MIKROBIOLOGI INDUSTRI

TK141241

Prokaryote cell Eukaryote cell

Dr. Eng. R. Darmawan

 Cell Five-Kingdom Three
structure System Domains

Prokaryote Monera Bacteria

Archaea
Protista

Fungi
Eukaryote Eucarya
Plantae

Animalia

Taxonomy of all life on the Earth

Kingdom Kingdom Kingdom
Bacteria Archaebacteria Protist

Kingdom Kingdom Kingdom

Fungi Plant Animal
PHYLOGENETIC TREE of LIFE

https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Phylogenetic_Tree_of_Life.png
UKURAN MIKROBIOLOGI

https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkas:Relative_scale.svg
PROKARYOTE

Domain Bacteria
Domain Archaebacteria
Domain Domain Domain
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya

Common ancestor
PROKARYOTE
Mikroorganisme yang tidak mempunyai dinding inti Sel (nucleus)/ membran
inti sel (karyon).
Semua prokaryote adalah uniselular, kecuali myxobacteria yang menjadi
multisellular di salah satu siklus hidup biologinya.

Ada 2 domain :
1. BAKTERIA
2. ARCHAEA
PROKARYOTE
PROKARYOTE

Mesosome
PROKARYOTE

* Unicellular
* bacilli, cocci, spirilli
* Size
* 1/10 size of eukaryote cell
* 1 micron (1um)
* Internal structure
* no internal compartments
* no membrane-bound organelles prokaryote
cell
* only ribosomes
* circular chromosome, naked DNA
* not wrapped around proteins
PROKARYOTE
Gram-positive bacteria
peptide side
chains
cell wall
peptidoglycan

plasma membrane
protein
That’s
important for peptidoglycan = polysaccharides + amino acid chains
your doctor lipopolysaccharides = lipids + polysaccharides
to know! Gram-negative bacteria outer membrane of
lipopolysaccharides

outer
cell wall membrane

peptidoglycan
plasma
membrane
Gram Negative vs Gram Positive (Flagella)

12
PROKARYOTE

Gram Positive Gram Negative

Gram Positive

Peptidoglycan

Section Cytoplasmic Membrane

Enlargement =
Cytoplasm
Cell
Cell Wall

Within the peptidoglycan stand are teichoic acids and polysaccharides

Gram Negative

Outer
Membrane

Peptidoglycan

Section Cytoplasmic
Enlargement = Membrane

Cytoplasm
Cell
Cell Wall
The outer membrane contains Porin trimers, O antigens and Lipopolysaccharides.
There is also a space between the Cytoplasmic Membrane and the Outer Membrane which is
known as the Periplasmic Space
 Peptidoglycan
Peptidoglycan : substansi yang membentuk dinding sel bakteri.
Polisakarida yang terdiri dari dua gula turunan yaitu asam-N-asetil
glukosamin serta asam N-asetilmuramat.

Berfungsi :
1. mencegah lisis sel di dalam media hipotonis
2. menyebabkan sel kaku dan memberi bentuk kepada sel.
PEWARNAAN BAKTERIA

Gram's
Crystal iodine
violet

Decolorise with
acetone

Gram-positives
appear purple
Counterstain with
e.g. methyl red Gram-negatives
appear pink
 Gram-positive cocci Gram-positive rods

Gram-negative cocci Gram-negative rods

 Distinguishes different cell wall types

Gram positive Staphylococcus aureus

Gram negative Escherichia coli
I. Bacteria Classification: Cell shape

A. Compound Light Microscope (1000X) - stained

Cocci (Coccus) Bacilli (Bacillus) Spirilli (Spirillum)

round or oval rod-shaped helically coiled
B. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) - colorized
II. Classification Bacteria: Cell arrangement
1. Diplococcus (diplo=pairs)
Stained: Compound Microscope
SEM
1000X

Neisseria gonorrhoeae - Gram-negative

2. Staphylococcus Staphylococcus aureus
(staphylo- grapelike clusters)
Stained: Compound Microscope SEM (colorized)
1000X

Staphylococcus aureus - Causes food poisoning, toxic shock syndrome

and skin and wound infections such as scalded skin syndrome,
scarlet fever, and impetigo.
3. Streptococcus Streptococcus pyogenes
(strepto=chains)
Stained: Compound Microscope
1000X
SEM (colorized)
4. Streptobacillus
Gram Positive vs Gram Negative
EUKARYOTE
Mikroorganisme yang mempunyai inti sejati (nucleus).

Organisme eukariotik mungkin unisellular atau multisellular.

Ada 4 domain :
1. PROTISTA
2. FUNGI
3. PLANTAE
4. ANIMALIA
EUKARYOTE
Pores through the Cell Nucleus
Nucleus
The nucleus consists of the nuclear envelope, nucleolus, chromatin,
and nucleoplasm.

•Nuclear Envelope
Structure -two unit membranes with a fluid-filled space
-nuclear pores present
-outer membrane may be continuous with endoplasmic
reticulum
Function -selectively permeable to control movement in or out
-contains nuclear contents

•Chromatin
Structure -composed of long thin strands of DNA
Function -contains instructions that control cell metabolism and
heredity

•Nucleolus
Structure -non-membraneous matrix of RNA (ribonucleic acid) and
protein.
Centriole
Structure - nine triplets of microtubules form one centriole
- two centrioles form one centrosome.

