Alexandria Engineering Journal (2018) 57, 4145–4155

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Alexandria University

Alexandria Engineering Journal

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Dynamic building and its impact on sustainable

development
Alaa Mohamed Elkhateeb *, Mohamed Anwar Fikry, Alaa Adel Mansour

Department of Architecture, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt

Received 4 July 2018; revised 9 September 2018; accepted 17 October 2018

Available online 13 December 2018

KEYWORDS Abstract Since ancient times, the buildings evaluation depended on durability confront different
Dynamic architecture; factors and conditions for the longest possible period, regardless of their ability to adapt to the
Static movement; changes occurring as well as meeting the diverse needs, the research aims to provide non-
Dynamic movement & traditional solutions to meet the different requirements and problems that may face the architects,
sustainability An analytical study of Dynamic architecture is capable of achieving sustainability and providing
architectural environments that are adaptable to different variables. The research presents the var-
ious definitions of sustainability and dynamic architecture. It also explains the elements of sustain-
ability and how to apply on the dynamic buildings whether static or partially or fully-dynamic.
An applied study was conducted for the dynamic buildings on two models of global buildings to
reach 39 design criteria were identified as a guide to evaluate the level of dynamic building integra-
tion.
Ó 2018 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria
University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction on the establishment of interactive buildings continuously with

variable weather surrounding these buildings throughout the
Global interest in environmental issues was the reason for the day and throughout the year in order to facilitate the continu-
emergence of a new thought linking progress in computer sys- ous control in buildings to be used from the inside or from the
tems and keep up with the wealth of information generated by outside.
the communications revolution; this has led to the emergence
of interactive buildings friendly with the environment called 1.1. The aim of work
‘‘Sustainable Dynamic Building” [1].
On this basis, the thought of ‘‘the dynamic building” is – Find a clear definition of sustainability and Its importance.
founded to be compatible with the surrounding environment, – Define dynamic architecture and determine its features and
energy-saving and compatible with the progress where the what has been achieved in recent years.
public thought of the dynamic architecture School depend – Save energy using a dynamic structure and try to rely
entirely on renewable resources and not neglect the applica-
* Corresponding author. tions of modern technology. Access to specific practical
Peer review under responsibility of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria guide to measure the extent of the integration dynamic
University. building.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2018.10.016
1110-0168 Ó 2018 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
4146
– Analyze different models based on sustainable dynamic
design and access to different ways to apply dynamic
architecture.
– Combine dynamic construction and sustainable architec-
ture by achieving sustainability elements to reach standards
that allow for the assessment of the level of dynamic inte-
gration of projects that are still under design and
implementation.
– Access to a comprehensive guide for the design criteria that
help the architect and the student to design a sustainable
dynamic building.
2. Methods and tools
In order to achieve the previously mentioned aims, the follow-
ing steps were adopted as shown in Fig. 1.
3. The relationship of sustainability with dynamic building
Dynamic buildings are a result of a decade-long experience in
the research of innovative building components, capable of
interacting with climate conditions and regulating energy flows
through the building surface. The ‘‘intelligent” building is thus
one whose external components become elements of thermal
self-regulation, ensuring indoor comfort while reducing energy
consumption.
The construction method and the ability to produce energy
on its own are two of the most outstanding features of
Dynamic Architecture buildings. These buildings are made of
prefabricated units, custom-made in a workshop, to fit very
high-quality standards, resulting in fast construction, cost sav-
ings and fewer people on site.
Although we live in a Dynamic Universe filled with move-
ment, the design methodology that has been given to Architec-
ture is clearly static: buildings look the same all the time. As an
approach to ‘‘Dynamic Architecture”, the design of a building
with a changing geometry is examined in an attempt to explore
factors that affect the design of this building type.
Fig. 1 The adopted steps for this paper.
A.M. Elkhateeb et al.
3.1. Elements of sustainable building
– Stick to the site.
– Energy conservation.
– Efficiency of energy.
– Utilization of renewable energy.
– Realization of users’ needs.
– Sustainable building materials.
3.2. Dynamic buildings
The start of a new conception in Architecture, a concept of
buildings in motion which can be found in many shapes such
as (Fig. 2):
1. Static-Dynamic (Optical Illusion, Form, Inspiration).
2. Partially-Dynamic (specific parts & spaces, elevations, Fur-
niture, Water).
3. Fully-Dynamic (the whole Building can rotate, revolve,
swivel or pivot) [2].
4. Discussion and results
4.1. Global models of dynamic architecture
The primary objective to study and analysis models based on
dynamism is to develop the design principles and requirements
that must be met when designing a sustainable dynamic build-
ing; Analytical studies lack such requirements, especially how
to achieve sustainability in a dynamic building.
4.1.1. The bases of study cases selection
Some of the bases on which four models of buildings were cho-
sen were all characterized by dynamism:
First: the availability of dynamism in the building (Dynamic
concept) by having some of the requirements mentioned in
the previous chapters, ‘‘static, partially and fully dynamic”
which are the requirements that move the building from a
silent mute to an organism that reacts from the surrounding
environment to form an integrated system seeking the com-
plete comfort of the occupants of the building.
Second: Availability of the sustainability element in the build-
ing as detailed in the previous chapters.
4.1.2. Applied study methodology
The chosen models of the applied study are analyzed through
several key points to facilitate the comparison of the selected
models to arrive at specific results in the form of key points
that can be evaluated and used in developing a set of require-
ments for the design and implementation of sustainable
dynamic buildings.
– About Dynamic Building (Name of building, location, team
work, implementation period and project description).
– Architectural philosophy of dynamic movement (The type,
shape and position of the movement according to classifica-
tion is static or moving. In the case of moving dynamic
building, the type of engine and the method of focusing
and the control method of movement).
Dynamic building and its impact on sustainable development
Fig. 2 The movement form of dynamic building [3].
– Features Achieve sustainability in the building (Used mate-
rials and methods of construction and utilization of renew-
able energy).
4.2. Pearl river tower
4.2.1. Description of Pearl river tower
The idea of the architect is aero-dynamic structure where the
high performance, the building contains 4 holes for wind tur-
bine with pull-in entrances to generate wind ene rgy and an
inbuilt with solar panel.
4147
The tower is intended for office use and is partially occu-
pied by the China National Tobacco Corporation.
The 214,000-square-meter Pearl River Tower redefines
what is possible in sustainable design by incorporating the lat-
est green technology and engineering advancements (Fig. 3).
The soaring tower’s sculpted body directs wind to a pair of
openings at its mechanical floors, where traveling winds push
turbines that generate energy for the building. Other integrated
sustainable elements include solar panels, a double-skin cur-
tain wall, a chilled ceiling system, under-floor ventilation,
and daylight harvesting, all of which contribute to the build-
ing’s energy efficiency [5] (see Table 1).
4148 A.M. Elkhateeb et al.

