ISP?
SAN
connecting each access ISP
tocach other directly doesn’t \-
‘scale: O(N) connections.
se onnes
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Internet Structure: Network of Networks (5 of 10)
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors
Internet Structure: Network of Networks (4 of 10)
Option: connect each access ISP to one global transit ISP?
Customer and provider ISPs have economic agreement.
alan
=
—
2
—
= | \
i! =
os ena © 207, 23,20 per ton, A Ro
Internet Structure: Network of Networks (6 of 10)
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors
which must be interconnected
ce RT ree i
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cepyrah © 2017, 2013, 2030 Pear Evan, eA Res Reserved Internet Structure: Network of Networks (7 of 10)
... and regional networks may arise to connec: access nets to IS
eon © 2037, 2013, 2010 Pars Eaton In Rite Reserved
Internet Structure: Network of Networks (s of 19)
and content provider networks (e.9., Google, Microsoft, Akamai) may run
their own network, to bring services, content close to end users
nS
T=
= = 2
eon © 2037, 2013, 2010 Pars Eaton In Rite Reserved
Basic network topologies
Nk &
Funny Connected
ccooce SM” %%?
Ejemplos redes
académicas
ere mame ee — ay —a—
we yore i
rece rawon ED a a oo a
pura propedal de IEEE Communicatons Magazine Architecture of the Internet
Overview of the Intemet architecture
Internet Structure: Network of Networks (9 of 10)
Se eeu
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Internet exchange point (IXP)
Rec. ITU-T D.52
Q«An Intemet exchange point (IXF) is a single
physical network infrastructure operated by a
single entity with the purpose to facilitate the
exchange of Internet traffic. It acts as a centralized
hub enabling local traffic to be routed locally and
save international bandwidth which has the effect
to reduce the overall costs of international internet
connectivity.»
Tier-I ISP: e.g., Sprint
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Internet Structure: Network of Networks (10 of 10)
+ at center: small of well-connected large networks
~ “tier-1” commercial ISPs (e.g., Level 3, Sprint, AT&T, NT
7), national & international coverage
~ content provider network (¢.9., Google): private network
that connects it data centers to Internet, often bypassing
tier-1, regional ISPs
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Internet structure: network of networks
© a packet passes through many networks! Los cuatro grandes actores de Internet:
1) End users
2) Broadband providers
3) Backbone networks (long-haul fiber-optic
links and high-speed routers)
4) Edge providers (provide content, services,
and applications over the Internet.)
Learning Objectives «4 0:7)
4-1 what is the Internet?
4.2 network edge
~ end systems, access networks, links
4.3 network core
— packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
4.5 protocol layers, service models
4.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history
hoy © 2037, 2013, 2010 Pans Eaton, In Ris Reserved
How Do Loss and Delay Occur?
packets queue in router buffers
* packet arrival rate to link (temporarily) exceeds output link
capacity
* packets queue, wait for turn
2
D
o
enya © 2037, 2013, 2010 Par Eduction Ie Ras Resared
Four Sources of Packet Delay @or4),
d,,.: nodal processing ayy Queueing delay
+ check bit errors + time waiting at output link
- for transmission
+ determine output link
5 + depends on congestion level
+ typically < msec of router
@rearson cepyngh © 2017, 2013, 210 Pear Eda, te Al Res Reserved
Four Sources of Packet Delay (i or),
aienitogtons
A yy. —propagation—
B. al
processing queueing
nodal = Aproc + queue + trans + prop
yn 2017, 202, 2010 Par anon ne. Re Ree
Four Sources of Packet Delay (ora)
transmission
ag eo
nodal = proc + dauoue + Urans + Apron
‘cepyngh © 2017, 2013, 230 Pear Evan, eA ges Reserved Four Sources of Packet Delay (ors,
dpe: transmission delay:
+L: packet length (bis)
+ link bandwidth (bps)
* Check out te online interactive
‘exercises for more examples
* Soa checondche— vervaiorent tpigaia.cs umass.edulkurose_ rossi
hteracive
jpg: pagation delay:
dt ength of physical nk
+ propagation speed 2-902
1+ Check ou! the Java applet for an
Interactive animation on trans vs prop
olay
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Caravan Analogy (1 of3)
km
* cars “propagate” at 100-7"
* toll booth takes 12 sec to service car (bit transmission time)
* car ~ bit; caravan ~ packet
+ Q: How long until caravan is lined up before 2nd toll
booth?
