STA 104

TUTORIAL COMPILATION
AC1102C

NAME MATRIKS NO
Aisya Naziera Binti Badrul Hisham 2018208886
Fausalrina Binti Fauzi 2018218584
Nur Afifah Binti Hazalan Haffiz 2018218694
Nur Fatin Amirah Binti Azhari 2018432484
Nur Hannah Amirah Binti Ariffin 2018209752
Nuratirah Asyikin Binti Mahzan 2018637434
 TUTORIAL 1

Question 1
Identify whether each of the following items is a qualitative or quantitative variable. If it
is a quantitative variable, it is discrete or continuous?

a) Years of working experience – Quantitative,discrete

b) Telephone number – Qualitative
c) Price of the land – Quantitatie,continuos
d) Depth of the ocean – Quantitative,continuous
e) Date of birth - Qualitative
f) Number of households – Quantitative,discrete

Question 2
State the scales of measurement of the variables in question 1.

a) Ratio
b) Nominal
c) Ratio
d) Ratio
e) Ordinal
f) Ratio

Question 3
Identify whether the following scales of measurements are nominal,
ordinal, interval or ratio:
a. The order in which the group of athletes finishes the 100meter
event.
Ordinal
b. Scores of Statistics test for 45 students in a class, expressed in points
out of 100.
Ratio
c. Today’s temperature is 37 degrees Celsius.
Interval
d. Rankings of hotels in Kuala Lumpur: 5-star hotel, 4-star hotel and 3-
star hotel.
Odinal
e. The political party supported by the citizens of Malaysia.
Nominal

Question 4
Give the statistical terms for each of the following definitions:
a. A study that takes all units in a population.
Census
b. A summarized value taken from a population.
Sample
c. Statistics used to draw conclusions about the whole population
from sampling units studied.
Parameter
d. Data that can be obtained from the published articles.
Secondary data
e. Observing what the respondents do is the main task in this method
of data collection. Interview

Question 5
Name the appropriate sampling techniques used in the following
surveys:

a. A market research team is attempting to determine by sampling

the average number of television sets per household in a large city.
They used the city map to divide the city into blocks and then
choose a certain number of blocks randomly. Every household in
the selected blocks would be interviewed.
- Cluster Sampling
b. A manager of a firm wants to find out the problems facing by
his 350 staffs during working hours. He obtained the list of the
employees’ names from the Personnel Department and then chose
the seventh name as the first sampling unit followed by the
fourteenth name as the second sampling unit until the 50th
sampling unit has been selected.
-Statisfied Sampling

c. A manager of a bank wants to know the efficiency of the counter

service of the bank. He divides the customers to three major ethnic
groups; Malay, Chinese and Indians from the list of names and
addresses of the bank’s customers. He then select randomly
customers from each of the ethnic groups.
-Multistage Sampling

Question 6
A researcher wants to find out the average household monthly expenditure
on food in City A. He divides the city into 200 housing parks. He then
selects 10 housing parks and then studies all households in the selected
housing parks.

a.State the population of the above study.

-200 housing parks in City A

b. Name the variable used for the above study.

-Quantitative variable.

c. What is the sampling frame of the study?

-A list of the 200 housing park. Such as name,identity cards,address.

d. Name the sampling technique used in the study and state one major
advantage of the technique.
-Cluster sampling,the advantage of cluster sampling is less expensive and more quick.

e. State the characteristic of the sampling technique used in the study.

-Subdivide the population into heterogenous cluster

Question 7
a) Random sampling technique
b) -requires only the least knowledge about a population in advance
-samples selected have least bias since each unit in a population has an equal chance
of being chosen
c) 500
d) The respondents can take their time to complete the questionnaire.

Question 8
a) All the adult women of age 25 years to 50 years in a city
b) Simple random sampling because is most appropriate if the population is
homogeneous and the population size is not too large.
c) Questionnaire because it is more cheaper than telephone interview and personal
interview.

Question 9
a) Cluster sampling technique
b) Systematic sampling is only the first sampling unit is selected randomly while the
other sampling units would follow a certain interval.
c) - the response rate is low
-No interviewer is nearby to provide explanations and clarifications when needed

Question 10
a) All the average daily expenses of the students in private college.
b) Quantitative variables
c) Lottery method
d) - list down all the members population.
 -Write down numbers on pieces of cards representing each unit of population.
-next put the cards in a container and draw one card at a time without replacement
until the required number of samples are selected.
-units of population drawn out will be the selected samples.

Question 11
A researcher wants to find out the opinions of the government staffs towards the
Skim Saraan Malaysia (SSM) that is being implemented now. Questions are
distributed to 2,000 randomly selected staffs. The question is “Do you satisfy with
the existing SSM?” Answers with options are provided:
1. Very satisfactory
2. Satisfactory
3. Average
4. Unsatisfactory
5. Very unsatisfactory

a) State the population of the survey.

All the government staffs in Malaysia.

b) Is the researcher doing census or sample survey?

Sample survey.

Question 12
A survey was conducted to study the monthly income, the marital status, the types of
vehicles owned and education level of the residents of age between 20 – 55 years in
Region X. There are 3,000 people residing in three housing estate of the region.
They are grouped into their respective housing estates Harmoni, Damai and Aman.
All the houses have telephone facilities.
 Housing estate Number of
residents
Harmoni 840
Damai 1,120
Aman 1,040
Total 3,000

Only 30% of the whole population was studied.

a) Name the variables under study and state whether they are quantitative (discrete
or continuous) or qualitative variables.
o Monthly income – Quantitative (discrete)
o Marital Status – Qualitative
o The types of vehicle owned – Qualitative
o Education level – Qualitative

b) State the sampling frame used.

