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New Jersey Center for Teaching and Learning

Progressive Science Initiative

This material is made freely available at www.njctl.org


and is intended for the non-commercial use of
students and teachers. These materials may not be
used for any commercial purpose without the written
permission of the owners. NJCTL maintains its
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participate in a virtual professional learning
community, and/or provide access to course
materials to parents, students and others.

Click to go to website:
www.njctl.org
Slide 2 / 129

Forces

Core Idea PS2 : Motion and Stability:


Forces and Interactions

PS2.A : Forces and Motion

www.njctl.org
Slide 3 / 129

Motion and Stability: Forces and


Interactions
Click on the topic to go to that section

· Motion
· Graphs of Motion
· Forces
· Newton's Laws of Motion

· Newton's 3rd Law & Momentum


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Motion

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of Contents
Slide 5 / 129

What does it mean to be in motion?

An object is in motion if it
changes position in relation
to a reference point.
References points are
places or objects
used to determine the
motion of an object.

It is extremely important to choose reference points carefully.


Slide 6 / 129

Relative Motion

Motion is relative as it is dependent upon


the reference point.

Are you in motion right now? Think about


it...

Are you in motion compared to your


desk? Are you in motion compared to the
sun?
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Measuring Motion

Speed is one of the many ways we measure motion.


Speed is a measure of the distance traveled per unit of
time.

That means you can find the speed of any object that is
in motion!
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Finding Speed
Speed (m/s) = Distance (m) ⁄ Time (s)

If speed is distance divided by time, then distance is


speed times time. So what is time?

and
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1 A snail travels 10 m in 6000 seconds.


What is the snail's average speed?

A 60000 m/s
B .02 m/s
C 600 m/s

Answer
D .002 m/s
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2 A blimp travels at 3 m/s for 1500 s. What


distance does the blimp cover in that
time?

A 500 m/s
B 4500 m/s

Answer
C 4500 m
D 500 m
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Manipulate the speed of each car, solve for time, and predict which
car will win!
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Speed
When we talk about speed, it is important to know that there is
a difference between instantaneous speed and average speed.

Average speed can be calculated by dividing the total distance


by the total time.

Instantaneous speed is the speed of an object at any moment


in time.
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Average Speed vs Instantaneous Speed

It might take 3 hours to travel 300 km in a car, so the average speed


of the car is 100 km/h.
s=d/t
s = 300 km / 3 hours
s = 100 km/h
However, at a specific instance
in time, the speed of the car
might have been 92 km/h
(instantaneous speed) according
to the speedometer.
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Average vs Instantaneous Speed

Have you ever run a mile? Do you think you ran at the exact same
speed the entire mile?
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3 When your teacher times your mile run at 8.2 minutes,


that means your speed was 8.2 mi/min. Was this your
average speed or your instantaneous speed?
A Average Speed
B Instantaneous Speed

Answer
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4 When your teacher times your mile run at 8.2 minutes,


that means your speed was 8.2 min/mi. Was this your
average speed or your instantaneous speed?
A Average Speed
B Instantaneous Speed

Answer
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Average vs Instantaneous Speed

When you ride on the bus to


school, does the bus driver
travel at the same speed the
entire trip?

School buses and other


vehicles have speedometers
that measure the speed of
the vehicle at a specific
moment in time.
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5 Does a speedometer measure the average speed or the


instantaneous speed?
A Average Speed
B Instantaneous Speed

Answer
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6 A swordfish travels for two hours. The first


hour he covers 110 kilometers, and the
second hour he covers 84 kilometers. What
is the average speed of the swordfish?

Hint: Remember that


A 110 km/h Average speed is total
distance travelled divided

Answer
by total time
B 84 km/h

C 97 km/h

D 194 km/h
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7 A dog walks outside to go the bathroom


every day. She is small and not very quick. If
she walks outside at a speed of 2.5 meters
per second and walks 75 meters before she
is ready, how long does it take her?