Fig. 4 Wind turbine of the River Pearl Tower [6].

Fig. 3 Pearl River Tower [6].

Table 1 Description of pearl river tower [4].
Name of building Pearl river tower
Location Guangzhou, china
Team work Gordon gill, Som (Skidmore, Owings and
Mirrill
Implementation from December 2006 to march 2011
period
4.2.2. Architectural philosophy of dynamic movement
See Table 2.
4.2.3. Features achieve sustainability in pearl river tower
. Used materials. Use environment friendly materials such as
glass, wood, ceramics and marble in interior finishes and insu-
lation of waste materials for recycling.
. Construction methods. Pearl river tower is one of the
dynamic buildings made up of prefabricated parts. The double
glass panels and the aluminum beams (on the side facades) are
designed to fit the outer envelope to be an integrated system
that seeks to conserve energy and achieve sustainability. Most
of the exterior elements are prefabricated and assembled on the
site except the foundations and the middle concrete core are
designed in the site, which led to:
1. Energy saving
2. Reduce construction time
3. Reduce costs
4. A clean and green construction site without noise, dust,
smoke or waste
. Utilization of renewable energy. a. Wind turbines
The wind-powered wind turbines were used to create elec-
tricity. The building was designed to contain four large open-
ings from 6 to 6.80 m in width, drawn inward to increase the
wind speed inside and exit from the other facade of the build-
ing (Fig. 4).
b. Direct solar acquisition
The tower’s sleek, aerodynamic form was developed
through a careful understanding of solar patterns around the
site. The design optimizes the solar path and utilizes the sun
to the building’s advantage (Fig. 5).
c. Indirect solar acquisition
Triple-glazed facades with exterior blinds are located on the
east and west elevations, and internally ventilated double-skin
facades are located on the north and south. Both incorporated
automated blinds, greatly contributing to the building’s energy
efficiency (Fig. 6).
. Energy efficiency.
– Internally ventilated double wall with blinds on northern &
southern façade.
– Façade on the eastern and western sides is made of triple
glazed glass which helps insulate the building’s interior.
– Shallow floor plate for easier cooling keeping workspaces as
close to the perimeter windows.
– The building presents a minimal profile to the rising and
setting sun and due to the high solar angles from its low lat-
itude, absorbs minimal solar radiation during the hottest
portion of the day.