List of all residents of age 20-55 years in Region X including their information
such as full name, address, phone number and their identity card number.

c) What is the best sampling technique for the above study? Give ONE reason for
your answer
Stratified Sampling. This is because we can acquire information about whole
population and individual data.

d) How many samples were taken from each of the housing estates using the
method mentioned in c?
300 samples taken from each housing estate.
e) What is the best method of data collection? Give ONE advantage of the method
used.
Mail/ E-mail Questionnaire/ Online survey because it is low in cost and is
easily done.
 TUTORIAL 2
QUESTION 1

Sale in units of electrical appliances of syarikat WHH sdn.Bhd. for five consecutive months of
2003 are shown in the following table:
months television VCD stereo
august 22 15 8
september 28 12 10
october 25 10 7
november 20 8 9
december 26 12 11

a)multiple bar chart using the electrical appliaces as components.

b)Pie chart for the total sales of the five months s
QUESTION 2

In a survey, 130 respondents in a town were interviewed regarding their marital status. Of these
130 respondents, 50 are men. 20 women out of 34 respondents are still single. 16 out of 50 men
are married with children. 36 respondents are married with no children of whom 24 are women. 8
men out of 14 respondents are divorced. Tabulate the given data.

Marital Status Gender Total

Male Female
Single 14 20 34
Married with children 16 30 46
Married with no children 12 24 36
Divorced 8 6 14
Total 50 80 130
QUESTION 3

The following data show the waiting (in minutes) of 64 patients that have visited a clinic on
particular day:
Waiting time (minutes) Number of patients
4.00-4.49 2
4.50-4.99 2
5.00-5.49 6
5.50-5.99 9
6.00-6.49 9
6.50-6.99 18
7.00-7.49 15
7.50-7.99 1
8.00-8.49 2

Compute:-
1) Class size = Largest data value – Smallest data value
K= 1+3.3 log 9
=4
Class size : 8.49-4.00/4 =1

2) The lowest class limit of third class

-5.00
3) The upper class boundary of the fifth class
-6.245
4) The class mark of the sixth class
6.50-6.99/2= 7

5) The cumulative frequency of six class

28+18=46

6) The relative frequency of the eight class

1/64= 0.015625
7) The graph:-

A less than ogive showing waiting times (minutes and number of patients (n=64)

8) The shape of above graph is skewed to the left distribution.

9) If 50% of the patients waited for more than X minutes ,determine the value of X from the
ogive drawn
-32.5 minutes
QUESTION 4

From a survey, a total of 480 accidents occurred at a junction in a town in the year 2002 . The
percentages according to the types of vehicles involved are presented in the following chart:

a) What is the name of above chart?

Pie chart

b) How many accidents were involving lorries?

12.5  480  60
100
c) Present the above chart in the form of another appropriate chart

car 56.25 480  270

100 
motorcycle 25
100  480  120
others 6.25
100  480  30

Vehicles No of accidents
Car 270
Motorcycle 60
Lorry 120
Others 30
QUESTION 5

The following data show the amounts on customer meal checks (RM) at dinner for one day’s
lunches
3.05 3.60 2.55 3.60
2.08 1.85 2.80 4.05
1.90 2.90 2.75 3.90
2.60 5.85 1.90 3.10
6.85 2.10 2.85 3.10
3.05 5.10 4.60 3.20
3.65 3.00 1.95 2.20
2.80 2.90 3.65 4.45
4.05 3.35 2.55

Tabulate into a frequency distribution using the following classes:

0.0 and less than 1.0
1.0 and less than 2.0 etc

Meal (RM) Frequency midpoint

0.0<1.0 0 0.5
1.0<2.0 6 1.5
2.0<3.0 10 2.5
3.0<4.0 11 3.5
4.0<5.0 5 4.5
5.0<6.0 2 5.5
6.0<7.0 1 6.5

a) Draw a histogram and a frequency polygon for the data

b) What do you think of the shape of distribution? Construct stem-and leaf display using the
above data

Stem and plot showing by amounts of customer meal checks (RM) at a dinner for one day’s lunches
stem leaf
1 10 85 90 90 95
2 10 20 55 55 60 75 80 80 80 85 90 90
 3 00 05 05 10 20 35 60 60 65 65 90
4 05 05 30 45 60
5 10 85
6 85

Skewed to the right

c) Prepare a “less than” cumulative frequency distribution table and draw a “less than ” ogive for
the meal charges

Meal (RM) No of customers Cumulative Frequency

<1 0 0
<2 6 6
<3 10 16
<4 11 27
<5 5 32
<6 2 34
<7 1 35
QUESTION 6

1) Name the above diagram and state the shape of the distribution
-The diagram above is frequency polygon and the shape of distribution is skewed to the
left.

2) Construct a frequency table and hence the relative frequency table

Income level (RM) Number of household Relative frequency

0-50 0 0
50-100 5 0.04
100-150 15 0.12
150-200 20 0.16
200-250 25 0.2
250-300 30 0.24
300-350 20 0.16
350-400 10 0.08

3) Draw a histogram. Construct a ‘’less than’’ cumulative frequency table and draw a ‘’less
than’’ ogive. From the ogive drawn.