A 30 seconds

B 2 minutes

Answer
C 188 seconds

D 90 seconds
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Velocity

Velocity is another way to measure motion. Simply put, velocity is the


speed of an object with direction.

Since velocity has both magnitude and direction, it is a vector.

Runner's speed: 10 km/hr


Runner's velocity: 10 km/hr to the East
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Why Velocity?
So, why is velocity important?

Have you ever been in an airplane? Would you want to be on that plane
if air traffic controllers only told pilots the speed of the planes around
them, but not the direction they were going?

Tornadoes travel at about 170 km/h.


If meteorologists only told you the
speed of the tornado and not the
direction it was traveling, would it be
helpful?
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8 Carlos and Gina are riding on their horses


to go into town. They travel 70 meters in 7
seconds going west. What is their velocity?

A 490 m/s west


B 10 m/s west
C 490 m/s

Answer
D 10 m/s
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9 A car travels 100 km/h west for 2 hours. The


car then travels 50 km/h east for one hour.
What is the car's position relative to its
starting position?

A 50 km west
B 150 km west

Answer
C 250 km west
D 50 km east
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Graphing Motion

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of Contents
Slide 26 / 129

Graphing Motion

Graphs can be used to show motion and can be used to easily


determine relationships!

When graphing data, position should be on the y axis and time on the
x axis.

The graph below shows constant speed because the speed remains
throughout the entire journey. The biker covers two meters every
second.
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Graphing Motion
When interpreting a graph, it is important to look for relationships
between variables. These relationships can be strong, weak, or not
present at all.

A strong relationship is one where a significant change in one


variable correlates with significant changes in the other variable.
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Graphing Motion
A weak relationship is when significant changes in one variable
cause minimal changes in the other variable.
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Graphing Motion

When there is no relationship between the variables, there will not


be a pattern present.
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The Importance of Slope


Position versus time graphs can be used to find speed and compare
speeds.

When we talk about the slope of a line, we are talking about how steep a
line is.

Think of skiing, the bunny trail would be rather flat while the black
diamond trail would be a pretty steep mountain.

In a position versus time graph, the y axis is the position and the x axis is
the time, we know that the relationship between position and time is
speed. So when we are looking at the slope, we are looking at the
speed .

The steeper the slope of the line on a position versus time graph, the
greater the speed!
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10 Which walker has a greater speed?

How do you know?

Answer
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Graphing Motion
Click on the image to the left to launch
the simulation. You will need to download
it to be able to use it.

Click on the CHARTS tab at the top.

Minimize the velocity graph and the


acceleration graph by clicking on the
RED dash on each graph. KEEP
POSITION!

CLICK PLAY

Drag the man to the RIGHT at a constant


speed, STOP, and finally drag the man
at a constant speed Left back to the
starting point (zero).
Relate the shape of the graph to the man's motion
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Acceleration

Constant speed is when an object's speed does not change; however,


most objects do not travel at a constant speed. Acceleration is another
method for measuring motion.

Do you walk at the exact same speed from class


to class? Probably not, which means you are
accelerating!
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Acceleration

Acceleration occurs when there is a change in velocity.

Remember, velocity is speed with direction.

So acceleration occurs any time there is an increase in speed, a


decrease in speed, or a change in direction.

change in
speed speed
direction
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Acceleration Formula

Acceleration is a measure of the change in velocity per unit of time.

acceleration = (final velocity-initial velocity)


time

a = vf -vo
t
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11A school bus driver sees an old lady


crossing the street at an intersection and
hits the brake pedal and turns the
steering wheel to avoid her. Why did the
bus accelerate?

A increased speed

Answer
B decreased speed
C changed direction
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12A nitro-methane powered top fuel


dragster launches from rest to race
against an opponent. Why did the car
accelerate?

A increased speed

Answer
B decreased speed
C changed direction
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Example:

The school bus picks you up at the bus stops and takes 60 seconds to
accelerate to 120 km/h. What is the acceleration of the school bus?

a = vf -vo
t

Answer
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13 A plane's speed increases from 25m/s to 60m/s in 5


seconds. What is the acceleration of the plane?

