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Fundamentals of Industrial Instrumentation and Process Control

Capitulo 1
1.1 Introduction
La instrumentación es la base para el control de procesos en la industria, donde la
variable la temperatura se mide y se usa para controlar el flujo de gas, aceite o
electricidad al calentador de agua, o sistema de calefacción, o electricidad al compresor
para refrigeración
1.2 Process Control

El control del proceso es el control automático de una variable de salida al detectar la amplitud
del parámetro de salida del proceso y comparándolo con el deseado o establecer el nivel y
devolver una señal de error para controlar una variable de entrada: en este caso vapor. Ver Fig.
1.1b. Un sensor de temperatura conectado a la salida.

1.3 Definitions of the Elements in a Control Loop

La figura 1.4 desglosa los elementos individuales de los bloques en un proceso-control


lazo. El elemento de medición consiste en un sensor, un transductor y un transmisor. con
su propia fuente de alimentación regulada. El elemento de control tiene un actuador, una
potencia, Él procesador entonces usa la señal de error para generar una señal de corrección
para controlar el actuador y la variable de entrada.
1.4 Process Facility Considerations

La instalación de proceso tiene una serie de requisitos básicos que incluyen precauciones
de seguridad y suministros de electricidad, agua y aire bien regulados y confiables.
Muchas instalaciones tienen sistemas de respaldo para proporcionar una fuente de
alimentación ininterrumpida (UPS) para hacerse cargo en caso de pérdida de alimentación
externa. La conexión a tierra es una consideración muy importante en una instalación por
razones de seguridad. Cualquier variación en el potencial de tierra entre equipos
electrónicos puede causar Grandes errores en los niveles de señal.
1.5 Units and Standards

Al igual que con todas las disciplinas, un conjunto de estándares ha evolucionado a lo largo de
los años para garantizar.Consistencia y evitar confusiones. La Sociedad de Instrumentos de
América (ISA) ha desarrolló una lista completa de símbolos para instrumentos, Las unidades de
medida caen en dos sistemas distintos; primero, el inglés sistema y segundo, el sistema
internacional, SI (Systéme International D’Unités). Basado en el sistema métrico, pero hay
algunas diferencias.

TABLE 1.1 Basic Units

1.6 Instrument Parameters

la precisión de un instrumento o dispositivo es la diferencia entre los indicados valores y el valor


real. La precisión se determina comparando una lectura indicada con la de un estándar conocido.

Capítulo 2
2.1 Introducción
La energía eléctrica puede estar en forma de corriente continua (dc) (solo una dirección)

o corriente alterna (ac) (la corriente se invierte periódicamente, ver Fig. 2.1). En los circuitos
de la fuerza electromotriz impulsan la corriente en una dirección y luego se invierten.
2.2 Resistance

It is assumed that the student is familiar with the terms insulators, conductors, semiconductors,
electrical resistance, capacitance, and inductance. Hence, the basic equations commonly used
in electricity will be considered as a starting point.

2.3 Capacitance

Capacitors store electrical charge, as opposed to cells where the charge is generated by
chemical action. Capacitance is a measure of the amount of charge that can be stored. The
capacitance of a capacitor is given by C = eA/d

2.4 Inductance

Inductors are devices that oppose any change in the current flowing through them.Ahenry is
defined as the inductance that will produce an emf of 1 V when the current through the
inductance changes at the rate of 1 A/s.
2.4.1 Inductor combinations

The formula for the effective inductance of inductors connected in series and parallel is the
same as for resistors

series

parallel

Chapter 3

3.1 Introduction

Three basic components, resistors, capacitors, and inductors, are very important elements in
electrical circuits as individual devices, or together. Resistors are used as loads, delays, and
current limiting devices. Capacitors are used as dc blocking devices, in level shifting, integrating,
differentiating, frequency determination, selection, and delay circuits.

3.2 Circuits with R, L, and C

When a dc voltage is applied to a capacitor through a resistor, a current flows charging the
capacitor (see Fig. 3.1a). Initially, all the voltage drops across the resistor; although current is
flowing into the capacitor, there is no voltage drop across the capacitor.

The voltage across the resistor increases and starts to decrease across the inductance allowing
the current to build up exponentially, until the current flow is limited by the resistance at its
maximum value and the voltage across the inductance is zero. This is shown in Fig. 3.2b. The
effects are similar in that the same current is flowing in

3.3 RC Filters

Networks using resistors and capacitors are extensively used and sometimes small inductors are
used in instrumentation circuits for filtering out noise, frequency selection, frequency rejection,
and the like. Filters can be either passive or active (using amplifiers) and can be divided into the
following:

High pass Allows high frequencies to pass but blocks low frequencies.

Low pass Allows low frequencies to pass but blocks high frequencies.

Band pass Allows a specific range of frequencies to pass.

Band reject Blocks a specific range of frequencies.

These passive filters are shown in Fig. 3.9. The number of resistive and capacitive elements
determines whether the filter is a first-order filter, second-order

3.4 AC Bridges

The concept of dc bridges described in Chap. 2 can also be applied to ac bridges. The resistive
elements are replaced with impedances and the bridge supply is now an ac voltage, as shown
in Fig. 3.10a.
3.5 Magnetic Forces

When a dc current flows in a conductor, a circular magnetic field is produced around the
conductor as shown in Fig. 3.11a. Magnetic fields have magnetic flux or lines of force
associated with them.

Electromechanical devices use the magnetic forces developed in iron-cored coils for their
operation. These forces can be very large when high currents are used in devices such as large
motors. Electromechanical devices include AC Electricity 43 Figure 3.14 Shown in (a) are coils in
a magnetic field and in (b) D’Arsonval meter movement. relays and actuators. Figure 3.15a
shows an electromagnetic relay. When the coil is not energized the center lead is held in contact
with the top lead by the spring as shown.

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