Income cumulative
level frequency
50 0
100 5
150 20
200 45
250 75
300 95
350 105
 A less than ogive showing a number household and income level (n=105)

4) Compute the % of household having income level more than RM320.

30/105 X 100 = 29%
QUESTION 7

The following table shows the number ofcars sold by company X and company Y between years 1995
until 2003
Year Company X Company Y
1995 315 400
1996 330 440
1997 340 470
1998 255 478
1999 258 495
2000 288 520
2001 300 500
2002 356 516
2003 400 524

a) Present the above data in the form of

a. Component bar chart
b. Multiple bar chart
b)Present the number of cars sold by company X using the simple bar chart
c)Present the number of cars sold by company Y using the pie chart.
QUESTION 8

Present the following data in the form of component percentage bar chart.
Year Sales (RM '000) Cost of materials (RM '000) Total
1999 70 30 100
2000 400 160 560
2001 1200 500 1700
2002 1800 750 2550
2003 4100 1400 5500

Year Sales (RM '000) Cost of materials (RM '000) Total

1999 70% 30% 100%
2000 71% 29% 100%
2001 71% 29% 100%
2002 71% 29% 100%
2003 75% 25% 100%
QUESTION 9

Present the following data show the age distribution of visitors visiting a museum on one particular
day:
Age (years) Number of visitors
20 and under 25 40
25 and under 30 90
30 and under 35 45
35 and under 40 30
40 and under 45 42
45 and under 50 23
50 and under 55 50

a) Determine the shape of data distribution by drawing a frequency curve.

b) Construct a “less than” cumulative frequency table.
c) Draw a “less than” ogive.
d) If 25% of the visitors are of age less than Y years, determine Y
If 75% of the visitors are of age less than Z years, find Z
QUESTION 10

A government agency has 100 typists that are categorized according to gender and marital status.
From 40 unmarried typists, 16 are males, while from 60 females,36 are married. Tabulate the
given information in a 2x2 table and hence draw an appropriate chart to present the table.

Marital Status Gender Total

Male Female
Unmarried 16 24 40
Married 24 36 60
Total 40 60 100
QUESTION 11

The following table shows the results of a survey on customers’ satisfaction towards the services
provided by Company R&S.
Level of satisfaction Male Female Total
Very satisfactory 6 4 10
Satisfactory 7 13 20
Unsatisfactory 54 76 130
Very unsatisfactory 11 29 40
Total 78 122 200

Level of satisfaction Male Female Total

Very satisfactory 60% 40% 100%
Satisfactory 35% 65% 100%
Unsatisfactory 42% 58% 100%
Very unsatisfactory 27.50% 72.50% 100%
Total 39% 61% 100%

a) Present the data in the form of percentage component bar chart.

b) Present the customers’ satisfaction among the females in the form of a pie chart.

Level of satisfaction Female Level of satisfaction Female

Very satisfactory 4 Very satisfactory 3%
Satisfactory 13 Satisfactory 11%
Unsatisfactory 76 Unsatisfactory 62%
Very unsatisfactory 29 Very unsatisfactory 24%
Total 122 Total 100%
QUESTION 12

The following data show the daily sales RM’000 of Jaya Minimarket for the last 50 days.

Daily Sales(Rm) Number of days

1.5< 2.0 7
2.0<2.5 13
2.5<3.0 11
3.0<3.5 10
3.5<4.0 9

a) Draw a histogram to present the above table

b) Draw also frequency polygon and hence determine the shape of the distribution.
c) Construct a “less than” cumulative frequency table.
d) Draw a “less than” ogive and hence determine from the ogive the value of Y if the daily
sales 50% of the number of days is greater than RMY thousands.
 TUTORIAL 3
Question 1
The following data show the monthly salary (RM) of 10 employee in a firm:
500 600 575 900 925 875 600 1020 950 980
compute the mean,the median,the mode,the lower quartile and upper quartiles

1. Mean(xx)
500+600+575+900+925+875+600+1020+950+980/10
= 792.5
2.Median(xx)
500 575 600 600 875 900 925 950 980 1020
=n+1/2
=10+1/2 = 5.5
600+875/2 = 737.5

3. Mode
=600
4. The lower quartile
Q1 = 1(n+1)/4
=1(10+1)/4
=2.75
=600+575/2 =587.5
5. The upper quartiles
Q2 =2(n+1)/4
=2(10+1)/4
= 5.5
600+875/2= 737.5

Question 2
Compute the mean,median,mode for the following data
100 300 400 200 100 300 200 400 300 200
Hence =,determine the shape of distribution
1. Mean((xx)
100+ 300+ 400+ 200 +100+ 300 +200+ 400+ 300+ 200/10
=250
2. Median(xx)
100 100 200 200 200 300 300 300 400 400
n+1/2
10+1/2 =5.5
200+200/2 = 300
2. Mode = 300
3.Shape of the distribution
-skewed to the left
Question 3
The number of complaints received by a public counter on 12 consecutive days were
given in the following data:
24 18 15 28 22 20 14 30 27 15 32
21
Calculate the arithmetic mean, the median, the mode, the first quartile and the third
quartile number of complaints and interpret their meanings.
Mean (x x)
= (∑▒x)/n
= 266/12
The mean number of complaints is 22.17.
Median (x x)
14,15,15,18,20,21,22,24,27,28,30,32
= (n+1)/2
= (12+1)/2 = 6.5
= (21+22)/2 = 21.5
50% of the days have number of complaints less than 21.5 and 50% of the days have
number of complaints more than 21.5.

