Circuit

CHAPTER 1 Elements and

Variables
 COURSE OUTCOME

 Ability to APPLY knowledge of mathematics

equations to SOLVE problems in DC circuits

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CHAPTER OVERVIEW
Introduction
SI unit (International Systems of Unit)
Electrical quantities :
charge, current, voltage, power & energy
Elements of the circuit:
passive and active elements
Independent and dependent sources
Nodes, Branches, Loops
Ohm’s Law
Kirchhoff's Law
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WHAT IS ELECTRIC CIRCUIT?
An electric circuit is an interconnection of electrical
elements
Example: Consists of 3 basic elements: battery, lamp,
connecting wires.
When the wires are connected properly, the circuit is
said to be closed and the lamp will light. When the
wires are disconnected, the circuit is said to be open.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Wireless microphone
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REVIEW SI UNITS (1)
SI: International System of Unit is used by all the major engineering
societies and most engineers throughout the world.

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REVIEW SI UNITS(2)
Standardized prefixes to signify powers of 10

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 UNIT, SYMBOL AND DEFINITION
Quantity Unit Symbol
Charge, Q Coulomb C
Current, I Ampere A
Voltage, V Volt V
Power, P Watt W
Energy, W Joule J
Quantity Definition
Charge, Q Electric charge is a property of the atomic particles possessed by
both electrons and protons.
Current, I Current is the movement of charge in a specified direction.
Voltage, V Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy required to move
a unit charge through an element
Power, P Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy.
Energy, W Energy is the capacity to do work
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CHARGE, Q (COULOMB)

 The charge on one electron is

called electronic charge and
equivalent to
 Q of e = - 1.602  10-19 C
 How many electrons in 1 C?
1 C = 1 / 1.602  10-19
= 6.24 x 1018 electrons
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CURRENT, I (AMPERES)
Current is the movement of charge in a specified direction.
Ch arg e dQ
Current  I ( A)  C/s
Time dt
2 common types of current: i

Direct current (DC) Alternating current (AC)

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VOLTAGE, V (VOLTS)
 Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy required
to move a unit charge through an element
Energy dW
Voltage  Vab 
Ch arg e dQ
 It is a potential energy difference between two points, a
and b

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POWER, P (WATTS)
 Power is the time rate of expending or
absorbing energy. Energy dW
Power  P
Time dt
i i
+
+

v v
– –

P = +vi P = –vi
absorbing power supplying power
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ENERGY, W (JOULES)
• Energy is the capacity to do work,
measured in joules (J).

t t
w   pdt   vidt
t0 t0

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ACTIVE AND PASSIVE ELEMENTS
Circuit
Elements

Active elements Passive elements

•capable of generating •incapable of
electric energy generating electric
•Example : generators, energy
batteries, operational •Example : resistor,
amplifier, voltage and inductor, capacitor
current sources 14
INDEPENDENT SOURCE

AC DC
Voltage Current
(+/- sign) (arrow)
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DEPENDENT SOURCE
• A dependent source is an active element in which the
source quantity is controlled by another voltage or
current.

• They have four different types:

1. VCVS: Voltage-controlled voltage source
2. CCVS: Current-controlled voltage source
3. VCCS: Voltage-controlled current source
4. CCCS: Current-controlled current source

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DEPENDENT SOURCE (DIAMOND
SHAPE)

Voltage Current
(+/- sign) (arrow)
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 EXAMPLE OF SOURCES
Current
controlled
voltage
source,
V =10 i

Independent Current
voltage controlled
source current
V =20 V source,
Is =0.2 I
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BRANCHES
A branch represents a single element such as a voltage source or a
resistor.
In other words, a branch represents any elements which has two
terminals.
4

1 2 3

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EXERCISE
A branch represents a
single element such as a Should we consider it as one
voltage source or a branch or two branches?
resistor.

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NODES
A node is the point of connection between two or more branches.
A node usually indicated by a dot in a circuit.
If a short circuit (no element between dots), the multiple dots constitute
as a single nodes.

How many branches connected to node a, b and c?

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 2
1

3
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1
2

3
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LOOPS
A loop is any closed path in a circuit.

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RELATION OF BRANCHES, NODES
AND LOOPS
A network with b branches, n nodes, and l
independent loops will satisfy the
fundamental theorem of network topology:

b  l  n 1

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EXAMPLE 3
1 2 b=5

l=3
n=3

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How many branches, nodes and loops are there?
Does it satisfy b = l + n -1?
b  l  n 1 5  3  3 1
If a short circuit (no element between dots), the multiple dots
constitute as a single nodes.
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OHMS LAW
 Ohm’s law states that the voltage across a resistor is directly
proportional to the current I flowing through the resistor.

V  IR

Two extreme possible values of R:

R = 0 : short circuit
R =  : open circuit.

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SHORT CIRCUIT
R = 0 , no voltage difference exists,
thus V = 0 V, but current still can flow.