Answer
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14 After traveling for 10 seconds, a runner reaches a speed


of 12m/s. What is the runner's acceleration?

Answer
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15 A parachute opens and slows a skydiver from 65m/s to


45m/s in a period of 5 seconds. What is the acceleration
of the skydiver?

Answer
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Acceleration and Graphs


If the speed and direction of an object are constant, then the
acceleration is zero.

ZERO a

Acceleration is positive when speed is increasing, and negative


acceleration (deceleration) when speed is decreasing.

+a -a
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16 Adriver hits the brakes to slow down at an intersection.


As the car's speed is decreasing it has

A positive acceleration

B negative acceleration

C no acceleration

D more information is needed


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17 Which
of the following graphs depicts the acceleration of
a runner speeding up to pass someone.
Y B Y
A
Speed (m/s)

Speed (m/s)
x x
Time (s) Time (s)

Y Y
Speed (m/s)

Speed (m/s)
C D
x x
Time (s) Time (s)
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Acceleration and Graphs


The slope of a position versus time graph can also show acceleration.
If the slope curves and gets steeper, then positive acceleration is
occurring. If the slope curves and becomes less steep, then negative
acceleration is occurring.
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Distance vs. Time Graphs of Accelerating


Objects
Click on the image to download the
simulation.

Click on the CHARTS tab.

Type in 1 m/s2 into the acceleration


value and hit play.

Sketch the Sketch the


shape of the shape of the
distance vs. velocity vs.
time graph: time graph:
Slide 47 / 129

18Which of the following speed vs time graphs


depicts the position vs time graph
shown in the graph below?

Answer
[This object is a pull
tab]

A C

B
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Forces

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of Contents
Slide 49 / 129

What Are Forces?

Forces are pushes or


pulls in a given
direction.

Forces affect how objects move.


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Forces Affect Motion

Forces can affect motion by making objects:

· start moving
· move faster
· move slower
· stop moving
· change direction
· change shape
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The Big Idea...


Since forces can cause changes in the speed or direction of an
object, we can say that forces cause changes in velocity, so
forces cause acceleration!

Forces

cause

Acceleration
Slide 52 / 129

Units of Force

Forces are measured in newtons (N).

You probably measure yourself on a scale in pounds. One pound


is equal to 4.448 newtons.

Just like velocity, force is a vector so when forces are


demonstrated both magnitude and direction should be shown.

10 N
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Balanced Forces
Two or more opposite forces are balanced forces if their effects
cancel each other out and they do not cause a change in an
object's motion.

If two or more forces of equal strength act on an object in opposite


directions, the forces will cancel, resulting in a net force of zero and
no change in motion.

8N 8N

The box is at rest, so it will remain at rest since the forces acting
on it are balanced.
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Unbalanced Forces
If the effects of the forces don't cancel each other out (one force is
stronger than others), the forces are unbalanced forces.
Unbalanced forces cause a change in motion; speed and/or
direction.

15 N 8N

One way to interpret this diagram is to say there is a 15N force


to the right and an 8N force to the left OR we can say there is a
+15N force and a -8N force. The negative tells us that the
object is moving to the left.
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Unbalanced Forces

15 N 8N

The box was at rest. Since the forces acting on the box are
unbalanced, the box will start moving to the right.
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19Forces are all around us. Which of the


following do you think are examples of
forces? (choose all that apply)

A Gravity

Answer
B Friction
C Muscles
D Wind
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20What is the SI unit for force?

A Pounds

B Kilograms

Answer
C Newtons
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21Because forces have both size and


direction we consider them as a:

A directional quantity
B vector
C scalar

Answer
D calculated quantity
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22A +10 N force acts on a car and at the


same time, a -20 N force acts on the car.
What is the net force acting on the car
and is it balanced?