Table 2 Architectural philosophy of dynamic movement in

pearl river tower [4].
The type of the Static-dynamic
movement
Motion shape Non
Position of motion Dynamic shape (Inspiration)
Structural system steel beams, concrete core and beams to make
up the core wall
Wall cladding steel, glass and aluminium
Fig. 5 High performance glazing system with blinds [6].
Dynamic building and its impact on sustainable development
Fig. 6 Triple-glazed facades in the River Pearl Tower [6].
Fig. 7 Dynamic Architecture tower [7].
– Maximizing the use of natural light by the use of lighting
controls that respond to light, integrated into the system
of the blinds.
– Low-energy, high-efficiency lighting system using radiant
panel geometry to assist in distribution of light.
– Water Conservation – Ultra Low Flow Toilets, low flow
sinks and Waterless Urinals [6].
4.3. Dynamic architecture tower
4.3.1. Description of dynamic architecture tower
– The tower is a dynamic building that was designed and then
launched in 2008 by the CTBUH conference and innovative
design integrates architecture and technology together
(Fig. 7).
– The Dubai and Moscow Towers are the first energy self-
building in history and produced by nature is designed by
the Italian architect David Fisher and will be manufactured
in the Group Rotating Tower is a member of the Dynamic
Architecture Group in Italy.
– The Moscow Tower was expected to be completed in 2010.
– The dynamic tower offers unlimited design possibilities,
each floor is independently built to create a building that
changes its shape constantly leading to a unique architec-
tural structure.
4149
Table 3 description of dynamic architecture tower [4].
Name of building Dynamic architecture tower
Location Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Team work David Fisher
Implementation period Not yet implemented
– The dynamic architecture tower consists of 80 floors. The
area of the apartments will range from 124 m2 to the roof
apartments with an area of 1200 m2 (including parking
space inside the apartment and the height of the tower
420 m.
– The total built area is 146,000 m2.
– The first 20 floors will be for retail space (not rotating), the
following fifteen floors for a six-star hotel, the following
thirty-five floors luxury apartments and top ten floors villas
with an area of up to 1000 m2 [7] (see Table 3).
4.3.2. Architectural philosophy of dynamic movement
The main feature of the building will be the rotation of most
floors around the central core regardless of the other floors
movement, so the floors will not be identical which will allow
the building to change its shape constantly and will be con-
nected to all the engineering systems of the central core as
plumbing, electricity, mechanical and other, allowing apart-
ments to be used in a usual style (Fig. 8) (see Table 4).
4.3.3. Features achieve sustainability in dynamic architecture
tower
. Used materials. Use natural and recyclable materials includ-
ing stone, marble, insulated glass and wood are intended for
the interior finishing.
. Construction methods. The entire building, aside from the
concrete core, is made of prefabricated units which arrive to
the construction site completely finished, including flooring,
water piping, air conditioning and all finishes. These units,
made of steel, aluminum, carbon fiber and other high quality
modern materials, are installed ‘‘mechanically” on site, which
led to (Fig. 9):
1 Reduces the labor on the site and reduces the construction
time.
2 It reduces the cost of the building up to 10–15% of the total
cost.
3 Self-supporting ready-made components are used, so the
need for formwork, shuttering and scaffolding is reduced.
4 Quality control can be checked easier in a factory than in a
construction site [7].
. Utilization of renewable energy. a. Wind turbines
The dynamic architecture tower can produce electricity
thanks to wind turbines installed horizontally between floors.
Although conventional vertical wind turbines have some neg-
ative effects on the environment in terms of shape, size, foun-
dation, construction methods and maintenance, these effects
do not apply to horizontal turbines placed between the floors
(Fig. 10).
4150 A.M. Elkhateeb et al.

Fig. 8 Structural system of Dynamic Architecture tower [7].