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OPEN CIRCUIT

R = ∞ , no current flows.
Voltage difference can exist, as determined by
the circuit

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CONDUCTANCE
Conductance is a measure of the ability of an element to conduct
electric current
Inverse of resistance
The units is Siemens (S) or mhos

1 i
G 
R v
Power dissipated by resistor: 2
v
p  vi  i R  2

R
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EXAMPLE 1
In the circuit, calculate the current I, the conductance G, and the power
P.

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SOLUTION EXAMPLE 1

current I: conductance G: power P:

V  IR 1 i v2
G  p  vi  i R 
2
R v R
30𝑉 = 5𝑘 𝐼 𝐺 = 1/5𝑘
𝐼 = 6𝑚𝐴 𝑝 = 30 × 6mA
𝐺 = 0.2𝑘 𝑆
𝑝 = 180𝑚𝑊
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EXAMPLE 2
In the circuit, calculate the voltage V, the conductance G, and the
power P.

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SOLUTION EXAMPLE 2

current I: conductance G: power P:

1 i 2
V  IR G  p  vi  i 2 R 
v
R v R
V = 2mA × 10𝑘 𝐺 = 1/10𝑘
𝑉 = 20 𝑉 𝑝 = 20 × 2mA
𝐺 = 0.1𝑚 𝑆
𝑝 = 40𝑚𝑊

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EXERCISE
Calculate the power for each elements in the given circuit.

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 KIRCHHOFF LAW
 Gustav Robert Kirchhoff (1824–1887)
 Models relationship between:
 circuit element currents (KCL)
 circuit element voltages (KVL)
 Introduce two laws:
 Kirchhoff Current Law (KCL)
 Kirchhoff Voltage Law (KVL)
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KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAWS (KCL)
Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) states that the algebraic sum of
currents entering a node (or a closed boundary) is zero.

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KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAWS (KCL)
Convention sign for current entering and leaving node:
current entering node = + i
current leaving node = - i
According to KCL, for any node:
N

i
N = number of branches connected to the nodes
n 0 in = nth current entering (+ i) or leaving (- i) the
n 1 node

Without the sign (+Ve or -Ve), the formula of KCL can be written
as:
Current entering node = current leaving node
(What goes in, must comes out)
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EXAMPLE OF KCL (1)
Node A

Current leaving node, (-i)

Current entering node, (+i)

2 options:
N

i
n 1
n  5mA  10mA  15mA  (30mA)  0
Current entering = current leaving
5mA  10mA  15mA  30mA
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EXAMPLE OF KCL (2)
Node a IT : Leaving node a (-Ve)
I1 : Entering node a (+Ve)
I2: Leaving node a (-Ve)
I3: Entering node a (+Ve)

i
n 1
n  (  I T )  I1  (  I 2 )  I 3  0

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 KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAWS (KVL)
Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) states that the algebraic sum of all
voltages around a closed path (or loop) is zero.

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KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW
(KVL)
 For any circuit loop:
M

v
M = number of voltages in the loop
m 0 vm = mth voltage
m 1
 Convention sign for voltage inside loop (clockwise or
anticlockwise direction):
If the positive terminal of voltage is met first: +V
If the negative terminal of voltage is met first: -V

 Without the +/- sign, KVL formula can be written as

Sum of voltage drops = sum of voltage rises

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 EXAMPLE OF KVL
+V +V
Voltage drop Voltage drop

-V -V
Voltage rise Voltage rise

+V
M Voltage drop

v
m 1
m  v1  v2  v3  v4  v5  0
v2  v3  v5  v1  v4
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KVL IN PARALLEL CIRCUIT
voltage in parallel circuit is equal across all components in the circuit

V1 = V2 = V3 =V4 = 9V

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CONCLUSION

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

Sum of all voltage around closed path (or
loop) is zero

Kirchhoff’s Current Laws (KCL)

Current entering = current leaving

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EXAMPLE 4
Find v1 and v2 using KVL and Ohm’s Law.

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 SOLUTION

V=iR (1) V1=2i

Rt=2 + 3 = 5 (2) =2*4 = 8V
V1=2i ; -V2=3i (3) V2=3i
i = 20/5 = 4A (4) =3*4 = 12V
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EXAMPLE 5
Find v1, v2 and v3 using Ohm’s Law KCL and KVL.

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 SOLUTION

 V1=8i1 ; V2=3i2 ; V3=6i3 (1)

 Apply equation 3, 4 into 2:
 i1 = i2 +i3 (2) (30-3i2)/8 – i2 - i2/2 = 0
 Loop 1:  Loop 2: i2 = 2A
-30V + V1 + V2= 0 V3 - V2= 0 V3 = V2 i1 = 3A V2 = 6V
-30V + 8i1 + 3i2 = 0 6i3 = 3i2
i3 = 1A V1 = 24V
i1 = (30-3i2)/8 (3) i3=i2/2 (4)
V1 = 6V
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EXAMPLE 6
Determine vo and I in the circuit

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 SOLUTION
 Determine vo and i in the circuit
-12i

Step 1: apply KVL around the loop Hence, Vo = -6(-8)

-12V + 4i + 2V0 – 4V – V0 = 0 (1) = - 48V
Step 2: V0= -6i (2)

Step 3: substitute (2) into (1)

-16 + 10i -12i = 0
i = -8A
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