A -30 N unbalanced
B -10 N unbalanced

Answer
C -10 N balanced
D + 30 balanced
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Friction
Forces are present all around us, but can usually not be seen.
Friction is a force that resists motion and we experience daily.

When you run, walk, sit


on the couch, brush
your hair, and write you
experience friction. You
are experiencing
friction right now!
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Friction
The force of friction is caused by microscopic particles touching each
other. These microscopic pieces on both surfaces cause friction.

Friction is affected by how hard the surfaces push together and the
types of surfaces involved.

There are many types of


friction including static,
sliding, rolling, and fluid
friction.

Click here to see the force of friction clip


Slide 62 / 129

Static Friction

Static friction acts on objects that are not moving. Have you ever
wondered why it is so hard to start moving a heavy object like a
dresser or couch, but then once it starts moving it is easier?

That is because you have to overcome the force of static friction!


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Sliding Friction
Sliding friction occurs when objects slide over each other. Sliding
friction is easier to overcome than static friction. That is why the
couch is easier to move once it starts sliding!

Click here to see sliding friction in action.


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Fluid Friction
Fluid friction occurs when objects move through a fluid.
Remember, air is a fluid, so you continuously experience fluid friction!

Click here to see the effects of fluid


friction.
Slide 65 / 129

Rolling Friction

Rolling friction exists


when objects roll
across surfaces. When
you go bowling, roller
skating, bicycling, or
play soccer, rolling
friction is
present.
Slide 66 / 129

Friction

The force of friction is represented by a force vector and


measured in Newtons like all other forces. When you are trying
to determine where to put the friction force, just remember that
friction acts opposite to motion!

force applied by stationary box


person pushing box

static friction
force
Slide 67 / 129

23Friction acts more in motion than it does


at rest.

True
False

Answer
Slide 68 / 129

Gravity
Forces are present all around us and always act in pairs, so we usually
experience more than one force. Gravity is another force that pulls
objects towards each other.

The Law of Universal Gravitation


tells us that gravity acts between all
objects in the universe. This means
that without exception, any two
objects in the universe attract each
other!
Slide 69 / 129

Factors affecting Gravity

Gravity is affected by both mass and distance. The greater the distance
between two objects, the less the gravitational force between them. The
greater the mass of the object, the greater the object's gravitational
force.

(mass: a measure of the amount of matter in an object. We will use kg


as our unit of measure for mass.)

Greater gravitational force exists between the objects of greater mass below...
Slide 70 / 129

24The force of gravitation between an object


and a planet is increased as they move
away from each other:

True

False

Answer
Slide 71 / 129

Wait, so mass affects gravity?

Then, what is weight?

Weight is a measure of the gravitational force exerted on an object.


Weight varies depending on gravitational force, but mass does not.

Weight = mass x gravity

Did you know that you would weigh 



one sixth of your weight on the moon?
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What is "g"?
g = acceleration due to gravity.

Near Earth's Surface, g = 9.8 m/s 2

Jupiter Earth's Moon


g = 26.1 m/s2 g = 1.67 m/s2

On other planets, acceleration due to gravity will vary depending on the


mass of the planet.

In general, the bigger the planet, the bigger the value of g!


Slide 73 / 129

25A 50 kg kid is on planet Earth, where g =


9.8 m/s 2. What is the boy's weight?

A 5.1 m/s
B 490 N

Answer
C 490 kg
D 5.1 N
Slide 74 / 129

26A 50 kg kid is on the moon, where g =


1.67 m/s 2. What is the boy's weight?

A 83.5 kg
B 29.9 kg
C 83.5 N

Answer
D 29.9 N
Slide 75 / 129

Gravity and Motion


When an object is in free fall, it accelerates at 9.8 m/s 2
So, would a penny and an elephant that are dropped off the top of
the Empire State Building accelerate at the same rate if they were
in free fall? Yes!!

free fall: gravity is the only


force acting on the object

air resistance: fluid friction


experienced by objects
falling through
the air

As objects fall through the air, they experience air resistance.