Table 4 Architectural philosophy of dynamic movement in

Dynamic Architecture tower [4].
The type of the Fully-dynamic
movement
Motion shape Rotation Fig. 9 the construction method of Dynamic Architecture tower
Position of motion rotate each floor separately [7].
Engine type Electricity 4 KW/H per floor
Focus Central core
The time of the One full rotation in 90 min
movement
Style control Direct
Structural system Structure, 85% pre-fabricated 15% Active
site
The structure The units are metal structures with a depth
of 15 m.
Wall cladding glass and Metal cladding

– Sufficient energy will be generated for building precautions.

– more green energy will be produced for the surrounding
area.
– The use of silent turbines made of carbon fiber.

Wind energy has been used to generate electricity by:

– Use 70 horizontal turbines between storeys.

– Each turbine generates 460,000 KW/h:

1. The energy generated from one turbine is sufficient for 35

floors of origin.
2. The rest of the generators will be used for surrounding
buildings [7].
b. Direct solar acquisition
The Dynamic Architecture Tower is one of the buildings
that embodies the concept of utilizing the self-system of solar
energy. It contains completely external glass surfaces that
allow the direct sunlight to reach the interior spaces of the
building throughout the day. That is by rotating the floor
around itself and directing it to the sun direction according
to need.
– Direct solar acquisition can be controlled by controlling the
floor orientation based on the state of the external climate.
Fig. 10 The wind turbines between floors in Dynamic Architec-
ture Tower [7].
– All rooms in the building are equipped with windows to
take advantage of the natural light and the superb outdoor
direct lighting throughout the day [7] (Fig. 11).
c. Indirect solar acquisition
Photovoltaic ink is to be placed on each rotating floor to
produce solar energy. With approximately 20% of each roof
exposed to the sun and light, a building with 80 roofs provides
the roofing space of more than 10 similar size buildings [7]
(Fig. 12).
Dynamic building and its impact on sustainable development 4151

. Energy efficiency.
– Further improving the energy efficiency of the Dynamic
Tower, insulated glass and structural insulating panels are
employed. During construction of the green tower, energy
use is drastically reduced due to the prefabrication of the
building in a factory.
– All electrical devices will be low-energy types, intelligent
computer systems and the latest systems, to reach high
energy efficiency.

4.4. Results

– After determining the basic rules for selecting study cases,

global models based on these rules were reached: Pearl
River Tower, Dynamic Architecture Tower.
– An analytical study of these models was carried out through
several specific points to facilitate arriving at clear results in
the form of basic points that can be used to describe the sus-
tainable dynamic building and with the analysis of these
buildings. it is found clear differences between the charac-
teristics of each building.
– It was motivated to look for clear criteria to assess the per- Fig. 12 Photovoltaic places in the tower [7].
formance level of each buildings.

5. Design criteria points for sustainable dynamic building
This paper examines the practical aspects from the research
study of dynamic buildings, by analyzing two different models
of global dynamic buildings, measuring the sustainability
aspects and their reflection on the dynamic building in order
to determine the sustainability elements of each dynamic
building.
The importance of this study is to develop the design prin-
ciples and requirements that must be met when designing a
sustainable dynamic building.
5.1. The availability of sustainable elements in the building
Sustainability is an integrated system that requires work and
participation by design team members throughout the project.
The design of the building as an integrated system that seeks
sustainability can provide 30% or more of buildings that did
not take into account the idea of green building since the
beginning of the design process. Elements of sustainability in
dynamic buildings is included in the design phase based on:

5.1.1. Stick to the site

In order to choose a suitable location for sustainable dynamic
construction, the thermal environment of the site should be
considered, humidity and acoustics as well as climatic informa-
tion, natural ventilation, and finally internal solar gain. The
design considerations of the buildings, determine the climatic
information of the area where the building is located and the
geographical direction of the site’s thermal performance,
which achieve the thermal satisfaction of the building occu-
pants, and know the nature of the building occupancy and
its function to determine the thermal load on the basis of:

– Dynamic building ability to deal with the climatic condi-

Fig. 11 The wind turbines between floors in Dynamic Architec-
ture Tower [7].
tions of the building throughout the day.
– Dynamic building capacity to cope with climatic conditions
during the four seasons.
– The capacity of the building to guide the saving of lighting
and natural ventilation.
– The ability of the building to adapt to the use of wind places
in the best way to achieve maximum utilization.
4152 A.M. Elkhateeb et al.

