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• Kinematic formulations:
– small displacements, small strains (MNO)
– large displacement, small strains
– large displacement, large strains
• Example of input
PLCYCL-ISOTROPIC BILINEAR 1 YIELD=... EP=...
PLCYCL-KINEMATIC ARMSTRONG-FREDRICK 1
h1 zeta1
h2 zeta2
MATERIAL PLASTIC-CYCLIC ... E=...,
PLCYCL-ISOTROPIC=1 PLCYCL-KINEMATIC=1
Stress-strain curve,
Prescribed strain perfect plasticity
Stress-strain curve
• Assuming incompressibility,
t
- True stress = engineering stress times L / 0L
• ULJ
- The Jaumann strain approximates the (left) Hencky strain.
- There is an error when the material undergoes a rigid body rotation, but the
error becomes small as the amount of rotation per time step is reduced.
- There is an error when the material undergoes a large proportional loading,
but this error becomes small as the amount of loading per time step is
reduced.
- Calculation of Jaumann strains is relatively inexpensive.
• The effective stresses are not directly affected, since the effective stress does not
include the pressure.
Displacement-based u/p
Displacement-based u/p
Displacement-based u/p
• Similarly, it is because of the u/p formulation that we recommend the use of the
11-node tet and 27-node brick element in 3D. The 10-node tet and 20-node brick
have some volumetric locking.
• On the other hand, higher-order elements can cause difficulties especially under
contact conditions. The u/p formulation can also be used with the lower-order
elements:
- 4-node element with constant pressure in 2D: 4/1 element
- 8-node element with constant pressure in 3D: 8/1 element
• The “type 2” algorithm is useful when there are geometric nonlinearities along
with the nonlinearity due to plasticity.
• In iteration 1, the tip node moves vertically upwards. The whole beam elongates
slightly (2nd order effect) and there is a corresponding membrane strain.
• In the expected solution, the tip node moves horizontally to the left, so that the
beam has no net change in length (consistent with no axial force applied to the
beam), and there is no membrane strain.
• If the beam uses an elastic-plastic material, it may be that in the expected
solution, the strains are small enough so that the beam is elastic, but that the
membrane strains of iteration 1 are large enough so that the beam is plastic. In
this case, the model cannot converge, because the incremental stiffness is based
on plastic conditions.
• As a remedy, the “type 2” plasticity algorithm delays the onset of plasticity for
one equilibrium iteration:
• If the material is elastic, and the effective stress exceeds the yield stress,
the material goes into the “elastic yielded” state.
• If the material is in the “elastic yielded” state, and the effective stress is
smaller than the yield stress, the material returns to the elastic state.
• If the material is in the “elastic yielded” state, and the effective stress is
larger than the yield stress, the material becomes plastic.
• The convergence check includes a check on the elastic yielding states: If any
integration point is in the “elastic yielded” state, the solution is not converged.
• The type 2 plasticity can also slow down convergence for certain problems. For
example, if the beam were loaded by an axial force, convergence would be
slower.
- Iteration 1, tip displacement determined as if beam is elastic, membrane
strain is large enough so that beam is plastic, however beam goes into
“elastic yielded” state instead.
- Iteration 2, tip displacement determined based on elastic yielded beam,
membrane strain does not increase.
- Iteration 3, tip displacement determined based on plastic beam, membrane
strain increases.
• If unloading begins, the material must eventually become elastic, with a stiffness
matrix corresponding to elastic conditions.
• The next few slides describe a “simple” large strain bending problem,
and present some approximate solutions.
35000
30000
25000
Various
20000 results from
Moment
Le/a=2
15000
the 3D-shell
Le/a=1
element
10000 Le/a=1/2
Le/a=1/4
5000
Analytical solution
0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
Normalized curvature
• A 2D solid mesh can accurately solve the problem, but the number of
elements needed in the thickness direction is large. As the curvature for
which an accurate solution is required increases, the number of elements
needed in the thickness direction also increases.
• A material fiber below the original neutral axis starts in compression, but
then as the neutral axis moves, this material fiber returns to tension.