This upward force exerted on falling objects increases with
surface area and velocity.
Slide 76 / 129

Equilibrium
As you know, many forces are acting on us and other objects.
To determine the total force acting on an object, the forces are
added and subtracted as appropriate to find the net force.

When several forces are acting on the same object, the net
force might be zero...

-5 N
Net Force = 0
5N

If the net force on an object is zero, then it is in


equilibrium. When an object is at rest, the net force is
zero.
Slide 77 / 129

Unbalanced Forces

If the net force is not equal to zero, then there is a change in the
motion of the object.

-12 N
Net Force = -7
5N

Unbalanced forces cause an object to Accelerate!


Slide 78 / 129

Unbalanced Forces

-12 N
Net Force = -7
5N

a
In this case, the object will accelerate towards
the left because the NET FORCE is toward
the left.
Slide 79 / 129

Unbalanced Forces

-12 N
Net Force = -7
5N

a
In this case, the object will accelerate towards
the left because the NET FORCE is toward
the left.

On Earth, gravity and friction are two of the unbalanced forces that
frequently change an object's motion.
Slide 80 / 129

27Whatis the net force acting on the object


below? Is the object in equilibrium?

-10 N

Answer
7N

-8 N
Slide 81 / 129

28Whatis the net force acting on the object


below? Is the object in equilibrium?

-10 N

Answer
25 N

-15N
Slide 82 / 129

29Accelerationdue to gravity on Jupiter is


26.1 m/s2. How much would a 60 kg
person weigh on Jupiter?

Answer
Slide 83 / 129

30Acceleration due to gravity on Earth's Moon


is 1.67 m/s2. How much would a 60 kg
person weigh on Earth's Moon?

Answer
Slide 84 / 129

Newton's Laws of Motion

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of Contents
Slide 85 / 129

The History of the Laws of Motion

Aristotle, a Greek philosopher, and Galileo Galilei, an Italian


astronomer, may have been two of the first scientists to try to explain
gravity and motion.
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The History of the Laws of Motion


In the late 1600s, Sir Isaac Newton used Galileo's ideas to create three
basic laws of motion.

Sir Isaac Newton contributed to


advances in physics, mathematics,
and astronomy.
Slide 87 / 129

Laws of Motion

Newton may be one of the


greatest scientists in
history. The three
laws of motion he created
are three of the most used
natural laws in
science. These laws help
us to make sense of the
world around us!
Slide 88 / 129

Laws of Motion
Newton was inspired by the apple falling from the tree and asked himself
if gravity might also be the force holding the moon in orbit.

Newton found that gravity plays a role in other orbital motions as well!
Slide 89 / 129

Newton's First Law of Motion


The first law of motion tells us that an object at rest stays at rest,
and an object moving at a constant velocity will continue moving at
a constant velocity, unless acted on by an unbalanced force.

On Earth, gravity and friction are two of the unbalanced forces that
frequently change an object's motion.
Slide 90 / 129

Newton's First Law of Motion


The first law of motion is sometimes referred to as the law of inertia.

Inertia: the tendency of an object to resist a change in motion


Slide 91 / 129

The First Law of Motion


The first law basically tells us that motion will not change without a net
force. So, if an object stops moving or starts moving, you know there is a
net force. If there is a net force, then the forces are unbalanced. As you
know, unbalanced forces cause changes in motion!

Click on image to the left to launch


simulation

Click on the motion tab, check speed


to add speedometer, and place a
person on the skateboard.

Apply a force to the object and look


at the speedometer. What
happened?

Stop applying the force. What


happens?
Slide 92 / 129

Application of The First Law of Motion


Have you ever wished that you could just tell your clothing to move itself to
the closet?

Unfortunately, we know that objects don't move on their own. An


unbalanced force is required to make an object change its state of motion.
Slide 93 / 129

Application of The First Law of Motion


Imagine you need to move a few pieces of furniture in your room. Would
you rather move your dresser with everything in it or your dresser with
nothing in it?