Mod (x ̂) = 15
The highest number of complaints received is 15.

The first quartile,Q1

= (i (n+1))/4
= (1(12+1))/4 = 3.25
= (15+18)/2 = 16.5
25% of the days have number of complaints less than 16.5 and 75 % of the days have
number of complaints more than 16.5.

The third quartile,Q3

= ( 3(12+1))/4 = 9.75
= (27+28))/2 = 27.5
75% of the days have number of complaints less than 27.5 and 25% of the days have
number of complaints more than 27.5

Question 4
Mean = 2.8 +1.24 + 2.27 + 3.32 + 2.38 + 1.04 + 0. 58 + 3.98 + 1.14 + 7.35 + 1.75 +
1.22 / 12
= 2.4225
The mean closing price per unit share is RM 2.4225
MEDIAN = 0.58,1.04,1.14,1.22,1.24,1.75,2.27,2.38,2.80,3.32,3.98,7.35
= (12+1)/2
= 6.5
= 1.75 + 2.27 /2
 = 2.01
50% have value less than RM 2.01 and 50% have value more than RM 2.01

Question 5

a) Mean, � = 𝛴𝑓� 𝛴𝑓 = 624 60 =10.4

b)
c)
Question 6
a. Calculate the mean monthly income of 50 fishermen and explain the meaning.
Mean = 27,950/50 = 559
Most of the fishermen are having RM 559 of monthly income.

b. Calculale the median monthly income and explain its meaning.

Median = 50/2
=25
400 + [ (25 – 17)] / 18 (50) = 422.22
The monthly income of RM 422.22 is a reasonable income for the fishermen.

c. Find the modal and explain its meaning.

Modal = 400 + [ 18 - 13 ] / (18 - 13) + (18 – 10) (50)
= 416.67
The most monthly income for fishermen is RM 416.67

d. By comparing the values of mean, median and mode, determine the shape of
distribution and sketch the shape of distribution by locating the values of mean, media,
and mode.
Skewness to the right
Mode < Median < Mean

e. Draw a less than ogive and find the % of fishermen having income more than RM 340
50% of fishermen having income more than RM 340

f. From the ogive also, determine the lower quartile, the upper quartile, the 30 th percentile
and the 90th percentile.
Q1 = 399/4 = 99.75
=2 + [(99.75 – 90) / 65] (1)
= 2.15
Q3 = 3(399) /4 = 299.25
= 6 + [(299.25 – 295)/37] (1)
=6.196
Question 7
The following data show the GPA obtained by 150 diploma students in an examination:

GPA Number of students Mid points F

2.00 – 2.39 11 2.20 11
2.40 – 2.79 48 2.60 59 (Q1)
2.80 – 3.19 54 3.00 113 (Q3)
3.20 – 3.59 27 3.40 140
3.60 – 3.99 10 3.80 150

Mean ( )

= 2.94
The average GPA obtained by 150 diploma students is 2.94

Modal ( )

= 2.80 + ( ) 0.39

= 2.87
Many students got 2.87 for their GPA.

The lower quartiles,Q1

Position of Q1 =

= = 37.5

Q1 = 2.395 + ( = 2.61

25% of the students obtained GPA less than 2.61 and 75 % of of the students obtained
GPA more than 2.61.
The upper quartiles,Q3

Position of Q3 =

= = 112.5

= 2.795 + ( = 3.18

75% of the students obtained GPA less than 3.18 and 25% of the students obtained GPA
more than 3.18.
Question 8
Mean, xx= ∑x/n
Group A Group B Group C
2250 2000 2200
3200 2500 2600
3250 2480 3300
3050 2800 3000
3300 2800 2600
3200 2980 3300
xx= 18250/6
= 3041.67
xx= 15560/6
= 2593.33
xx= 17000/6
= 2833.33
a. ⸫ Group A would get the bonus because the mean sales exceed RM3000 per month
Median, xx = (n+1)/2
Group A Group B Group C
2250 2000 2200
3050 2480 2600
3200 2500 2600
3200 2800 3000
3250 2800 3300
3300 2980 3300
xx= 6+1/2
= 3.5
= 3200+3200/2
= 3200
xx= 6+1/2
= 3.5
= 2500+2800/2
= 2650
xx= 6+1/2
= 3.5
= 2600+3000/2
= 2800
b. ⸫ Group A would get the bonus because the median sales exceed RM3000 per month
Mode, xx = the most frequent
Group A Group B Group C
2250 2000 2200
3050 2480 2600
3200 2500 2600
3200 2800 3000
3250 2800 3300
3300 2980 3300
x ̂= 3200 x ̂= 2800 x ̂= 2600
x ̂= 3300
⸫ Group A and Group C would get the bonus because the modal sales exceed RM3000

Question 9
Calculate the mean revenue, the median, the modal revenue, the lower quartile and
upper
quartiles. Explain the meaning of you answers.
Mean = 1,518/399
= 3.085
Most of the department are having revenue of RM 3.085 millions.
Median = 399/2 = 199.5
= 3 + [ (199.5 +155) /60] (1)
= 3.74
The reasonable revenue is RM 3.74 millions.
Modal = 1 + [ (90 – 0) / (90 - 0) + ( 90 – 65)] (1)
= 1.783
The most frequent revenue is 1.783 millions.

