Republic of the Philippines

PHILIPPINE MERCHANT MARINE ACADEMY

San Narciso, Zambales

COLLEGE OF MARINE ENGINEERING

A SUMMARIZATION OF TOPICS UNTIL MIDTERMS

M/3CL MARQUEZ, JOHN PAUL A.

CONDENSER SECTION

Having a subject of Industrial Chemistry in the 3cl level is quite challenging but at
the same time, it gives me happiness not just because of the topics but also with our
instructor who is dedicated in teaching us about our subject. Industrial chemistry is one
branch of the famous subject known as SCIENCE. During the discussion about
industrial chemistry, I learned many things. Many authors have mentioned having their
own writings and books, many scientist who created their own theories was mentioned
too. It is amazing that the learnings, knowledge and discoveries were developed and
passed through generations to generations. Many theories about science started to be
famous and many scientists tried to study and give their own understanding about these
theories. Every scientist have their own way in studying these theories until these
theories become real and have been working and initializing in the real world. Because
of the knowledge, talents and dedication of these scientist to make our world a better
place to live in they have successfully made and provided the people what they need in
order to survive in their job, work, workplace and most important in everyday life. Our
teacher ENGR. gave us our topics and he grouped us accordingly. The first group was
given the topic about the fundamentals of chemistry. I learned that Industrial Chemistry
is the branch of chemistry which applies physical and chemical process to turn raw
materials into products which could give a large benefit to human kind. Example of
physical process is melting, freezing, crumpling paper, cutting paper into pieces, while
chemical process is burning, reaction change in color, and melting powder in water.
Another is the Tribology which is a branch of mechanical engineering that deals with
the design application of the principles of friction, wear, and lubrication of interacting
surfaces in relative. Chemical Elements are the fundamental ingredients of all matter
which can be combined in a reaction to create a chemical substance, which they cannot
be broken down into simpler substances. The most important about fundamentals of
chemistry is the periodic table. Dimitri Ivanovich Mendeleev is the father of periodic
table. He is the one created and studied the periodic table. During our discussion, the
first group reported and elaborated to us what is the periodic table. The periodic table
consist of elements and they are organized in rows and columns. There are eighteen
groups on the periodic table. The first two groups (1A and 2A) as well as the six on the
very right (3A - 8A ) are called the representative elements. Group 1A are Alkali metals,
which are non-metals, group 2A, are Alkaline earth metals. Group 3A have mixed
properties. In every substance it was representing letters and numbers for example the
Hydrogen has it’s atomic number (1), (H) is its element name, and has (1.00794)
element mass. The main point of Dalton’s Atomic Theory is that, one atom cannot be
subdivided, created or destroyed. There is also what we call the Chemical Formula
which means a formula that is used to represent a chemical compound for example
water. It’s chemical formula is (H2O), Ozone is (OZ), SO4 is (NaCl), Carbon Dioxide is
(CO2) and Oxygen is (O2). These are just examples of chemical formulas but there are
many more. During the discussion, I also learned what chemical bonding means, a
lasting attraction between atoms that enables the formation of chemical compounds.
There are three types of chemical bonding, the oxidation bonding, ionic bonding, and
the covalent bonding. Oxidation bonding is the loss of electrons during a reaction by a
molecule, atom or ion. Under oxidation there is also reduction means gain of electrons.

Our teacher also shared to us the acronym for “OIL, LEO and GER”. OIL stands for
oxidation is loss of electrons while LEO means “Loss of electrons”, and GER is gain of
electrons. Ionic bonding is the chemical link between two atoms and the covalent
bonding also called molecular bonding is the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.
After the chemical bonding, we have reached the principle of Atom. Atom is the smallest
constituent unit of a matter and is composed of nucleus and electron. Nucleus is a small
dose and consist of protons and neutrons at the center of an atom. Proton is the
elementary particle that carries positive electric charge. Neutron is electrically neutral
elementary particle. Electron is negatively charged particle that is also found in the
atom. During the discussion we have also tackled the molecule which is the smallest
particle of a substance which can exist independently and it consists of more than one
atom. Did you know that there are 118 elements that have been identified which the first
94 occur naturally on earth with the remaining 24 being synthetic elements? If there is a
chemical bonding in the discussion there is also chemical compounds, which means a
substance is composed of two or more elements in definite proportions by mass. In line
with the topic is about the Mixture, which is made from two or more substances that are
chemically different. There are two kinds of mixtures: the Homogenous mixture and
heterogeneous mixture. Homogenous mixture is a type of mixture in which the
composition is uniform and the components cannot be seen, while the heterogeneous is
a type of mixture in which the components can be seen. Compound is a substance form
when two or more elements chemically react. Chemical reactions is a process which a
substance is change into another. After discussing the mixtures, we also discussed
things about the solution, solubility and suspension. Solution is a homogeneous mixture
in such a mixture. A solute is a substance dissolved in another substance known as
solvent, solubility is the ability of one compound to dissolve in another while suspension
is a heterogeneous mixture in which the solute particles do not dissolve but get
suspended throughout the medium. Colloids are particles, which is the creation of solid
from a solution. Now I am going to add more about the substances of the table of
elements which is the electron shell. It is an orbit followed by electrons around an atoms
nucleus. The electrons are distributed in shells around the nucleus of the atom. In the
first shell, maximum of two (2) electrons are to be placed. In the second shell there
should eight (8) electrons are to be placed. In the third shell eighteen (18) are to be
placed so on and so forth. The carbon dioxide molecule is an example of covalent
bonding. In this instance, in its exterior shell, carbon has 4 out of 8 electrons and
oxygen has 6 out of 8 electrons.
It is well said that we used a strategy to assist you balance equations faster. It's called
inspection balancing. In essence, you are looking at how many atoms you have on each
side of the equation and adding coefficients to the molecules to balance the number of
atoms. This is the iron-balanced equation: 4 Fe + O2 = 2 Fe2O3 When balancing
chemical equations, the last step is to add oxygen and hydrogen coefficients. The
reason is that they generally appear in various reactants and products, so you generally
do additional job for yourself if you address them first.