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Caravan Analogy (2 0f3)
* time to “push” entire caravan through toll booth onto highway = 1210
120 sec
+ time for last car to propagate from tst to 2nd toll both:
400km.
i00Km ="
hr
+ A: 62 minutes
Orrin ey 2017, 2013, 2010 en aan, RE Reed
Queueing Delay (Revisited) (1 £2)
+ Ri link bandwidth (bps)
* L: packet length (bits)
* a average packet arrival rate
delay
average queueing
‘raffic intensity
tare
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Caravan Analogy (3 oF3)
* suppose cars now “propagate” at
* and suppose toll booth now takes one min to service a car
* Q: Will cars arrive to 2nd booth before all cars serviced at first
booth?
~ A: Yes! after 7 min, first car arrives at second booth; three cars
still at first booth
‘Time fora ear to propagate om 1st to 2nd tll both: 100k (100m
‘Time to “push” entire caravan through tll booth onto highway =
@reeren enya © 2037, 2013, 2010 Parr Euctn Ie Ra Rested
‘in
{600 see=10 min
Queueing Delay (Revisited) 20-2)
42-0 :avg. queueing delay smal
«EB. st:avg. quousing delay large
+ $221: more“work"arriving than can be serviced, average delay infinite!
Lamon
cepyngh © 2017, 2013, 2030 Pear Eda, te A ges Reserved On packet congestion
Connecting Computers. With Robert E, Kahn, By Alexander 8. Magoun,
Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 102, No. 12, December 2014
* «One of the problems Kahn faced in building the
IMPs was others’ confidence that message
packet congestion would not be 4 problem{..] |
knew that could happen in the net, but | couldn't
convince anybody. When we went to do the first
test of the system out in the field, the very first
thing that I did was to make it lock up».
“Real” Internet Delays and Routes
+ what do “real” Intemet delay & loss look like?
+ traceroute program: provides delay measurement from source to
router along end-end Intemet path towards destination. For alli:
— sends three packets that will reach router jon path towards
destination
~ router {will retum packets to sender
= sender times interval between transmission and reply.
grrobsseres probes ae BD
prove:
Oren enya © 2017, 2013, 2010 Pane Edcaton eA Ras Reseed
“Real” Internet Delays, Routes
Traceroute: gaia.ce.umase.edu to www.curccom fr
| gaeemauaasaze
rol Gs deoa ee) Hot
alee Eh
BC RE OE LS me
Do some vacereutes fom excl count a ww tacerute org
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Packet Loss
+ queue (aka buffer) preceding link in butfer has finite capacity
* packet arriving to full queue dropped (aka lost)
+ lost packet may be retransmitted by previous node, by source end
system, of not at all
buffer
A tears
full buffer
‘cepyngh © 2017, 2013, 230 Pear Evan, eA ges Reserved
traceroute from 134,79.197.214 (www.slac.stanford.edu) to 45.5.165.36
(10-36.dyn.univalle.edu.co) for 45.5.165.36
reine “hove 27 0200 arr Ect, Ie Ras Resse
Throughput «:o°2)
+ throughput: rate (bits/time unit) at which bits transferred
between sender/receiver
~ instantaneous: rate at given point in time
~ average: rate over longer period of time
ver senda bits pipe that can carry pipe that can carry,
je) into pipe Mtuld at rate “uid at rate
Rebitsisee) Revits/cee)
‘cepyngh © 2017, 2013, 230 Pear Evan, eA ges Reserved Throughput ¢ of2)
+ R, R, What is average end-end throughput?
be titenc | Spe Reese op
bottleneck link
link on end-end path that constrains end-end throughput
Oren oy © 2017, 203, 208 Par nein, MR eee
Throughput: Internet Scenario
+ per-connection enduend
throvshut:
9 Rake
min 0H
+ Inpractice: R, or R, is often
bottleneck
10 connections (ait) share
1tes for more examples: ie
iaia.cs.umass.edulurose_cossinieracted
a Geo © 2037, 2013, 201 Pans Eaton, In Rite Reserved
Aleance mediciones ISP
mene
Fume Rec, TU-TY3940 (0772010) Uso ecto
rere yn 2017, 202, 2010 Par anon ne. Re Ree
Protocol “Layers”
Networks are complex,
Question:
with many “pieces'
+ Hosts Is there any hope of organizing
structure of network?
* Routers
.». of at least our discussion of
+ Links of various media networks?
+ Applications
+ Protocols
+ Hardware, software
cepyngh © 2017, 2013, 210 Pear Eda, te Al Res Reserved
Learning Objectives (s 7)
1.4 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
~ end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
~ packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
4.6 networks under attack: security
41.7 history
@reren ony 2017, 2013, 2010 Perr Econ eM Ras Reseed
Organization of Air Travel
exe ourenase) ind
saogeae (ec) aim)
+ ASeries of Steps
‘cepyngh © 2017, 2013, 230 Pear Evan, eA ges Reserved Layering of Airline Functionality
SSeS
eat dowd
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