Question 10
A survey on the age of 50 customers in a supermarket is conducted at a particular time and the
results of the survey are displayed in the following “less than” cumulative frequency table:

Age (years) Number of customers (Cumulative

frequency)
< 9.5 0
< 19.5 5
< 29.5 12
< 39.5 28
< 49.5 40
< 59.5 50

a. Construct a frequency table using the above table and hence the relative
frequency table

Frequency table Relative frequency

0 0/50 = 0.00
5 5/50 = 0.10
7 7/50 = 0.14
16 16/50 = 0.32
12 12/50 = 0.24
10 10/50 = 0.20
Total 50 Total 1

b) Calculate the mean age of the customers

x = 97.5 + 206.5 + 632 + 594 + 595
50
= 2125
50

= 42.5

c) Calculate the age of most of the customers

Mode = 16
The age of most of the customers are 39.5

d) Calculate the median, the first quartile and the third quartile.

Median:

Position of median class =

= 50
2
Determine x class = 25

Age of most of the customers is 39.5

The first quartile:

Position of quartile 1 = 1( n+1)

4
= 1 (50 + 1)
4
= 12.75
Q1 = Between 29.5 and 39.5
= 29.5 + 39.5 / 2
= 34.5
The third quartile:

Position of quartile 1 = 3( n+1)

4
= 3 (50 + 1)
4
= 38.25
Q3 = Between 39.5 and 49.5
= 39.5 + 49.5 / 2
= 44.5

TUTORIAL 4
Question 1
. It was found out that from a survey to see the relationship between the number of study
hours in a week and Statistic test score for 10 randomly selected student from a class
gave the following least square regression equation of the statistic test score with respect
to the number of study hour in a week.
Y= 30.2+6.5x

a. Determine the independent and dependent variables

1) independent variable= Statistic test score for 10 randomly selected student from class
2)dependent variable= number of study hour in a week

b.State the type of correalation between two variable

-Perfect linear positive correlation
c.Explain the meaning if the slope in the above given equation
-Perfect linear positive correlation indicates that the variable x increase and y also
increases.

Question 2
Draw a scatter diagram to show the following relationship :

a. A strong liner negative correlation between x and y

b.No linear correlation between x and y

c. A perfect linear positive correlation between x and y

Question 3

panelist A B d d2
1 62 52 0 0
2 78 82 - 1.5 2.25
3 75 72 1 1
4 83 80 1.5 2.25
5 56 53 0 0
6 62 70 0 0
7 83 82 0 0
8 62 73 -2 4

= 0.898
Question 4

a) y/

∑xy =2205
∑x = 37
∑y = 365
∑x₂= 235
∑y₂=21125

r = 0.9598

b) b =

b= 7 (RM)

a=

a = 15.18 (RM)
c) b = if the number of advertising expenditures increase by 1 so the sales increase
by RM 7
a = when the number of advertising expenditures is 0 so the sales is RM 15.18
d) y= bx +c
7(7000) + 15.18
RM 49015.18

Question 5
Using data in question 4,find the Spearman’s rank coefficient of correlation.Does it give the same
conclusion as question 4 (a) ?
Advertising
Expenditure 6 4 8 2 5 3 9
(RM’000)
Sales 50 40 70 30 60 35 80
(RM’000)

=1-(

=1–(
= 0.9643
Strong positive correlation
Question 6
n = 19
= 1527
Week Number of cars Number of salespersons on
sold (y) duty (x) = 2901.7
1 80 6 = 70.83
2 65 6
= 124,561
3 48 4
4 26 2 = 35.5
5 52 3
6 60 5 a. Determine the
strength of
correlation between X and Y.

r=

=
= 0.5345
= moderately positive correlation

b. Find the least squares equation of Y based on X.

b=

=
= 10.80
a=

=
= 60.19
Y = 10.80X + 60.19

Question 7
A manager of a car dealership wants to see the relationship between the number of cars
sold and the number of salespersons on duty. The following sample data show for 6
different weeks at a car dealership.

a. Determine the independent and dependent variables

 Independent variable: Number of salespersons on duty
Dependent variable: Number of cars sold

b. Draw a scatter diagram to show the relationship between the two variables.

c. Calculate the Pearson’s product moment coefficient of correlation and explain its
meaning.

r=

= 126 n=6 331

= 26 19909

r=

r = 0.915

d. Find the regression equation to predict the number of cars sold using the least
squares method.
 b=

b=

b=11.075

a= y – bx
a= 10.175

e. Draw the regression line obtained in (d) on the same graph as (b).

f. Estimate the number of cars sold if there are seven salespersons on duty.
y = 10.175x + 11.075
= 10.175(7) + 11.075
= 82 cars would be sold.

Question 9
The grades of Mathematics and Accounting of 10 students were taken randomly to study the
relationship between the grades of Mathematics and Accounting. The following information is based
on the grades obtained for the two subjects in an examination.