We look now at the equation (use inspection) to see which oxygen balance coefficient
will function. If you bring a 2 in from O2, you'll get 4 oxygen atoms, but you've got 6
oxygen atoms in the product (coefficient of 2 multiplied by subscription of 3). So, 2 isn't
working. That is how chemistry works, it may be hard though exciting.
The atoms can share electrons so that each atom has a complete exterior shell by
merging two oxygen atoms with one carbon atom. After we discussed about atoms and
electron shells we proceeded to the discussion of Alkalinity and Acidity. In these
subtopic we hear about ions, anions and cations. Ions are the ones who gained or lost
electrons. Anion is the atom that gains electrons. Where the cation is the atom that
losses electrons. We also tackled about the Power of Hydrogen (PH) it is the measure
of the molar concentration of Hydrogen ions in the solution. This material used to
measure the acidity and alkalinity of a liquid it has been treated with a natural water
soluble dye obtained from lichens, which is so called litmus paper. You can determine
the liquid acidic if the litmus paper turns into red. If the red litmus paper turns into blue,
automatically the liquid is alkaline or base condition. After the topic about the Industrial
Chemistry, we are also given the time to report in our class our discussion about
Corrosion.
Corrosion is the gradual destruction of materials by chemical or electrochemical
reaction within their environment.
Corrosion is initiated when materials that are harmful to steel, such as CO2 and chloride
from de-icing salt, start to penetrate concrete and reach the steel reinforcement. As an
electrochemical reaction, electrons migrate from the anodic zone to the cathodic zone,
releasing ferrous ions at the anode and hydroxide ions at the cathode. This will
eventually lead to a potential difference between the anodic and cathodic areas at the
surface of the steel reinforcement. This results in the creation of rust as a product. Since
rust occupies a larger volume than steel, it exerts internal pressure which causes the
surrounding concrete to crack and become damaged. These cracks make their way to
the surface of the concrete which causes even more CO2 and chloride to penetrate the
concrete and speed up the process of corrosion Giving importance about corrosion is a
big responsibility of marine engineers during the time of contract for the reason that it
could lead you to danger like destruction of auxiliary machineries or worst the
destruction of the whole vessel. Corrosion includes electrochemical responses, thus
increasing the electrolyte's electrical conductivity will boost the rate of corrosion. The
chloride content in seawater creates a rapid increase in conductivity. An increase in
temperature usually results in an rise in the rate of corrosion. A thumb rule is that the
corrosion rate will be doubled by temperature increases of 10 ° C. An enhanced
concentration usually increases the rate of corrosion to a peak level. Higher above
concentration will not result in a higher corrosion rate. For example, a concentration of
chloride above about 1500 ppm will not increase the rate of corrosion. An general attack
on the surface is defined by general corrosion. Corrosion occurs without anodic and
cathodic regions being differentiated. Iso-corrosion diagrams can illustrate the corrosion
resistance of metallic products. Local corrosion, which is split into distinct kinds such as
pitting, crevice, and intergranular corrosion, is the reverse of general corrosion. Most
metal surfaces are not impacted in local corrosion and only tiny regions are extremely
impacted. Compensating for standardized corrosion and taking preventive steps in
design is much easier than allowing local corrosion assaults. Some other examples of
corrosion we tackled are as follows.
So we discussed about the different types of corrosion and their negative effects on
vessels and we discussed the different types and procedures in preventing corrosion in
a vessel. So we started bout the different types of corrosion in the Uniform corrosion
which is also known as the general corrosion which means the surface affect by most
direct attack s is a uniform corrosion of the metal. It is the thinning of metal in which the
thickness of the metal is reduced over a large surface area, this corrosion mostly occur
in windy, salty places. Example is the hull of the ship, which is exposed in the seawater
the metal there is being consumed by acids. Another is the roof top because of the rain
the metals is being corroded. The Galvanic corrosion is an electrochemical action of
two dissimilar metals in the presence of an electrolyte and an electron conductive path
for example, when copper is in contact with steel in a saltwater environment but
Choosing metals that are as close together as practicable on the galvanic series helps
reduce the risk of galvanic corrosion. More types of corrosion are discussed in the
report. First is the Concentration cell, Corrosion occurs when two or more areas of a
metal surface are in constant with different concentration at the same solution. Pitting
corrosion is a localized corrosion that occurs at microscopic defects a metal surface. In
pitting corrosion, it creates a round deep cavity in a surface of metal and it is caused by
a fatty acid from decomposition of lubricating oil. Also referred to as Caustic
Embrittlement, is a form of degradation that is caused when a component operates in a
caustic environment. Caustic environments (those that contain high amounts of NaOH &
KOH) cause cracking most commonly in weldments because of high residual stresses,
but can also affect base metal with high residual stresses. Erosion corrosion can also
be aggravated by faulty workmanship. For example, burrs left at cut tube ends can
upset smooth water flow, causing localized turbulence and high flow velocities, resulting
in erosion corrosion. Not just oxygen and acid can cause corrosion bacterias also can.
Yes, there is a corrosion that is caused by bacteria because of presence of
oxygen, like Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, Thiobacillus thioparus, and Thiobacillus
concretivorus, all three widely present in the environment, are the common corrosion-
causing factors resulting in bacterial corrosion. Combined effects of cyclic stress and
corrosion causes corrosion fatigue. To meet the needs of advancing technology, higher-