The dresser that is filled has a greater mass, so it would have


greater inertia meaning that it is more resistant to change.
Slide 94 / 129

31Inertia is the reluctance any material


object has to change in its state
of motion.

True
False

Answer
Slide 95 / 129

32The law of inetria applies to:

A moving objects
B nonmoving objects
C both moving and nonmoving objects

Answer
Slide 96 / 129

Which has more Inertia?


A Tennis Ball or a Bowling Ball?

Why?
Slide 97 / 129

33Which object has the greatest


inertia?

A Car
Tennis
B
Ball

Answer
C Freight Train
Slide 98 / 129

34A ball will accelerate and increase it's


velocity when it feels a balanced force.

True
False

Answer
Slide 99 / 129

Newton's Second Law


Newton's second law states that acceleration is dependent on both
force and mass. Unbalanced forces cause acceleration.
Remember, acceleration is an increase in speed, a decrease in speed,
or a change in direction.

According to the second law...

Unbalanced There is a direct Mass and


forces cause relationship acceleration are
acceleration. between force inversely
and acceleration. proportional.

Forces that As force As mass


cause a net increases, increases,
force on an acceleration acceleration
object are increases. decreases.
unbalanced.
Slide 100 / 129

Newton's Second Law


Unbalanced forces cause acceleration, so unbalanced forces
cause an increase in speed, a decrease in speed, and/or a
change in direction.

The second law relates force, mass, and acceleration.

Acceleration (m/s2) = Force (N) / Mass (kg)

Therefore, Force = mass x acceleration F = ma


Slide 101 / 129

Newton's Second Law


The formula for Newton's Second Law is:

F = ma
We can rearrange this to solve for the other variables. You do
not need to know how to rearrange it, but you do have to be
able to select the right formula for solving your problem.

F
a=
m m= F
a
Slide 102 / 129

Application of Newton's Second Law


The second law states that if force is increased, acceleration will
increase. Have you ever played with toy cars? Did you notice that the
harder you push the car, the faster the car speeds up?
Slide 103 / 129

Newton's 2nd Law Simulation

Click on the image to the left to download


the Simulation.

Click the Acceleration Lab Tab

Check show Forces, masses, acceleration,


and turn gravity to none.

Place 1 crate onto the surface and apply a


500 N force, note the acceleration.

Stack 2 crates onto the surface and apply


a 500 N force,note the acceleration.

What was the effect of adding mass to the simulation on the resulting
acceleration produced?
Slide 104 / 129

Application of Newton's Second Law


The second law also tells us that the greater the mass, the less the
acceleration (if the force is constant).
Have you ever pulled your
brothers and sisters in a red
wagon?

The more mass in the wagon,


the slower the wagon speeds
up!
Slide 105 / 129

35When the force acting on an object


increases, the resulting acceleration will:

A remain constant
B increase

Answer
C decrease
Slide 106 / 129

36When the objects mass is increased but


the applied force stays the same, the
resulting acceleration will:

A remain constant
B increase

Answer
C decrease
Slide 107 / 129

37You are riding your bicycle to the park


to meet a few friends. As you ride,
you apply a force of 30 N and
accelerate at a rate of 0.4 m/s2. What
is the total mass of the bicycle and
you?
A 75 kg
B 12 kg

Answer
C 120 kg
Slide 108 / 129

Newton's 3rd Law of Motion

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of Contents
Slide 109 / 129

Newton's Third Law of Motion


Newton's third law of motion
differs from the first and
second because it pertains to
forces between interacting
objects.

When you kick a soccer ball,


do you feel the force of the ball
against your foot? Newton's
third law explains this
occurrence.
Slide 110 / 129

Newton's Third Law of Motion


Have you ever jumped off the side of a boat and noticed that the boat
travels away from you?

This is Newton's third law of motion at work! You applied a force to


the boat and the boat applied an equal and opposite force on you.
Slide 111 / 129

38When you sit on a chair, the chair pushes


back with more force than your weight.