Mathematics Rank Accounting Rank Difference

between the
ranks
A 5.33 B 3.33 2.00
 C 3.50 D 1.33 2.17
D 2.00 D 1.33 0.67
B 4.33 A 4.50 -0.17
C 3.50 C 2.50 1.00
A 5.33 A 4.50 0.83
B 4.33 C 2.50 2.83
E 1.00 D 1.33 -0.33
B 4.33 B 3.33 1.00
A 5.33 B 3.33 2.00
Using the rank correlation, what conclusion can be made about the grades of
Mathematics and Accounting of the students.
∑d2= 23.7178

rs = 1 -

=1-

= 0.8563

Thus, the relationship between the grades of Mathematics and Accounting of the
students are positively strong.

Question 10

An economist wants to study a relationship between family income and food expenditure.
The following table shows the result of the study based on 8 families that had been
chosen randomly.

Answer:
a) Name the dependent and independent variables used in the study.
Dependent : Food expenditure Independent : Annual income
b) By calculating the product moment correlation coefficient, determine and explain the
correlation of annual income and food expenditure. n = 8
x 2 = 3 020
x = 138
� 2 = 128.5762
y = 30.44
xy = 608.12
r = 0.9194 
Strong linear positive correlation between annual income and food expenditure.
c) Estimate the equation of line to show the relationship between the two given
variables
 . y = 1.5653 + 0.1298x d) Estimate the food expenditure for a family whose
annual income is RM25 000. Y = 1.5653 + 0.1298 ( 25 ) = RM 4810.30

Question 11
An economist wants to study a relationship between family income and food
expenditure. The following table shows the result of the study based on 8 families that
had been chosen randomly. Answer:
a) Name the dependent and independent variables used in the study. Dependent : Food
expenditure Independent : Annual income
b) By calculating the product moment correlation coefficient, determine and explain the
correlation of annual income and food expenditure. n = 8
x 2 = 3 020
x = 138
� 2 = 128.5762
y = 30.44
xy = 608.12
r = 0.9194  Strong linear positive correlation between annual income and food
expenditure.
c) Estimate the equation of line to show the relationship between the two given variables.
y = 1.5653 + 0.1298x d) Estimate the food expenditure for a family whose annual income
is RM25 000. Y = 1.5653 + 0.1298 ( 25 ) = RM 4810.30

Question 12

A supervisor of a factory that produces electrical appliances finds that therebexists a

relationship between age of a worker and the number of absent days. He then collected
the following data from 10 production operators taken at random.

Answer:

a) Draw a scatter diagram for the above data.

b) Using the product moment corre;ation coefficient, comment on the relationship of
the age and the number of absent days.

 = 12 018

x = 330

n = 10

 = 416

y = 60

xy = 1 782

r = - 0.7878

 Strong linear negative correlation between age and number of absent

days.
 c) Obtain a regression equation of number of absent days with respect to the ages of
workers using the least squares method.

y = 11.7926 – 0.1755x

d) Fit the line obtained in c on the same graph as a

-on graph

e) y = 11.7926 – 0.1755 (28)

y = 6.8786
= 7 days

TUTORIAL 5

Question 1

a)

b) = (83

=170.28

Question 2
a)
Question 3

The following table show the prices (RM) and the quantities (units) sold at an electrical appliance
shop in the years 1997 and 2003

Item Price(RM) Quantity(units) Price (RM) Quantity(units)

Electric 80 100 95 200
Electric 85 120 105 150
Table fan 60 70 80 80

a.calculate simple aggregate price index for 2003

280/225 x 100 = 124.4%

b Determine whether the quantities consumed by customer changed using Laspeyres

method.
Give conclusion .

27700/22400 x 100 = 123.7%

the reason because weights are the quantities in the base period.

c.by computing the current year weighted aggregate price index,determine whether the
total of expenditure of customer has increased with the price item. Give conclusion and
the other name of the method
 - Paasche Price Index

- 41150/33550 x 100 = 122.7%

- The reason because weight are the quantities in the current period

Question 4
THE FOLLOWING TABLE SHOWS THE PRICE AND QUANTITIES OF THREE MAJOR ITEM AT EXCELL
SUPERMARKET FROM 2000 UNTIL 2003

Item Price (RM/kg) Quantity (kg)

2001 2002 2003 2001 2002 2003
Rice 1.80 2.05 2.20 3500 4000 5000
Flour 0.60 0.80 1.20 800 1300 1750
Sugar 1.05 1.10 1.20 1200 1800 2300

a.calculate the simple average relative price index for 2002 based 2001. Explain meaning

p1/po x100
1. Rice
-2.05/1,80 x100 =113.9%
2.Flour
-0.80/0.60 x 100 =133.33%
3.Sugar
-1.10/1.05x100 =104.8%
b.Calculate the Laspeyres price index for 2003 based 2001

-10100/8040 x 100 =125.6%

c.calculate the weighed quantity index for 2003 by taking the price 2003 as the weight
and base year 2001
-12465/8040 x100 =155.04%
Question 5
Question 6

The following table shows the prices and price relatives of an item based on 1994.
1999 2003
Price (RM) 15 18
Price Relative 125 X

a. Calculate the price of the item in 1994.

= 125
Y = RM12
b. Find the value of X.
= 150
X = 150

Question 7

The following data show the quantity and relative quantity index for product M from 1997 to 2003.
Year Quantity (‘000) Relative Quantity
1997 15 75
1998 P 90
1999 16 80
2000 20 100
2001 25 125
2002 28 Q
2003 32 160

a. Find the values of P and Q.

