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Forces
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· Motion
· Graphs of Motion
· Forces
· Newton's Laws of Motion
Motion
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of Contents
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An object is in motion if it
changes position in relation
to a reference point.
References points are
places or objects
used to determine the
motion of an object.
Relative Motion
Measuring Motion
That means you can find the speed of any object that is
in motion!
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Finding Speed
Speed (m/s) = Distance (m) ⁄ Time (s)
and
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A 60000 m/s
B .02 m/s
C 600 m/s
Answer
D .002 m/s
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A 500 m/s
B 4500 m/s
Answer
C 4500 m
D 500 m
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Manipulate the speed of each car, solve for time, and predict which
car will win!
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Speed
When we talk about speed, it is important to know that there is
a difference between instantaneous speed and average speed.
Have you ever run a mile? Do you think you ran at the exact same
speed the entire mile?
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Answer
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Answer
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Answer
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Answer
by total time
B 84 km/h
C 97 km/h
D 194 km/h
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A 30 seconds
B 2 minutes
Answer
C 188 seconds
D 90 seconds
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Velocity
Why Velocity?
So, why is velocity important?
Have you ever been in an airplane? Would you want to be on that plane
if air traffic controllers only told pilots the speed of the planes around
them, but not the direction they were going?
Answer
D 10 m/s
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A 50 km west
B 150 km west
Answer
C 250 km west
D 50 km east
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Graphing Motion
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Graphing Motion
When graphing data, position should be on the y axis and time on the
x axis.
The graph below shows constant speed because the speed remains
throughout the entire journey. The biker covers two meters every
second.
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Graphing Motion
When interpreting a graph, it is important to look for relationships
between variables. These relationships can be strong, weak, or not
present at all.
Graphing Motion
A weak relationship is when significant changes in one variable
cause minimal changes in the other variable.
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Graphing Motion
When we talk about the slope of a line, we are talking about how steep a
line is.
Think of skiing, the bunny trail would be rather flat while the black
diamond trail would be a pretty steep mountain.
In a position versus time graph, the y axis is the position and the x axis is
the time, we know that the relationship between position and time is
speed. So when we are looking at the slope, we are looking at the
speed .
The steeper the slope of the line on a position versus time graph, the
greater the speed!
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Answer
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Graphing Motion
Click on the image to the left to launch
the simulation. You will need to download
it to be able to use it.
CLICK PLAY
Acceleration
Acceleration
change in
speed speed
direction
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Acceleration Formula
a = vf -vo
t
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A increased speed
Answer
B decreased speed
C changed direction
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A increased speed
Answer
B decreased speed
C changed direction
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Example:
The school bus picks you up at the bus stops and takes 60 seconds to
accelerate to 120 km/h. What is the acceleration of the school bus?
a = vf -vo
t
Answer
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Answer
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Answer
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Answer
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ZERO a
+a -a
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A positive acceleration
B negative acceleration
C no acceleration
17 Which
of the following graphs depicts the acceleration of
a runner speeding up to pass someone.
Y B Y
A
Speed (m/s)
Speed (m/s)
x x
Time (s) Time (s)
Y Y
Speed (m/s)
Speed (m/s)
C D
x x
Time (s) Time (s)
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Answer
[This object is a pull
tab]
A C
B
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Forces
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· start moving
· move faster
· move slower
· stop moving
· change direction
· change shape
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Forces
cause
Acceleration
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Units of Force
10 N
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Balanced Forces
Two or more opposite forces are balanced forces if their effects
cancel each other out and they do not cause a change in an
object's motion.
8N 8N
The box is at rest, so it will remain at rest since the forces acting
on it are balanced.
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Unbalanced Forces
If the effects of the forces don't cancel each other out (one force is
stronger than others), the forces are unbalanced forces.
Unbalanced forces cause a change in motion; speed and/or
direction.
15 N 8N
Unbalanced Forces
15 N 8N
The box was at rest. Since the forces acting on the box are
unbalanced, the box will start moving to the right.
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A Gravity
Answer
B Friction
C Muscles
D Wind
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A Pounds
B Kilograms
Answer
C Newtons
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A directional quantity
B vector
C scalar
Answer
D calculated quantity
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A -30 N unbalanced
B -10 N unbalanced
Answer
C -10 N balanced
D + 30 balanced
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Friction
Forces are present all around us, but can usually not be seen.
Friction is a force that resists motion and we experience daily.