– Prevent pollution resulting from construction works by system with one of the dynamic building parts (surface, exte-
using prefabricated units. rior walls, or building floor), including the assessment of the
sustainable degree and energy savings by the availability one
of solar energy self-system based on:
5.1.2. Energy conservation
Modern buildings do not neglect the use of energy to run them – Availability of solar energy self-system in a dynamic
and adapt them to the needs of their inhabitants. It is essential building.
for the lighting of buildings and the operation of electrical and – Control the amount of energy exchanged between the inside
mechanical devices, in addition to the needed energy to pre- and outside.
pare the building environmentally for the comfort of its users – Integrating the self-system with one of the parts of the
and to achieve its basic function with the expected efficiency, dynamic structure.
based on:
B. Non-Self system solar energy
– Choose building materials and construction methods suit- The use of solar energy after switching to different images
able for the environment of energy is one of the most important energy saving dynamic
– Improve the building interaction with surrounding external building features, which can benefit from the acquisition of
factors. light from the solar radiation by converting it to electric energy
or the acquisition of heat from solar radiation by using in heat-
ing water and heating (Such as surface, external walls, external
5.1.3. Efficiency of energy openings or the building floor). the assessment of the sustain-
able degree and energy savings by the availability one of solar
The efficient use of energy is defined as the use of less energy to
energy non-self-system based on:
produce the same effect or performance of the same function
in the building where the effective use policy of energy depends
– Availability of solar energy non-self-system in a dynamic
on the development of the technology used rather than chang-
building.
ing individual behaviour, which plays a prominent role in
– Integrating the non-self-system with one of the parts of the
energy conservation policy.
dynamic structure.
Adopting methods that contribute to the efficient use of
energy in buildings could reduce the world energy consump-
C. Wind energy
tion by one-third by 2050, which will reduce heat emission
Wind power is one of the most renewable energy sources
and pollution levels and stop global warming, According to
from the perspective of generating electricity. Wind power is
estimates from the International Energy Agency. Effective
not affected by day or night. Therefore, it is considered the
energy use can therefore be based on:
most important sustainable renewable energy on which the
energy-saving dynamic building depends. The possibility of
– Use green architecture strategies and get the highest level of
utilizing vertical and horizontal turbines by turning wind into
LEED.
electric energy, so the assessment of the sustainable degree and
– Reduce the cost of construction using pre-manufactured
energy savings by wind energy is based on:
materials.
– Choose environment friendly materials for recycling.
– Use horizontal or vertical turbines in the dynamic building.
– Avoid waste and visual impediments using pre-
– Use of movement in the building to generate wind power.
manufactured materials, for example.
– Reduce construction time by using pre-manufactured parts
in factories.
5.1.5. Respect for users
With a constant attention to the dynamic building ability to
5.1.4. Utilization of renewable energy achieve sustainability and maximum comfort for users, but
cannot ignore the interest to satisfy their desires, feeling easily
Renewable energy is characterized by its continued exploita-
control the dynamic building parts and making decisions
tion without depleting its source. Renewable energy is the
whenever they like, even if it is contrary to the optimal state
energy that we receive through the currents of energy that
of the building in providing comfort inside the building and
are spontaneously present in nature. Renewable sources are
the assessment of the users’ requirements providing degree is
divided into:
included on the basis of:
A. Self-System Solar energy.
One of sustainable dynamic building features is ultimate
– Ability to control the facade of the building
benefit from renewable energy sources such as solar energy
– Ability to add and trim some parts of the building
to rationalize the use of energy in the building. The negative
– The user’s ability to control the movement of the dynamic
solar energy use can be achieved through one of the three sys-
building
tems from the solar energy self-system: direct acquisition, indi-
– The user’s ability to control the rotation and movement
rect acquisition and isolated acquisition or two systems at the
time of the building
same time. The dynamic building is characterized by its ability
– The ability of the building to meet the user’s orders,
to control the amount of energy that can be utilized in the