= 100 = 140
P = 20 000 Q = 140

b. Find the new relative quantity index for each year taking 2001 as the base year.
Year New Relative
Quantity
1997 15/25 x 100 = 60
1998 20/25 x 100 = 80
1999 16/25 x 100 = 64
2000 20/25 x 100 =80
2001 25/25 x 100 = 100
2002 28/25 x 100 = 112
2003 32/25 x 100 = 128
Question 8

The following table shows the quantity sold (‘000kg) and the price (RM) of three
commodities over a period of 3 years.

Answer:

Using 2001 as the base year,

a) Calculate the suitable price index of each commodity for 2003 and determine
which commodity experienced the highest change in price;

Price X = (3.00 / 2.50 ) × 100

= 120

Price Y = (7.00 / 5.20 ) × 100

= 134.62

Price Z = (9.00 / 6.00) × 100

= 150

 Thus, commodity Z experienced the highest change in price.

b) Calculate the simple aggregate quantity index for 2002 and explain the value
obtained;

Simple aggregate quantity index = [ ( 78+110+250 ) / ( 65+105+220 ) ] × 100

= ( 438 / 390 ) × 100

= 122.31%
 c) Calculate the corresponding price index for 2003 if the quantity in 200 is taken as
the weight and name the index obtained;

Weighted aggregate price = (3.50×65) + (7.00×105) + (9.00×220) × 100

(2.50×65) + (5.20×105) + (6.00×220)

= 143.46%

 Determination of weight

d) Calculate the current year weighted aggregate quantity index for 2002 and explain
its meaning.

Weighted aggregate quantity index = (78×2.80) + (110×6.40) + (250×8.00) ×

100
(65×2.80) + (105×6.40) + (220×8.00)

= 2922.40 × 100
2614

= 111.80%

Question 9

Puan Minah, a carterer is organizing a dinner this year 2004, like the one she had
organized before in 1994. During 1994 she used 200 loaves of bread, 300 kg of potatoes
and 100 kg of chicken. The prices in 1994 for a loaf of bread is RM 1.20, for a kilogram
of potatoes RM1.10 and for a kilogram of chicken is RM3.60

For this dinner Puan Minah found that she needs to spend a total of RM280 for
bread, RM480 for potatoes and RM580 for chicken for the same amount of items as in
1994, repectively.

Answer:

1994 2004
200 loaves of bread - RM1.20 = RM240 -RM280
300kg potatoes - RM1.10 = RM330 - RM480
100kg chicken - RM3.60 = RM360 - R580
a) What is the percentage change if the price of a loaf of bread, a kilogram of
potatoes and a kilogram of chicken in 2004?

Bread = ( 280 / 240 ) × 100%

= 116.67%

Potatoes = (480 / 330 ) × 100%

= 145.45%

Chicken = ( 580 / 360 ) × 100%

= 161.11%

b) Calculate the aggregate price index for 2004.

Aggregate price index = ( 280+480+580 / 240+330+360 ) × 100%

= 161.11%

c) Calculate the Laspeyres price index for 2004 and explain the index obtained.

Laspeyres price index = (280 × 200) + (480 × 300) + (580 × 100) × 100%
(240 × 200) + (330 × 300) + (360 × 100)

= 140.98%

 The Laspeyres price index increase by 40.98% from 1994 to 2004.

Question 10

The following table shows the average production price of 3 models of sewing machine
at a factory for 1994 and 2003.

Answer:

Taking 1994 as the base year, calculate:

a) The aggregative quantity index for 2003

Aggregative quantity index = [ ( 41.9+85.6+86.2 ) / ( 42.1+79.7+81.4 ) × 100

= ( 213.7 / 203.4 ) × 100

= 105.06 %

b) The average relative quantity index for 2003

Model X = ( 41.9 / 42.1 ) x 100

= 99.52% Average relative quantity index

Model Y = ( 85.6 / 79.7 ) x 100 = ( 99.52+107.40+105.90 ) / 3
= 107.40% = 104.27%

Model Z = ( 86.2 / 81.4 ) x 100

= 105.90%

c) The current year weighted aggregative price index for 2003

Current year weighted aggregative price index = 72500.1 × 100

60244.4
= 293(41.9)+338(85.6)+363(86.2) × 100 = 120.345%
234(41.9)+266(85.6)+321(86.2)
Question 11
The table shows the average monthly household expenditure for some items and the related weights
for the years 1995 and 2003.

Item 1995 2003 Weight

Food RM300 RM800 30
Housing RM150 RM600 35
Clothing RM110 RM350 12
Entertainment RM90 RM150 6
Fuels RM200 RM450 25
Car maintenance RM120 RM280 20

Based on 1995, calculate the weighted aggregative index number to show the change
in the household expenditure.
Laspeyres Quantity Index

IpLaspeyres =

= x 100%

= 284.77
Question 12
The following table shows the prices of 4 types of vegetables for the months of January
2002
and January 2004.