Friction
The force of friction is caused by microscopic particles touching each
other. These microscopic pieces on both surfaces cause friction.
Friction is affected by how hard the surfaces push together and the
types of surfaces involved.
Static Friction
Static friction acts on objects that are not moving. Have you ever
wondered why it is so hard to start moving a heavy object like a
dresser or couch, but then once it starts moving it is easier?
Sliding Friction
Sliding friction occurs when objects slide over each other. Sliding
friction is easier to overcome than static friction. That is why the
couch is easier to move once it starts sliding!
Fluid Friction
Fluid friction occurs when objects move through a fluid.
Remember, air is a fluid, so you continuously experience fluid friction!
Rolling Friction
Friction
static friction
force
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True
False
Answer
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Gravity
Forces are present all around us and always act in pairs, so we usually
experience more than one force. Gravity is another force that pulls
objects towards each other.
Gravity is affected by both mass and distance. The greater the distance
between two objects, the less the gravitational force between them. The
greater the mass of the object, the greater the object's gravitational
force.
Greater gravitational force exists between the objects of greater mass below...
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True
False
Answer
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What is "g"?
g = acceleration due to gravity.
A 5.1 m/s
B 490 N
Answer
C 490 kg
D 5.1 N
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A 83.5 kg
B 29.9 kg
C 83.5 N
Answer
D 29.9 N
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Equilibrium
As you know, many forces are acting on us and other objects.
To determine the total force acting on an object, the forces are
added and subtracted as appropriate to find the net force.
When several forces are acting on the same object, the net
force might be zero...
-5 N
Net Force = 0
5N
Unbalanced Forces
If the net force is not equal to zero, then there is a change in the
motion of the object.
-12 N
Net Force = -7
5N
Unbalanced Forces
-12 N
Net Force = -7
5N
a
In this case, the object will accelerate towards
the left because the NET FORCE is toward
the left.
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Unbalanced Forces
-12 N
Net Force = -7
5N
a
In this case, the object will accelerate towards
the left because the NET FORCE is toward
the left.
On Earth, gravity and friction are two of the unbalanced forces that
frequently change an object's motion.
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-10 N
Answer
7N
-8 N
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-10 N
Answer
25 N
-15N
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Answer
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Answer
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Laws of Motion
Laws of Motion
Newton was inspired by the apple falling from the tree and asked himself
if gravity might also be the force holding the moon in orbit.
Newton found that gravity plays a role in other orbital motions as well!
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On Earth, gravity and friction are two of the unbalanced forces that
frequently change an object's motion.
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True
False
Answer
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A moving objects
B nonmoving objects
C both moving and nonmoving objects
Answer
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Why?
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A Car
Tennis
B
Ball
Answer
C Freight Train
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True
False
Answer
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F = ma
We can rearrange this to solve for the other variables. You do
not need to know how to rearrange it, but you do have to be
able to select the right formula for solving your problem.
F
a=
m m= F
a
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What was the effect of adding mass to the simulation on the resulting
acceleration produced?
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A remain constant
B increase
Answer
C decrease
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A remain constant
B increase
Answer
C decrease
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Answer
C 120 kg
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True
False
Answer
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True
False
Answer
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As you kick the soccer ball, you apply an action force to the ball, and the
ball applies a reaction force on your foot.
These forces are equal in strength and opposite in direction. Since you
have a greater mass than the ball, the ball accelerates more quickly.
Just like when you jump off a boat, you accelerate more quickly than the
boat because you have less mass!
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n
t io
n
t io
ac
ac
re
This means that if one object applies a force to another object, then the
other object exerts an equal and opposite force on the first object.
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The Action force never acts on the same object as the Reaction force.
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Answer
acceleration.
An object at rest will remain at rest
C unless acted on by an unbalanced
force.
If a force occurs, action reaction forces
D
are present.
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Momentum
Newton's third law tells us that action reaction forces are equal and
opposite, but that does not mean that the effects of those forces are
equal. The forces might cause different changes in motion on the
objects!
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Momentum
Momentum
If we understand Newton's third law and momentum, we can predict how
the motion of colliding objects will change.
Momentum is the result of the mass of the object times the object's
velocity.
Momentum
p = mv
p = (50 kg)(4 m/s)
p = 200 kg m/s
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Answer
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A 3 m/s
B 2 kgm/s
C 8 kgm/s
Answer
D 8 m/s
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Momentum Simulation
43What
two factors does
momentum depend on?
Answer
C mass and velocity
D mass and force
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True
False
Answer
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