strength materials are developed through heat treatment or alloying. Such high-strength
materials generally exhibit higher fatigue limits, and can be used at higher service stress
levels even under fatigue loading. However, the presence of a corrosive environment
during fatigue loading eliminates this stress advantage. But Corrosion fatigue may be
reduced by alloy additions, inhibition and cathodic protection, all of which reduce pitting.
Areas where the oxide film can break down can also sometimes be the result of the way
components are designed, for example under gaskets, washers, sand grains or
associated with incomplete weld penetration or overlapping surfaces. These can all
form crevices, which can promote corrosion. If you can notice to the vehicles in land like
dump trucks, trailers and suv’s. They have their own color of coating just as the vessels
in the sea they also have coatings but did you know that even metals with coatings can
be a victim of corrosion. Yes it is, because the coating is not effective, the environment
is corrosive or moisture penetrates the coating and this is what we call Filiform
Corrosion. One of the rare form of corrosion is the de-alloying which in fact that the
corrosion is not found in metals but in the copper alloys, grays cast iron, and some other
alloys. Damage can occur at the interface of two highly loaded surfaces which are not
designed to move against each other. The most common type of fretting is caused by
vibration. The protective film on the metal surfaces is removed by the rubbing action
and exposes fresh, active metal to the corrosive action of the atmosphere. What I have
discussed are the different types of corrosion and their processes. But these corrosions
won’t occur if the reactivity of metal, presence of impurity, presence of air, moisture,
gases like SO2 and CO2 and electrolyte is absent.
There are three components that really gives a big contribution in causing corrosion
first is the most undesirable contaminant that enters the boiler which is the oxygen
because oxygen reacts with the ferrous metal surface to form red iron oxide, red iron
oxide is also known as the rust and this rust is prone to corrosion and does not protect
the metal surface so corrosion will continue to spread but this corrosion can be
prevented if corrective measures is applied as soon as possible.
Second is the carbon dioxide. Why is carbon dioxide corrosive in the boiler? So let me
explain why. Make up water and subsequently boiler feed water contain alkalinity. Yes,
alkalinity is the acid neutralizing ability of water and it mainly consist of carbonate (CO3)
and bicarbonate (HCO3) ions. In addition, because of the influence of high temperature
and high pressure in the boiler. The alkalinity ions break down into hydroxyl (oh) ions
and CO2 gas. So here carbon dioxide has been produced and this free carbon dioxide
gas (CO2) is easy to evaporate and leaves the boiler with steam and reacts with
condensed water to form carbonic acid. Well carbonic acid is a weak acid but as the
condensate water is pure, this weak acid reduces the Ph significantly, often in the range
of 5-6. At this low Ph the condensate water is prone to corrosive specially in carbon
steel piping. Therefore, you can recognize that the carbon dioxide corrosion effect by
the thinning of condensate line walls, particularly at the condensate liquid level with the
pipe threads where condensate flow. Another is the Ammonia. Ammonia also known as
NH3 is a colorless gas with a distinct odor composed of nitrogen and hydrogen atoms. It
is produced naturally in the human body and in nature. In water, soil, air, and even in
the tiny bacteria particles. Ammonia is a corrosive attack on a material that is caused
by the interactions between it and ammonia. Ammonia corrosion occurs when liquid
ammonia that contains impurities or contaminants is brought into contact with mild steel.
Ammonia is also corrosive to other materials even when the ammonia does not contain
impurities. Ammonia that is mixed with water is not corrosive to iron or steel. It is
however corrosive to many other metals, zinc, copper and brass and some materials
that should not be brought into contact with ammonia that contains water because
corrosion can occur. However, corrosion can be prevented because of the discoveries
there are different ways to prevent corrosion. This is my part in our report so first I will
explain the cathodic protection. It protect metal surfaces from corrosion via principles of
electro chemistry because of the metals that are beneath the surface area the metals
are exposed to different elements in the soil thus it natural loss of electrons to
environment occur or in short oxidation means loss of electrons. The pipes that are
beneath the soil are called the protected pipes and they are also the cathodes of
electrochemical circuits. The protected pipes receive electrons from the anode array,
anode’s are the systems highly “active” metal surfaces. Anodes readily donate their
electrons to the cathode through the circuit this electrons will act as the help of the
protected pipes. And in the surface there is what we call the Direct Current or DC power
source which pushes the electric current along the wires. Thus if there is a natural loss
of electrons there is also a giving of electrons thanks to the anode array because
electrons are returning to the protected pipes which is also called the cathode. This is
the process of cathodic protection it is a form of cycle but it is very useful in protecting
pipes such as wide range of metallic structures in various environments. Common
applications are steel water or fuel pipelines and steel storage tanks such as home
water heaters, steel pier piles, ship and boat hulls; offshore oil platforms and onshore
oil well casings, offshore wind farm foundations and metal reinforcement bars in
concrete buildings and structures. Another common application is in galvanized steel in
which a sacrificial coating of zinc on steel parts protects them from rust. Another is the
corrosion inhibitors, which is the process that the surface of the area is being .coated
with chemicals and this chemicals can be bought to stores. This is inhibitors is being
absorbed on the surface metal and it is directly attached to the surface this method is
well known because of its contribution in controlling corrosion.