Vegetable
Price per kilo (RM)
January 2002 January 2004
Red Chilly 0.80 1.20
Tomato 0.90 1.60
Salad 1.50 2.50
Cucumber 0.80 1.50
a) Red chilly =1⋅20
0.80 × 100
= 150
Tomato =
1⋅60
0.90
× 100
= 177.77
Salad =
2.50
1.50
× 100
= 166.66
Cucumber =
1⋅5�
0.80
× 100
= 187.50
Type of vegetable experienced the highest price change is cucumber.
b) ∑�1
�0
=
1.20
0⋅80
+
1⋅60
0.90
+2⋅50
1⋅50
+
1.50
0.80
=6.819
c) ∑�1
∑�0
= 1.20+1.60+2.50+1.50
0.80+0.90+1.50+0⋅80
= 6.8
4
=1.7

TUTORIAL 6

Question 1
For each of the following happenings assign the appropriate components of time series:

a. A decreasing rate in chicken demand due to the outbreak of the bird flu in Thailand.
Irregular variations.

b. An overflow of tourists to Langkawi during school holidays.

Seasonal variations.

c. The effects of Hari Raya on sales

Seasonal variations.

d. An increasing rates of death due to road accidents for the last 10 years.
Trend.

Question 2
A trend equation of sales (RM’ millions) against time is given as follows:

Yt = 20.5 + 0.16x

where t is 1 unit per year. Given that X = 1 for the year 1996, find the sales for the year
2005.

Yt = 20.5 + 0.16 (1) = 20.66

Question 5

The electricity usage (in million of kilowatt-hours) in a region from 1994 through 2003 is
provided below:
 Year 199 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
4
Consum
ption
(million 205 206 223 234 231 241 267 268 277 290
kilowatt
hours)

a. Plot the time series data on graph

Question 6
Using data in question 5, find

a. A four year moving averages method trend

Year Consumptions Moving Average Centre

(million kilowatt-
hours)
1994 205 - -
1995 206 217 220..25
1996 223 223.5 227.88
1997 234 232.23 237.75
1998 231 243.25 247.50
1999 241 251.75 257.50
2000 267 263.25 269.38
2001 268 275.50 -
2002 277 - -
2003 290 - -

b. A five year moving averages method trend

Year Consumptions (million Moving average

kilowatt-hours)
1994 205 -
1995 206 219.8
1996 223 227
1997 234 239.2
1998 231 248.2
1999 241 256.8
2000 267 268.6
2001 268 -
2002 277 -
2003 290 -
Question 7

The following data show the number of automobiles sold by ABC used Cars Sdn Bhd in the four
quarters for years 2005 to 2007.
Year
Quarter 2005 2006 2007
1 202 212 241
2 396 350 453
3 274 246 362
4 238 208 355

a. Plot the above data on a graph.

b. Determine the trend values using the four-quarter moving average method.

Seasonal
4-year 4-year moving 4-year moving Variation (S) =
Year Quarter Sales moving total centered average (Trend) (Y/T) x 100%
2005 1 202 - - - -
2 396 1110 - - -
3 274 1120 2230 278.75 98.30
4 238 1074 2194 274.25 86.78
2006 1 212 1046 2120 265.00 80
2 350 1016 2062 257.75 135.79
3 246 1045 2061 257.63 95.49
4 208 1148 2193 274.13 75.88
2007 1 241 1264 2412 301.50 79.93
2 453 1411 2675 334.38 135.47
3 362 - - - -
4 355 - - - -

c. Plot the trend obtained from (b) on the same graph as (a)
 d. Determine the seasonal index for each quarter

Quarter 1 Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4

2005 - - 98.30 86.78

2006 80 135.79 95.49 75.88

2007 79.93 135.47 - -

Total 159.93 271.26 193.79 162.66

Mean 79.97 135.63 96.90 81.33

Correction
Factor

Seasonal Index 81.22 137.75 98.42 82.60

e. Interpret the meaning of the seasonal index for Quarter 3 obtained from (d).
Q3 = 98.42 for sales in quarter 3 is below the trend by 1.58%

Question 10

Data below show the profit (RM 000) of Syarikat Gamma Sdn Bhd for the last three years
Year January-APRIL (1 May-August(2 term) Sept-December(3
 term) term)
2001 34 45 50
2002 38 46 52
2003 40 49 55

A) Using the averages method, find the trend values

YEAR Q SALES 3 MOVING SEASONA

MOVING AVERAGE L
TOTAL (T) VARIATIO
N=Y/TX10
0%
2001 1 34 - --
2 45 129 43 104.65
3 50 133 43.33 115.39
2002 1 38 134 44.67 85.07
2 46 136 45.33 101.48
3 52 138 46 113.04
2003 1 40 141 47 85.11
2 49 144 48 102.08
3 55 - - -

B) Determine the seasonal index for each term

YEAR Q1 Q2 Q3
2001 - 104.65 115.39
2002 85.07 101.48 113.04
2003 85.11 102.08 -
TOTAL 170.18 308.21 228.43
MEAN 85.09 154.105 114.215
TOTAL MEAN 353.41
ADJUSTED MEAN 300/353.41 = 0.8489
SEASONAL INDEX 72.23 130.82 96.96

C) Forecast the profit for the 1 term and 2 term of 2005

YEAR Q SALES 3 MOVING SEASONA

MOVING AVERAGE L
TOTAL (T) VARIATIO
N=Y/TX10
0%
2001 1 34 - --
2 45 129 43 104.65
3 50 133 43.33 115.39
2002 1 38 134 44.67 85.07
2 46 136 45.33 101.48
3 52 138 46 113.04
2003 1 40 141 47 85.11
2 49 144 48 102.08
3 55 - - -
 2004 1 48+0.1042
=
2 48.2084
3 48.3126
2005 1 48.4168
2 48.521
CHANGE IN TREND = (48-43)/(49-1)=0.1042