True
False

Answer
Slide 112 / 129

39 Action-Reaction forces are always found


in pairs that are equal and opposite.

True
False

Answer
Slide 113 / 129

Newton's Third Law of Motion


As you may remember from before, forces always exist in pairs!
Newton's third law defines these action and reaction forces.

Click here to see how Newton's Third Law


applies to the physics of a rocket.
Slide 114 / 129

Newton's Third Law of Motion

As you kick the soccer ball, you apply an action force to the ball, and the
ball applies a reaction force on your foot.

These forces are equal in strength and opposite in direction. Since you
have a greater mass than the ball, the ball accelerates more quickly.

Just like when you jump off a boat, you accelerate more quickly than the
boat because you have less mass!
Slide 115 / 129

Newton's Third Law of Motion


The third law states that for every action force, there is an equal,
but opposite reaction force.

n
t io

n
t io
ac

ac
re

This means that if one object applies a force to another object, then the
other object exerts an equal and opposite force on the first object.
Slide 116 / 129

So, why don't these forces cancel each


other out?
They are not acting on the same object!! Each force is acting on a
different object.

The bat applies force to the ball that


changes the direction of the ball,
and the ball applies an equal and
opposite force on the bat.
Slide 117 / 129

The Truth about Action Reaction Forces

If a force occurs, there are action reaction forces!

Action Reaction forces can cause changes in motion.

Action Reaction forces are equal in strength, yet opposite in direction.

The Action force never acts on the same object as the Reaction force.
Slide 118 / 129

40 Which of the following statements pertains


to the third law of motion?

Action and Reaction pairs always


A
act on the same object.
Mass is indirectly proportional to
B

Answer
acceleration.
An object at rest will remain at rest
C unless acted on by an unbalanced
force.
If a force occurs, action reaction forces
D
are present.
Slide 119 / 129

Momentum

Newton's third law tells us that action reaction forces are equal and
opposite, but that does not mean that the effects of those forces are
equal. The forces might cause different changes in motion on the
objects!
Slide 120 / 129

Momentum

Think about two sumo


wrestlers running into
each other. If one has a
greater mass, when
they collide, one will
experience a greater
change in motion even
though the force on
each other is the same.
Slide 121 / 129

Momentum
If we understand Newton's third law and momentum, we can predict how
the motion of colliding objects will change.

Momentum is the result of the mass of the object times the object's
velocity.

momentum (kg-m/s) = mass (kg) x velocity (m/s)


Slide 122 / 129

Momentum

Find the momentum of a skateboarder with a mass of 50 kg traveling


at a velocity of 4 m/s west.

p = mv
p = (50 kg)(4 m/s)
p = 200 kg m/s
Slide 123 / 129

41How can a small insect have the same


momentum as a large car?

A insect has large speed


B both car and insect are at rest
C insect has no mass
D A&B

Answer
Slide 124 / 129

42If a 2 kg toy truck is moving at 4 m/s, what


is the toy's momentum?

A 3 m/s
B 2 kgm/s
C 8 kgm/s

Answer
D 8 m/s
Slide 125 / 129

Law of Conservation of Momentum

Momentum is conserved (remains the same) during an


interaction as long as the objects are not affected by outside
forces.

This means that the total momentum of objects prior to an


interaction will equal the total momentum of the objects after
the interaction. Any momentum lost by one object is gained by
the other!
Slide 126 / 129

Momentum Simulation

Click on the image to the left to


launch and download the
simulation.

Make each object the same


mass by moving sliders (1 kg
each works best).

Click show values.

Compare the total momentum of


the balls added before and after
the collision.
What happens to the total amount of momentum before and after the
collision?
Slide 127 / 129

43What
two factors does
momentum depend on?

A mass and volume


B mass and acceleration

Answer
C mass and velocity
D mass and force
Slide 128 / 129

44Thetotal amount of momentum before


and after a collision may vary.

True
False

Answer
Slide 129 / 129

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