The last lesson we were able to finish is the Boiler Feed water. What is a boiler Feed
water? The boiler feed water is an essential part of the boiler operation. The feed water
is placed in the steam drum by means of a feed pump. The feed water is then converted
into heat steam in the steam drum. After steam is used, it is poured into the primary
condenser. There are two boiler systems, an open and closed type boiler, so what's the
distinction? The primary advantage of the closed system is that the water does not boil
as rapidly as possible and boils at a temperature of more than 220 degrees Celsius,
which is where the water boils at sea level. So why would you want the system to be
open? The main reason for this is saftey, the open system is not pressurized and
therefore can not explode if it is incorrectly mounted. It's a crime in many locations to
mess with a pressurized boiler system if you're not correctly licensed to do so. A lot of
individuals have died in boiler explosions over the years, so the authorities are fairly
rigorous for apparent purposes of safety. We also learned about the kinds of blowing by
the manner, Blowdown occurs when the water is removed from the steam boiler while
the boiler is running. Boilers are blew down to remove suspended solids and bottom
sludge from steam boilers. The bottom blow is the removal of the sludge that
accumulates in the bottom of the boiler or in the mud drum of the boiler. Sludge is
removed on a regular basis to avoid build-up that could damage the heat transfer
surfaces and lead to vessel or tube failure. Surface blowing is the removal of suspended
solids from the ground of the water in a steam boiler. The quantity of suspended solids
will rely on the quality of the water. The more impurities and chemical therapy needed,
the higher the amount of surface blowing needed. In boiler, there are 4 types of water,
the boiler water, condensate water, feed water and make-up water.
We also talked about the fire tube boilers, the combustion gasses pass through the
inside of the pipes with the water surrounding the outside of the pipes. The benefits of a
fire-tube boiler are its easy construction and less rigid requirements for the therapy of
water.
We also learned the water-tube boiler, the water is inside the pipes, and the combustion
gasses pass through the outside of the pipes. The benefits of a water-tube boiler are a
reduced unit weight-per-pound of steam produced, less time needed to increase steam
pressure, higher flexibility to respond to modifications in load, and higher capacity to
function at elevated steam generation rates. We lastly tackled about the impurities
found in boiler feed water namely, Calcium Carbonate, Calcium Sulfate, Magnesium
Sulfate, Copper, Silica, Iron Oxides, Oil, and dissolved gases.