although it is illogical based on his desire.
building as needed, as well as the integration of the self-
Dynamic building and its impact on sustainable development
5.1.6. Sustainable building materials
Sustainable building materials can be defined as materials with
overall superior performance in terms of specified criteria,
including the assessment of the Sustainable building materials
degree in the building on the basis of:
– Locally produced and sourced materials.
– Use of renewable resources.
– The ability to recycle materials after destruction.
5.2. Achieve the meaning of dynamism in the building
One of the dynamic energy-saving building characteristics
which characterizes it from traditional buildings is the possibil-
ity of achieving dynamic privileges that cannot be found in tra-
ditional buildings and to make the most of these concessions
for the user comfort, energy saving and luxury at the same
time, including the assessment of the dynamism degree in the
building on the basis of:
– Dynamic building ability to move a total movement
– Dynamic building ability to move partial motion
– Use of dynamic furniture in the building
– Control the external lighting and make it dynamic
– Use dynamic building movement to save energy
– Use dynamic shape in energy saving.
5.3. Privilege points
In order to achieve the optimal sustainable dynamic building
and achieve the integrated system that has already been men-
tioned, some exceptional points should be taken into account
to elevate architecture from Frozen Architecture to an interac-
tive integrated structure with the surrounding environment
and a symbol of modern architecture, including the assessment
of system integration in the building on the basis of:
– The ability of the dynamic building to keep pace with the
surrounding area culturally and socially.
– The capacity of the dynamic building to be the self-energy.
– Do not rely on one renewable energy source in the dynamic
building.
– The ability to maintain movement elements without violat-
ing the user’s daily system.
– The ability to avoid the disadvantages of solar energy.
– The ability to avoid the disadvantages of wind turbines.
5.4. Applying the guide on the two examples
See Table 5.
5.5. Evaluate the summary of the two study cases
A. Evaluate the summary for Pearl river tower
Pearl River has a good percentage in evaluation, where the
design concept of the dynamic form helped to utilize renewable
energy sources and exploit them optimally.
4153
Although it was a disappointment not to use dynamic
movement in any part of the building and therefore the build-
ing’s inability to meet the users’ needs.
B. Evaluate the summary for the dynamic architecture
tower
The Dynamic Architecture Tower has been highly valued in
the evaluation of an integrated level as a sustainable dynamic
building. The design concept of the building has helped to
grant flexibility and interaction with the external environment.
The building has many positive energy-saving features and
user comfort, starting with built-in solar systems, integrated
wind turbines, to the well-being of users.
– Change the visual image plurality of the origin.
– The tower observes General principles of sustainability.
– Seismic resistance 1.3 times as much as normal buildings.
To take advantage of other renewable sources and integrate
them with the building and not to benefit from the movement
of the building in power generation.
6. Final conclusion
The most important points that describe the design criteria for
evaluating the level of the dynamic building integration were
extracted to facilitate the design process of the architect when
designing sustainable dynamic buildings.
1. Dynamic building ability to deal with the climatic condi-
tions of the building through the day.
2. Dynamic building capacity to cope with climatic condi-
tions during the four seasons.
3. The capacity of the building to guide the saving of light-
ing and natural ventilation.
4. The ability of the building to adapt to the use of wind
places in the best way to achieve maximum utilization.
5. Prevent pollution resulting from construction works by
using prefabricated units.
6. Choose building materials and construction methods
suitable for the environment.
7. Improve the building interaction with surrounding
external factors.
8. Use green architecture strategies and get the highest level
of LEED.
9. Reduce the cost of construction using pre-manufactured
materials.
10. Choose environmentally friendly materials for recycling.
11. Avoid waste and visual impediments using pre-
manufactured materials, for example.
12. Reduce construction time by using pre-manufactured
parts in factories.
13. Availability of solar energy self-system in a dynamic
building.
14. Control the amount of energy exchanged between the
inside and outside.
15. Integrating the self-system with one of the parts of the
dynamic structure.
16. Availability of solar energy non-self-system in a
dynamic building.
17. Integrating the non-self-system with one of the parts of
the dynamic structure.
4154 A.M. Elkhateeb et al.