Function - forms spindle fibres to separate chromosomes during cell

division
Vacuole
Structure
- a single layer of unit membrane enclosing fluid in a sack

Function
- produces turgor pressure against cell wall for support
- stores water and various chemicals
- may store insoluble wastes

Cytoskeleton
Structure- Composed of microtubules

Function- Supports cell and provides shape

- Aids movement of materials in and out of cells
 Mitochondria
•Power house of cell and account
for 20% of the cell volume, 1µm
diameter.

•Enzymes carry out oxidative

reactions that capture energy in
ATP.

•Glucose + Oxygen ------> Carbon

Dioxide + Water + Energy (ATP)

•Mitochondria contains
mitochondrial DNA and can
replicate independently.
Mitochondrial DNA
 Chloroplasts

•Like mitochondria chloroplast too

have outer and inner membrane
(stroma), it corresponds
mitochondrial matrix.

•Unlike mitochondria chloroplast

have separate inner membrane
(thylacoids), that contain
chlorophyll (in Grana), that capture
energy during photosynthesis.
chlorophyll

CO2 + H2O ---------------> Glucose + O2 (food)

radiant energy

•Chloroplast contains chloroplast

DNA and can replicate
independently.
Ribosome

Structure - non-membraneous, spherical bodies composed

of
RNA (ribonucleic acid) and protein enzymes.

Function - site of protein synthesis

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Structure - sheets of unit membrane with ribosomes on the

outside (rough ER) and without ribosome (smooth ER).
- forms a tubular network throughout the cell

Function - transports chemicals between cells and within cells

- provides a large surface area for the organization
of chemical reactions and synthesis
Lysosome
Structure - membrane bound bag containing hydrolytic enzymes
- hydrolytic enzyme = (water split biological catalyst)
i.e. using water to split chemical bonds.

Function - break large molecules into small molecules by

inserting a molecule of water into the chemical bond

Peroxisome:
-Membrane bound organelle, contains enzymes.
-These enzymes in plant cell oxidize fats and in animal cell
oxidizes amino acids.
-Peroxisomal enzymes converts hydrogen peroxide to water, to
prevent the toxic effect of hydrogen peroxide.
Golgi Apparatus
Structure - stacks of flattened sacs of unit membrane (cisternae)
- vesicles pinch off the edges
Function - modifies chemicals to make them functional
- secretes chemicals in tiny vesicles
- stores chemicals
- may produce endoplasmic reticulum
PROKARYOTE vs EUKARYOTE
(Chromosome)
Prokaryote

Eukaryote

double helix
Talaro dan Chess, 2012 38
CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISMS
BY THIER CHARACTERISTICS

Form
Size
Habitats
Nutrition
Method of Reproduction
BAKTERIA

BACTERIA
Bakteria
BENTUK BAKTERIA

Cocci – spherical bacteria (bola)

Spirilla – spiral bacteria (spiral)

Bacilli – rod-shaped bacteria (batang)

Vibrios – comma-shaped bacteria

BENTUK BAKTERIA

Spirochete bacteria (panjang&ramping)

Branching filament (filamen)

BENTUK BAKTERIA
STRUCTURE of BACTERIA
NUTRITION of BACTERIA

*1. Different types of them

obtain nutrients in the different
ways.
*a. Autotrophic bacteria:
*b. Parasitic bacteria:
*c. Saprophytic bacteria:
HABITAT of BACTERIA

*1. Classified as living things.

*2. Live in the air, water, soil, food and decaying organic matter.
*3. Able to survive unfavourable (extreme) environmental
condition (extreme temperature, drought, scarcity) by forming
spores.
METODE REPRODUKSI BAKTERIA

Binary fission

Spores

Asexual
Conjugation:
Transferring DNA to
Sexual another bacterium
through conjugation
tube
PERBEDAAN PROKARYOT & EUKARYOTE
*
 *

* derive their energy from the oxidation

of ethanol to acetic
acid during fermentation.

* aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria.

* Acetic acid bacteria are airborne and are

ubiquitous in nature.
 *

* It can be an opportunistic pathogen in

humans, affecting people with
compromised immune systems

* Colloquially, A. baumannii is referred to

as 'Iraqibacter' due to its seemingly
sudden emergence in military treatment
facilities during the Iraq War.
 *

* s the causal agent of crown gall disease (the

formation of tumours) in over 140 species
of eudicots.

* Economically, A. tumefaciens is a serious

pathogen of walnuts, grape vines, stone
fruits, nut trees, sugar beets, horse radish,
andrhubarb.
 *

* It shows an unusually wide range of habitats,

and some species can be human and
animal pathogens
* Symptoms of infections include diarrhea
associated with abdominal pain, nausea, and
vomiting or fever
 *

* It shows an unusually wide range of habitats,

and some species can be human and
animal pathogens
* Symptoms of infections include diarrhea
associated with abdominal pain, nausea, and
vomiting or fever
 *

* obligate anaerobic bacteria

* Some species (B. fragilis, for example)

are opportunistic human pathogens, causing
infections of the peritoneal cavity,
gastrointestinal surgery, and appendicitis via
abscess formation
 *

* obligate anaerobic bacteria

* The Bdellovibrio cell

uses hydrolytic enzymes to break down the
host cell molecules, which it uses to elongate
and form a filament and gets the host cell
nutrients