Table 5 Design criteria guide of dynamic building [4].

Design criteria guide of dynamic building Pearl Dynamic
river tower
tower
Design the building Choose a suitable location 1. Dynamic building ability to deal with the climatic conditions of U
as sustainable according to LEED the building through the day.
2. Dynamic building capacity to cope with climatic conditions U
during the four seasons.
3. The capacity of the building to guide the saving of lighting and U U
natural ventilation.
4. The ability of the building to adapt wind places in the best way to U U
achieve maximum utilization.
5. Prevent pollution resulting from construction works by using U
prefabricated units.
Ability to save energy 6. Choose building materials and construction methods suitable for U
the environment
7. Improve the building interaction with surrounding external U
factors
Effective use of energy 8. Use green architecture strategies and get the highest level of U U
LEED
9. Choose environmentally friendly materials for recycling. U U
10. Avoid waste and visual impediments using pre-manufactured
materials, for example.
11. Reduce construction time by using pre-manufactured parts in U
factories.
Renewable energy Self-System 12. Availability of solar energy self-system in a U U
generation of the building Solar energy dynamic building.
13. Control the amount of energy exchanged U
between the inside and outside.
14. Integrating the self-system with one of the U U
parts of the dynamic structure.
Non-Self System 15. Availability of solar energy non-self-system U U
Solar energy in a dynamic building.
16. Integrating the non-self-system with one of U
the parts of the dynamic structure
Wind energy 17. Use horizontal or vertical turbines in the U U
dynamic building.
18. Use of movement in the building to generate U
wind power.
Ability to provide user requirements 19. Ability to control the facade of the building
20. Ability to add and trim some parts of the U
building
21. The user’s ability to control the movement U
of the dynamic building
22. The user’s ability to control the rotation and U
movement time of the building
23. The ability of the building to meet the user’s U
orders.
Sustainable building materials 24. Locally produced and sourced materials. U U
25. Use of renewable resources. U U
26. The ability to recycle materials after U U
destruction
The meaning of 27. Dynamic building ability to move a total movement. U
dynamism 28. Dynamic building ability to move partial motion. U
29. Use of dynamic furniture in the building. U U
30. Control the external lighting and make it dynamic.
31. Use dynamic building movement to save energy. U
32. Use dynamic shape in energy saving. U
Privilege points 33. The ability of the dynamic building to keep pace with the surrounding area socially and U U
socially.
34. The capacity of the dynamic building to be the self-energy. U U
35. Dynamic building capacity to give energy. U
36. Do not rely on one renewable energy source in the dynamic building. U U
37. The ability to maintain movement elements without violating the user’s daily system. U
Dynamic building and its impact on sustainable development 4155

Table 5 (continued)
Design criteria guide of dynamic building Pearl Dynamic
river tower
tower
38. The ability to avoid the disadvantages of solar energy. U U
39. The ability to avoid the disadvantages of wind turbines. U U
Degree of evaluation of 39 criterion 19/39 34/39

18. Use horizontal or vertical turbines in the dynamic
building.
19. Use of movement in the building to generate wind
power.
20. Ability to control the facade of the building.
21. Ability to add and trim some parts of the building.
22. The user’s ability to control the movement of the
dynamic building.
23. The user’s ability to control the rotation and movement
time of the building.
24. The ability of the building to meet the user’s orders,
although it is illogical based on his desire.
25. Locally produced and sourced materials.
26. Use of renewable resources.
27. The ability to recycle materials after destruction.
28. Dynamic building ability to move a total movement.
29. Dynamic building ability to move partial motion.
30. Use of dynamic furniture in the building.
31. Control the external lighting and make it dynamic.
32. Use dynamic building movement to save energy.
33. Use dynamic shape in energy saving.
34. The ability of the dynamic building to keep pace with
the surrounding area socially and socially.
35. The capacity of the dynamic building to be the self-
energy.
36. Do not rely on one renewable energy source in the
dynamic building.
37. The ability to maintain movement elements without vio-
lating the user’s daily system.
38. The ability to avoid the disadvantages of solar energy.
39. The ability to avoid the disadvantages of wind turbines.
References
[1] B. Ki-Moon, Sustainable Development Challenges, United
Nations, New York, 2013.
[2] R. Baraka, A. Shamallkh, Architecture Dynamic, 2015. Retrieved
from http://www.share-research.org/: https://www.slideshare.net/
alyaashamallakh/dynamic-architecture-gaza-own-perspective-on-
dynamic-architecture.
[3] Z.E. Razaz, Sustainable vision of kinetic architecture, J. Build.
Appraisal (2010) 343.
[4] SOM, Pearl river tower, n.d. Retrieved from SOM https://
www.som.com/projects/pearl_river_tower.
[5] josre. Pearl River Case Study, 2012. Retrieved from josre.org:
http://www.josre.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Pearl-River-
Case-Study-China.pdf.
[6] D. Fisher, Rotating Tower Dubai, CTBUH, 2008, March 3.
[7] OfficialDynamicArch. Dynamic Revolutions, 2010. Retrieved
from dynamicarchitecture, 2010, March 9. http://
www.dynamicarchitecture.net/index.php?option=com_content&
view=article&id=37&Itemid=10&lang=eng.